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Theoretical model of lithium iron phosphate power battery under high-rate discharging for electromagnetic launch 高倍率电磁发射下磷酸铁锂动力电池的理论模型
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12014
Ren Zhou, Junyong Lu, Xinlin Long, Yiting Wu, Lang Liu, Yingquan Liu

Due to the large error of the traditional battery theoretical model during large-rate discharge for electromagnetic launch, the Shepherd derivative model considering the factors of the pulse cycle condition, temperature, and life is proposed by the Naval University of Engineering. The discharge rate of traditional lithium-ion batteries does not exceed 10C, while that for electromagnetic launch reaches 60C. The continuous pulse cycle condition of ultra-large discharging rate causes many unique electrochemical reactions inside the cells. The traditional model cannot accurately describe the discharge characteristics of the battery. The accurate battery theoretical model is an important basis for system efficiency calculation, precise discharge control, and remaining capacity prediction. To this purpose, an experimental platform for electromagnetic launch is built, and discharge characteristics of the battery under different rate, temperature, and life decay are measured. Through the experimental test and analysis, the reason that the traditional model cannot accurately characterize the large-rate discharge process is analyzed. And a novel battery theoretical model is designed with the help of genetic algorithm, which is integrated with the electromagnetic launch topology. Numerical simulation is compared with the experimental results, which verifies the modeling accuracy for the large-rate discharge. On this basis, a variety of discharge conditions are applied to test the applicability of the model, resulting in better results. Finally, with the continuous cycle-pulse condition in the electromagnetic launch system, the stability and accuracy of the model are confirmed.

针对传统电池理论模型在电磁发射大倍率放电时误差较大的问题,海军工程大学提出了考虑脉冲周期条件、温度和寿命因素的Shepherd导数模型。传统锂离子电池的放电倍率不超过10C,而电磁发射的放电倍率达到60C。超大放电速率的连续脉冲循环条件导致电池内部发生许多独特的电化学反应。传统的模型不能准确地描述电池的放电特性。准确的电池理论模型是系统效率计算、精确的放电控制和剩余容量预测的重要基础。为此,搭建了电磁发射实验平台,测量了电池在不同倍率、温度和寿命衰减下的放电特性。通过实验测试和分析,分析了传统模型不能准确表征大倍率放电过程的原因。并结合电磁发射拓扑结构,利用遗传算法设计了一种新的电池理论模型。数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,验证了模型在大流量放电情况下的准确性。在此基础上,应用多种放电条件来检验模型的适用性,得到了较好的结果。最后,结合电磁发射系统的连续周期脉冲条件,验证了模型的稳定性和准确性。
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引用次数: 6
Mechanical system and dynamic control in photolithography for nanoscale fabrication: A critical review 纳米级光刻工艺中的机械系统和动态控制:综述
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12010
Yi Song, Chengqun Gui, Zongliang Huo, S. W. Ricky Lee, Sheng Liu

As one of the most advanced and precise equipment in the world, a photolithography scanner is able to fabricate nanometer-scale devices on a chip. To realize such a small dimension, the optical system is the fundamental, but the mechanical system often becomes the bottleneck. In the photolithography, the exposure is a dynamic process. The accuracy and precision of the movement are determined by the mechanical system, which is even more difficult to control compared with the optical system. In the mechanical system, there are four crucial components: the reticle and wafer stages, the linear motor, the metrology system, and the control system. They work together to secure the reticle and substrate locating at the correct position, which determines the overlay and alignment performance in the lithography. In this paper, the principles of these components are reviewed, and the development history of the mechanical system is introduced.

光刻扫描仪是目前世界上最先进、最精密的设备之一,能够在芯片上制造纳米级器件。要实现如此小的尺寸,光学系统是基础,但机械系统往往成为瓶颈。在光刻术中,曝光是一个动态过程。运动的精度和精密度是由机械系统决定的,与光学系统相比,机械系统更难控制。在机械系统中,有四个至关重要的组成部分:划线和圆片级,直线电机,计量系统和控制系统。它们共同工作以确保光刻线和基板定位在正确的位置,这决定了光刻中的覆盖和对准性能。本文综述了这些部件的工作原理,并介绍了机械系统的发展历史。
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引用次数: 2
A generalized approach for implicit time integration of piecewise linear/nonlinear systems 分段线性/非线性系统隐式时间积分的一种广义方法
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12007
Huimin Zhang, Runsen Zhang, Andrea Zanoni, Pierangelo Masarati

