T. Bourdrel, L'eo Zabrocki, N. Compté, B. Bravenboer, Romain Decours, H. Pélerin, L. Decker, Laurence Le Jumeau de Kergaradec, M. Lilamand, C. R. Baudron, B. Fougère, Rachid Mahmoudi, B. Schorr, G. Kaltenbach, T. Vogel, Vincent-Henri Puech, F. Blanc, M. Bind
{"title":"Individual and Environmental Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in Elderly in 7 European University Hospitals","authors":"T. Bourdrel, L'eo Zabrocki, N. Compté, B. Bravenboer, Romain Decours, H. Pélerin, L. Decker, Laurence Le Jumeau de Kergaradec, M. Lilamand, C. R. Baudron, B. Fougère, Rachid Mahmoudi, B. Schorr, G. Kaltenbach, T. Vogel, Vincent-Henri Puech, F. Blanc, M. Bind","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.137032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.137032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70318337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marim Elkashlan, V. Poulose, R. Habib, Obaida Karabala, Afnan Aldhanhani, Maryam Shakir, Heba Shaath, T. Ramachandran, A. Mourad, F. Hamed, Ruwaya Al Kendi, T. Thiemann
In order to find out whether any toothpastes commercially available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) carry microplastic content in form of plastic microbeads, the filterable solid contents of 31 toothpastes from UAE markets and 2 toothpastes imported from Syria were analyzed. FT-IR studies of the solids revealed that the major solid components were hydrated silica and calcium carbonate, where the individual toothpaste product exhibited either one or the other as the dominant constituent. Titrimetric analysis of the alkalinity of the ash of the toothpastes was carried out. The solids, ashed at 600˚C were subjected to FT-IR and EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic) analysis. The ash of some of the products was shown to have TiO 2 and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 as minor components. Mostly organic dyes were used as colorants; however, iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) was also found. Importantly, none of the toothpastes carried any solid microplastic particles. Only 3 toothpastes carried microbeads at all, which were made of either silica or microcrystalline cellulose. This finding indicates that toothpastes, at least in the UAE, are no longer a significant source of microplastic in the environment. The results were compared to a toothpaste bought through the internet with a formulation from 2014, which exhibited polythene microplastic at 1.31 ± 0.39 w% of the filterable solid content.
{"title":"Analysis of the Solid Contents of Toothpastes Available in UAE (United Arab Emirates) Markets","authors":"Marim Elkashlan, V. Poulose, R. Habib, Obaida Karabala, Afnan Aldhanhani, Maryam Shakir, Heba Shaath, T. Ramachandran, A. Mourad, F. Hamed, Ruwaya Al Kendi, T. Thiemann","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.137034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.137034","url":null,"abstract":"In order to find out whether any toothpastes commercially available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) carry microplastic content in form of plastic microbeads, the filterable solid contents of 31 toothpastes from UAE markets and 2 toothpastes imported from Syria were analyzed. FT-IR studies of the solids revealed that the major solid components were hydrated silica and calcium carbonate, where the individual toothpaste product exhibited either one or the other as the dominant constituent. Titrimetric analysis of the alkalinity of the ash of the toothpastes was carried out. The solids, ashed at 600˚C were subjected to FT-IR and EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic) analysis. The ash of some of the products was shown to have TiO 2 and Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 as minor components. Mostly organic dyes were used as colorants; however, iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) was also found. Importantly, none of the toothpastes carried any solid microplastic particles. Only 3 toothpastes carried microbeads at all, which were made of either silica or microcrystalline cellulose. This finding indicates that toothpastes, at least in the UAE, are no longer a significant source of microplastic in the environment. The results were compared to a toothpaste bought through the internet with a formulation from 2014, which exhibited polythene microplastic at 1.31 ± 0.39 w% of the filterable solid content.","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70318404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jep.2022.1311058
S. Manyele, H. Anicetus, Michael Habtu, K. Massa, Mahir Said, J. Saria, G. Saguti, Zablon Yoti
{"title":"Readiness of Healthcare Facilities to Implement Onsite Healthcare Waste Management Protocols and Incineration Guidelines in Tanzania","authors":"S. Manyele, H. Anicetus, Michael Habtu, K. Massa, Mahir Said, J. Saria, G. Saguti, Zablon Yoti","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.1311058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.1311058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70317743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jep.2022.1312061
Rodrigue B. W. Vodounon, Henoc Soude, O. Mamadou