A generalized solution scheme using implicit time integrators for piecewise linear and nonlinear systems is developed. The piecewise linear characteristic has been well-discussed in previous studies, in which the original problem has been transformed into linear complementarity problems (LCPs) and then solved via the Lemke algorithm for each time step. The proposed scheme, instead, uses the projection function to describe the discontinuity in the dynamics equations, and solves for each step the nonlinear equations obtained from the implicit integrator by the semismooth Newton iteration. Compared with the LCP-based scheme, the new scheme offers a more general choice by allowing other nonlinearities in the governing equations. To assess its performances, several illustrative examples are solved. The numerical solutions demonstrate that the new scheme can not only predict satisfactory results for piecewise nonlinear systems, but also exhibits substantial efficiency advantages over the LCP-based scheme when applied to piecewise linear systems.

提出了一种利用隐式时间积分器求解分段线性和非线性系统的广义解法。在以往的研究中,对分段线性特性进行了充分的讨论,将原问题转化为线性互补问题,然后通过Lemke算法对每个时间步进行求解。该方案采用投影函数来描述动力学方程的不连续,并采用半光滑牛顿迭代法对隐式积分器得到的非线性方程进行求解。与基于lcp的方案相比,新方案允许控制方程中存在其他非线性,从而提供了更普遍的选择。为了评估其性能,求解了几个说明性实例。数值解表明,新格式不仅能对分段非线性系统给出满意的预测结果,而且在分段线性系统中也比基于lcp的格式具有显著的效率优势。
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引用次数: 3
A review on material models for isotropic hyperelasticity 各向同性超弹性材料模型研究进展
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12013
Stephen K. Melly, Liwu Liu, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Leng

Dozens of hyperelastic models have been formulated and have been extremely handy in understanding the complex mechanical behavior of materials that exhibit hyperelastic behavior (characterized by large nonlinear elastic deformations that are completely recoverable) such as elastomers, polymers, and even biological tissues. These models are indispensable in the design of complex engineering components such as engine mounts and structural bearings in the automotive and aerospace industries and vibration isolators and shock absorbers in mechanical systems. Particularly, the problem of vibration control in mechanical system dynamics is extremely important and, therefore, knowledge of accurate hyperelastic models facilitates optimum designs and the development of three-dimensional finite element system dynamics for studying the large and nonlinear deformation behavior. This review work intends to enhance the knowledge of 15 of the most commonly used hyperelastic models and consequently help design engineers and scientists make informed decisions on the right ones to use. For each of the models, expressions for the strain-energy function and the Cauchy stress for both arbitrary loading assuming compressibility and each of the three loading modes (uniaxial tension, equibiaxial tension, and pure shear) assuming incompressibility are provided. Furthermore, the stress–strain or stress–stretch plots of the model's predictions in each of the loading modes are compared with that of the classical experimental data of Treloar and the coefficient of determination is utilized as a measure of the model's predictive ability. Lastly, a ranking scheme is proposed based on the model's ability to predict each of the loading modes with minimum deviations and the overall coefficient of determination.

许多超弹性模型已经被制定出来,并且在理解表现出超弹性行为(以完全可恢复的大非线性弹性变形为特征)的材料(如弹性体、聚合物甚至生物组织)的复杂力学行为方面非常方便。这些模型在复杂工程部件的设计中是必不可少的,例如汽车和航空航天工业中的发动机支架和结构轴承,以及机械系统中的隔振器和减震器。特别是,机械系统动力学中的振动控制问题非常重要,因此,精确的超弹性模型知识有助于优化设计和开发三维有限元系统动力学,以研究大的非线性变形行为。本综述工作旨在提高15种最常用的超弹性模型的知识,从而帮助设计工程师和科学家做出正确使用的明智决定。给出了任意加载和单轴拉伸、等双轴拉伸和纯剪切三种加载模式下任一加载模式下的应变能函数和柯西应力的表达式。将模型预测结果在不同加载模式下的应力-应变或应力-拉伸图与经典实验数据进行了对比,并利用决定系数作为模型预测能力的衡量指标。最后,基于模型以最小偏差预测各荷载模式的能力和总体确定系数,提出了一种排序方案。
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引用次数: 24
Flexible electronics with dynamic interfaces for biomedical monitoring, stimulation, and characterization 柔性电子与动态接口的生物医学监测,刺激,和表征
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12017
Xu Guo, Raudel Avila, Yonggang Huang, Zhaoqian Xie

Recent developments in the fields of materials science and engineering technology (mechanical, electrical, biomedical) lay the foundation to design flexible bioelectronics with dynamic interfaces, widely used in biomedical/clinical monitoring, stimulation, and characterization. Examples of this technology include body motion and physiological signal monitoring through soft wearable devices, mechanical characterization of biological tissues, skin stimulation using dynamic actuators, and energy harvesting in biomedical implants. Typically, these bioelectronic systems feature thin form factors for enhanced flexibility and soft elastomeric encapsulations that provide skin-compliant mechanics for seamless integration with biological tissues. This review examines the rapid and continuous progress of bioelectronics in the context of design strategies including materials, mechanics, and structure to achieve high performance dynamic interfaces in biomedicine. It concludes with a concise summary and insights into the ongoing opportunities and challenges facing developments of bioelectronics with dynamic interfaces for future applications.

材料科学和工程技术(机械、电气、生物医学)领域的最新发展为设计具有动态接口的柔性生物电子学奠定了基础,广泛应用于生物医学/临床监测、刺激和表征。该技术的例子包括通过软可穿戴设备进行身体运动和生理信号监测,生物组织的机械表征,使用动态致动器的皮肤刺激,以及生物医学植入物中的能量收集。通常,这些生物电子系统具有增强灵活性的薄形状因素和柔软的弹性体封装,为与生物组织的无缝集成提供皮肤顺应力学。本文综述了生物电子学在材料、力学和结构等设计策略的背景下快速和持续的进展,以实现生物医学中高性能的动态界面。它总结了一个简明的总结和见解,目前面临的机遇和挑战的生物电子学与动态接口的未来应用的发展。
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引用次数: 3
Mesh stiffness calculation and vibration analysis of the spur gear pair with tooth crack, considering the misalignment between the base and root circles 考虑齿根圆与齿根圆不对中,含齿裂直齿齿轮副啮合刚度计算及振动分析
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12003
Jingyu Hou, Shaopu Yang, Qiang Li, Yongqiang Liu, Jiujian Wang

An improved variable cross-section cantilever beam model for evaluating the time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of the perfect gear tooth is developed in which the tooth number of driving gear is less than 42 and that of driven is more than 42. The TVMS obtained by the proposed method is compared with the result without considering the misalignment between the base circle and gear root. Four types of root crack models and changes in TVMS of 13-crack levels are presented. The fault vibration characteristic of a single-stage spur gear reducer with root crack is analyzed and the correctness is qualitatively verified by the vibration signals of an experimental gearbox with crack or missing failure. The results presented in this paper are of great significance for a deep understanding of the possible causes of vibration and noise of gears and provide a theoretical foundation for the fault diagnosis of the gearbox.

提出了一种改进的变截面悬臂梁模型,用于评估主齿轮齿数小于42、从动齿轮齿数大于42的理想齿轮时变啮合刚度。将该方法得到的TVMS与不考虑基圆与齿根不同轴的结果进行了比较。给出了4种类型的根裂纹模型和13个裂纹级别的TVMS的变化规律。分析了带根裂纹的单级直齿轮减速器的故障振动特性,并通过一个带裂纹或缺失故障的实验齿轮箱的振动信号定性地验证了其正确性。本文的研究结果对于深入了解齿轮振动和噪声产生的可能原因,为齿轮箱的故障诊断提供理论依据具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 2
Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis based on the transfer matrix method 基于传递矩阵法的特征值敏感性分析
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12016
Dieter Bestle

For linear mechanical systems, the transfer matrix method is one of the most efficient modeling and analysis methods. However, in contrast to classical modeling strategies, the final eigenvalue problem is based on a matrix which is a highly nonlinear function of the eigenvalues. Therefore, classical strategies for sensitivity analysis of eigenvalues w.r.t. system parameters cannot be applied. The paper develops two specific strategies for this situation, a direct differentiation strategy and an adjoint variable method, where especially the latter is easy to use and applicable to arbitrarily complex chain or branched multibody systems. Like the system analysis itself, it is able to break down the sensitivity analysis of the overall system to analytically determinable derivatives of element transfer matrices and recursive formula which can be applied along the transfer path of the topology figure. Several examples of different complexity validate the proposed approach by comparing results to analytical calculations and numerical differentiation. The obtained procedure may support gradient-based optimization and robust design by delivering exact sensitivities.