{"title":"Drought Forecasting: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Directions","authors":"Rodrigue B. W. Vodounon, Henoc Soude, O. Mamadou","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.1312061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.1312061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70317951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several mathematical relationships between air sample filter mass loading and the correlated analytical self-absorption factor were developed using data from other published research in this meta-study. Gross-alpha and -beta ap-plications are addressed for this research. As filter media becomes loaded with particulate matter, there is potential for measurement losses due to self-absorption by mass loading. Components contributing to absorption include particulate dust, radioactive particulates, and filter material. Standards indicate a correction factor should be used when the penetration of radioactive material into the collection media or self-absorption of radiation by the material collected would reduce the detection rate by more than 5%. Previously, losses due to self-absorption have been reported up to 100% over a range up to ~10 mg·cm −2 mass loading. These absorption losses then can be used to determine a correction factor for sample results. For low mass loadings (e.g., ≤0.1 mg·cm −2 ) corrections factors in the 0.85 - 1 range have been recommended and used, while at higher mass loadings nearer to 10 mg·cm −2 correction factors closer to 0 (representing near 100% losses) are used. Based on data from published studies, the different methods for relating percent loss due to self-absorption to mass loading include linear, exponential, quadrati c, and trinomial derived functions. Where applicable, both forced zero and non-forced zero results were evaluated. From the derived functions evaluated, the trinomial function provided the best fit. Once the sample filter mass loading is known, the trinomial function can be applied to estimate losses and the corresponding self-absorption factor. When applied to routine operating conditions for radiological facility stacks monitored of an air sample when the sample-specific mass loading is determined. The application of no correction factor when the ANSI/HPS N13.1-2021 guidance of a 5% threshold for loss is not reached with typical stack sample mass loadings may be reasonable in high-efficiency particulate air filtered systems. For simplicity, it would be conservative in assigning the self-absorption correction factor at the 5% threshold (i.e., 0.95) for general uses but in cases of heavy mass loading to calculate the factor.
{"title":"Meta-Study of Particulate Detection Losses on Radioactive Air Sample Filters","authors":"J. Barnett, Hunter Z. Edwards","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.138037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.138037","url":null,"abstract":"Several mathematical relationships between air sample filter mass loading and the correlated analytical self-absorption factor were developed using data from other published research in this meta-study. Gross-alpha and -beta ap-plications are addressed for this research. As filter media becomes loaded with particulate matter, there is potential for measurement losses due to self-absorption by mass loading. Components contributing to absorption include particulate dust, radioactive particulates, and filter material. Standards indicate a correction factor should be used when the penetration of radioactive material into the collection media or self-absorption of radiation by the material collected would reduce the detection rate by more than 5%. Previously, losses due to self-absorption have been reported up to 100% over a range up to ~10 mg·cm −2 mass loading. These absorption losses then can be used to determine a correction factor for sample results. For low mass loadings (e.g., ≤0.1 mg·cm −2 ) corrections factors in the 0.85 - 1 range have been recommended and used, while at higher mass loadings nearer to 10 mg·cm −2 correction factors closer to 0 (representing near 100% losses) are used. Based on data from published studies, the different methods for relating percent loss due to self-absorption to mass loading include linear, exponential, quadrati c, and trinomial derived functions. Where applicable, both forced zero and non-forced zero results were evaluated. From the derived functions evaluated, the trinomial function provided the best fit. Once the sample filter mass loading is known, the trinomial function can be applied to estimate losses and the corresponding self-absorption factor. When applied to routine operating conditions for radiological facility stacks monitored of an air sample when the sample-specific mass loading is determined. The application of no correction factor when the ANSI/HPS N13.1-2021 guidance of a 5% threshold for loss is not reached with typical stack sample mass loadings may be reasonable in high-efficiency particulate air filtered systems. For simplicity, it would be conservative in assigning the self-absorption correction factor at the 5% threshold (i.e., 0.95) for general uses but in cases of heavy mass loading to calculate the factor.","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70318478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Tyovenda, J. A. Ocheje, S. Terver, Effiong U. Uttah
The activity concentrations of radionuclides, absorbed dose rate, excess lifetime cancer risk, and soil-to-plant transfer factor have been evaluated in soil and crop samples from Jalingo and Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. The activity concentrations were determined with the aid of High Purity Germanium detector. The absorbed dose and excess lifetime cancer risk were evaluated and forecasted for 60 years using the ResRad off-site model. The average activity concentration of 40 K, 232 Th, and 238 U in the soil samples were 633.13, 141.15, and 71.20 Bq∙kg −1 respectively, for the Jalingo study area, and while that of the Wukari study area was; 199.21, 87.23, and 25.37 Bq∙kg −1 respectively. The average soil-to-plant transfer factors for 40 K, 232 Th, and 238 U were 0.51, 0.10, and 0.27 respectively for the Jalingo study area while that of Wukari are 0.40, 0.57, and 0.74 respectively. The mean annual effective dose equivalent for the study area is higher than the world average of 0.07 mS∙vy −1 . The excess lifetime cancer risk for the study areas has values that are higher than the safety limit. The ResRed model showed that direct radiation from the crops is the major contributor to excess cancer risk among other pathways. The radiological hazard indices reveal health risks to farmers, especially in the Jalingo area.