对于线性机械系统,传递矩阵法是最有效的建模和分析方法之一。然而,与经典的建模策略不同,最终的特征值问题是基于一个矩阵,该矩阵是特征值的高度非线性函数。因此,经典的系统参数特征值敏感性分析策略不能适用。针对这种情况,本文提出了两种具体的策略,即直接微分策略和伴随变量法,特别是伴随变量法易于使用,适用于任意复杂的链或分支多体系统。与系统分析本身一样,它能够将整个系统的灵敏度分析分解为可解析确定的元素传递矩阵导数和递推公式,这些导数可以沿着拓扑图的传递路径应用。通过将结果与解析计算和数值微分比较,若干不同复杂度的实例验证了所提出的方法。所获得的程序可以通过提供精确的灵敏度来支持基于梯度的优化和稳健设计。
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引用次数: 3
Nonlinear wave in granular systems based on elastoplastic dashpot model
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12008
Gengxiang Wang, Caishan Liu

The dynamic dashpot models are widely used in EDEM commercial software. However, most dashpot models suffer from a serious numerical issue in calculating the granular chain because the denominator of damping force includes the initial impact velocity. Moreover, the existing dynamic dashpot models extended from the original Hertz contact law overestimated the contact stiffness in the elastoplastic contact phase. These two reasons above result in most dynamic dashpot models confronting some issues in calculating the multiple collision of the granular chain. Therefore, this investigation aims to propose a new composite dynamic dashpot model for the dynamic simulation of granular matters. First, the entire contact process is divided into three different phases: elastic, elastoplastic, and full plastic phases. The Hertz contact stiffness is still used in the elastic contact phase when the contact comes into the elastoplastic or full plastic phase. Hertz contact stiffness in the dynamic dashpot model is replaced by linearizing the contact stiffness from the Ma-Liu (ML) model in each time step. Second, the whole contact behavior is treated as a linear mass-spring-damper model, and the damping factor is obtained by solving the single-degree-freedom underdamped vibration equation. The new dynamic dashpot model is proposed by combining the contact stiffnesses in different contact phases and corresponding damping factors, which not only removes the initial impact velocity from the denominator of damping force but also updates the contact stiffness based on the constitutive relation of the contact body when the contact comes into the elastoplastic or full plastic phase. Finally, a granular chain is treated as numerical examples to check the reasonability and effectiveness of the new dynamic dashpot model by comparing it to the experimental data. The simulation shows that the solitary waves obtained using the new dashpot model are more accurate than the dashpot model used in EDEM software.

动态阻尼器模型广泛应用于EDEM商业软件中。然而,大多数阻尼器模型在计算颗粒链时存在严重的数值问题,因为阻尼力的分母包括初始撞击速度。此外,现有的基于Hertz接触定律的动态阻尼器模型高估了弹塑性接触阶段的接触刚度。这两个原因导致大多数动态阻尼器模型在计算颗粒链的多次碰撞时会遇到一些问题。因此,本研究旨在提出一种新的复合动态阻尼器模型,用于颗粒状物质的动态模拟。首先,将整个接触过程分为三个不同的阶段:弹性、弹塑性和全塑性阶段。当接触进入弹塑性或全塑性阶段时,在弹性接触阶段仍然使用赫兹接触刚度。动态阻尼器模型中的赫兹接触刚度被线性化的Ma-Liu (ML)模型中的每个时间步的接触刚度所取代。其次,将整个接触行为视为线性质量-弹簧-阻尼模型,通过求解单自由度欠阻尼振动方程得到阻尼系数;将不同接触阶段的接触刚度与相应的阻尼因子相结合,提出了新的动态阻尼器模型,该模型不仅将初始冲击速度从阻尼力的分母中剔除,而且在接触进入弹塑性或全塑性阶段时,根据接触体的本构关系更新接触刚度。最后,以一个颗粒链为算例,通过与实验数据的对比,验证了所建动态阻尼器模型的合理性和有效性。仿真结果表明,与EDEM软件中使用的阻尼器模型相比,该模型得到的孤立波精度更高。
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引用次数: 4
Aeroelastic analysis and flutter control of wings and panels: A review 机翼和襟板气动弹性分析与颤振控制综述
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-27 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12015
Yuyang Chai, Wei Gao, Benjamin Ankay, Fengming Li, Chuanzeng Zhang