{"title":"Investigation of the Radiological Risk of Farmlands and the Transfer Factor from Soil to Crops in Jalingo and Wukari L.G.A of Taraba State, Nigeria","authors":"A. A. Tyovenda, J. A. Ocheje, S. Terver, Effiong U. Uttah","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.131001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.131001","url":null,"abstract":"The activity concentrations of radionuclides, absorbed dose rate, excess lifetime cancer risk, and soil-to-plant transfer factor have been evaluated in soil and crop samples from Jalingo and Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria. The activity concentrations were determined with the aid of High Purity Germanium detector. The absorbed dose and excess lifetime cancer risk were evaluated and forecasted for 60 years using the ResRad off-site model. The average activity concentration of 40 K, 232 Th, and 238 U in the soil samples were 633.13, 141.15, and 71.20 Bq∙kg −1 respectively, for the Jalingo study area, and while that of the Wukari study area was; 199.21, 87.23, and 25.37 Bq∙kg −1 respectively. The average soil-to-plant transfer factors for 40 K, 232 Th, and 238 U were 0.51, 0.10, and 0.27 respectively for the Jalingo study area while that of Wukari are 0.40, 0.57, and 0.74 respectively. The mean annual effective dose equivalent for the study area is higher than the world average of 0.07 mS∙vy −1 . The excess lifetime cancer risk for the study areas has values that are higher than the safety limit. The ResRed model showed that direct radiation from the crops is the major contributor to excess cancer risk among other pathways. The radiological hazard indices reveal health risks to farmers, especially in the Jalingo area.","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70316698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wastewater management and purification remain one of the greatest problems of mankind. The biological wastewater treatment technique uses a biofilm media carrier where microorganisms attach themselves to the surface. This biofilter is usually made from virgin plastic pellets and can also be produced from recycled waste plastic and used in wastewater treatment. The need to treat water using low-cost carrier media has led to finding alternative sources of materials for biofilter manufacturing. Therefore, this work is cen-tered on the recycling of waste plastic to make filaments which are then used for 3D printing of a high specific surface area (SSA) less clogging biofilm carrier through the parametric redesign. In the current study, the polypropylene material was recycled to make a 2.85 mm diameter filament compatible with the Ultimaker S3. Moreover, analytical models and governing equations were developed for the design of the K3 Kaldnes and MB3 media. Empirical surface area (SA), specific surface area, and volume of the respective carriers were determined using the model developed. SolidWorks was used to design and evaluate the same parameters which were then compared to model results. The errors in SSA obtained from the model with respect to the SolidWorks results for both the K3 Kaldnes and MB3 media were 0.34% and 0.76% respectively. Consequently, the deployment of such biofilters will enhance efficient wastewater treatment for a cleaner environment and the wellbeing of human race.
{"title":"Mathematical Model Development and 3D Printing of Cylindrically Shaped Biofilm Carrier Media from Recycled Plastic Waste for Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Selamo Basile Nyuysoni, J. Mutua, P. Home","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.131002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.131002","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater management and purification remain one of the greatest problems of mankind. The biological wastewater treatment technique uses a biofilm media carrier where microorganisms attach themselves to the surface. This biofilter is usually made from virgin plastic pellets and can also be produced from recycled waste plastic and used in wastewater treatment. The need to treat water using low-cost carrier media has led to finding alternative sources of materials for biofilter manufacturing. Therefore, this work is cen-tered on the recycling of waste plastic to make filaments which are then used for 3D printing of a high specific surface area (SSA) less clogging biofilm carrier through the parametric redesign. In the current study, the polypropylene material was recycled to make a 2.85 mm diameter filament compatible with the Ultimaker S3. Moreover, analytical models and governing equations were developed for the design of the K3 Kaldnes and MB3 media. Empirical surface area (SA), specific surface area, and volume of the respective carriers were determined using the model developed. SolidWorks was used to design and evaluate the same parameters which were then compared to model results. The errors in SSA obtained from the model with respect to the SolidWorks results for both the K3 Kaldnes and MB3 media were 0.34% and 0.76% respectively. Consequently, the deployment of such biofilters will enhance efficient wastewater treatment for a cleaner environment and the wellbeing of human race.","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70316706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johnny Kofi Awoonor, F. Adiyah, Bright Fafali Dogbey
Land-use conversion and unsustainable farming practices are degrading native forest ecosystems of Ghana’s humid savannah agro-ecological zone. This study assessed the impact of land-use change on soil C and N stocks in different land-use systems and soil types. A total of eighty (80) composite soil samples at two depths (0 - 20 cm and 20 - 50 cm) were sampled from five land use types (Forest, Woodland savannah, Grassland, Fallow and Cropland) for laboratory analyses. Particle size distribution, bulk density, pH, SOC and TN were determined using standard procedures. Results of the study indicated that C and N stocks were significantly lower in croplands (p < 0.05) compared to other land-use systems. There were significant interactions (p < 0.05) within land-use systems, soil types, and soil depth for soil C and N stocks. Acrisol and associated soils had the highest C and N stocks. A strong positive significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between C and N stocks with an R 2 value of 0.85 and 0.93 for the 0 - 20 and 20 - 50 cm depth, respectively. Soil C and N stocks in the study area were estimated to be 34.56 kg/m 2 and 4.63 kg/m 2 for soil types and 26.89 kg/m 2 and 3.39 kg/m 2 for land use types, respectively for the 0 to 50 cm soil depth. Our findings indicated that the conversion of native forest to arable land has significantly reduced soil C and N stocks in the top 50 cm (0.50 m) soil layer by 50.77% and 47.77%, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that land-use change, soil type, and soil depth influenced soil C and N stocks of land-use systems in the humid savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana.
{"title":"Land-Use Change on Soil C and N Stocks in the Humid Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana","authors":"Johnny Kofi Awoonor, F. Adiyah, Bright Fafali Dogbey","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.131003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.131003","url":null,"abstract":"Land-use conversion and unsustainable farming practices are degrading native forest ecosystems of Ghana’s humid savannah agro-ecological zone. This study assessed the impact of land-use change on soil C and N stocks in different land-use systems and soil types. A total of eighty (80) composite soil samples at two depths (0 - 20 cm and 20 - 50 cm) were sampled from five land use types (Forest, Woodland savannah, Grassland, Fallow and Cropland) for laboratory analyses. Particle size distribution, bulk density, pH, SOC and TN were determined using standard procedures. Results of the study indicated that C and N stocks were significantly lower in croplands (p < 0.05) compared to other land-use systems. There were significant interactions (p < 0.05) within land-use systems, soil types, and soil depth for soil C and N stocks. Acrisol and associated soils had the highest C and N stocks. A strong positive significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between C and N stocks with an R 2 value of 0.85 and 0.93 for the 0 - 20 and 20 - 50 cm depth, respectively. Soil C and N stocks in the study area were estimated to be 34.56 kg/m 2 and 4.63 kg/m 2 for soil types and 26.89 kg/m 2 and 3.39 kg/m 2 for land use types, respectively for the 0 to 50 cm soil depth. Our findings indicated that the conversion of native forest to arable land has significantly reduced soil C and N stocks in the top 50 cm (0.50 m) soil layer by 50.77% and 47.77%, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that land-use change, soil type, and soil depth influenced soil C and N stocks of land-use systems in the humid savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana.","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70316720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jep.2022.1311056
Mianda Khattab, S. E. Haggar, A. Gendy
{"title":"Comparative Analysis between Community and Occupants’ Rating Systems for Sustainable Urban Communities (SUC)","authors":"Mianda Khattab, S. E. Haggar, A. Gendy","doi":"10.4236/jep.2022.1311056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2022.1311056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":59176,"journal":{"name":"环境保护(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70317420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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