Flutter is a self-excited vibration under the interaction of the inertial force, aerodynamic force, and elastic force of the structure. After the flutter occurs, the aircraft structures will exhibit limit cycle oscillation, which will cause catastrophic accidents or fatigue damage to the structures. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the aeroelastic characteristics and flutter control for improving the aeroelastic stability of aircraft structures. This paper reviews the recent advances in aeroelastic analysis and flutter control of wings and panel structures. The mechanism of aeroelastic flutter of wings and panels is presented. The research methods of aeroelastic flutter for different structures developed in recent years are briefly summarized. Various control strategies including the linear and nonlinear control algorithms as well as the active flutter control results of wings and panels are presented. Finally, the paper ends with conclusions, which highlight challenges of the development in aeroelastic analysis and flutter control, and provide a brief outlook on the future investigations. This study aims to present a comprehensive understanding of aeroelastic analysis and flutter control. It can also provide guidance on the design of new wings and panel structures for improving their aeroelastic stability.

颤振是在结构惯性力、气动力和弹性力共同作用下产生的自激振动。颤振发生后,飞机结构会出现极限环振荡,从而导致结构的灾难性事故或疲劳损伤。因此,研究气动弹性特性和颤振控制对提高飞机结构气动弹性稳定性具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文综述了近年来在机翼和面板结构气动弹性分析和颤振控制方面的研究进展。分析了机翼和襟板气动弹性颤振的机理。简要总结了近年来不同结构气动弹性颤振的研究方法。给出了各种控制策略,包括线性和非线性控制算法,以及机翼和面板的主动颤振控制结果。最后,本文总结了气动弹性分析和颤振控制的发展面临的挑战,并对未来的研究进行了简要展望。本研究旨在全面了解气动弹性分析和颤振控制。对新型机翼和面板结构的设计具有指导意义,可提高其气动弹性稳定性。
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引用次数: 19
Simplified modeling of electromagnets for dynamic simulation of transient effects for a synchronous electric motor 用于同步电动机瞬态效应动态仿真的电磁铁简化建模
Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-11-17 DOI: 10.1002/msd2.12005
Florian Bechler, Julius Kesten, Florian Wittemann, Frank Henning, Martin Doppelbauer, Peter Eberhard

This study aims to show an approach for the dynamic simulation of a synchronous machine. The magnetic forces in the air gap are calculated efficiently using simplified approaches without neglecting important effects. For the modeling of the magnetic forces, an equivalent magnetic circuit is constructed in which the magnetic saturation and the leakage flux are taken into account and coupled with the electrical circuit at the end. The calculated magnetic forces are then passed to a mechanical model of the motor. Together with a predefinable load torque, the resulting motor rotation and the forces in the bearings are identified. The presented model is then investigated in a small example. This novel approach is intended to provide a method of calculating dynamically the forces transmitted from the shaft to the motor housing and to create the basis for evaluating electric motors for vibrations, noise, and harshness under varying loads and input voltages.

本研究旨在提供一种同步电机动态仿真的方法。采用简化的方法有效地计算了气隙中的磁力,而没有忽略重要的影响。为了对磁力进行建模,构建了一个考虑磁饱和和漏磁并与末端电路耦合的等效磁路。计算出的磁力然后传递给电机的机械模型。连同预先定义的负载扭矩,由此产生的电机旋转和轴承中的力被确定。然后在一个小例子中对所提出的模型进行了研究。这种新颖的方法旨在提供一种动态计算从轴传递到电机外壳的力的方法,并为评估电动机在不同负载和输入电压下的振动、噪声和粗糙度奠定基础。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
国际机械系统动力学学报(英文)
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