This paper considers how a smart energy solution for residential areas can be modelled in stochastic HYPE, a process algebra that describes instantaneous, discrete stochastic and continuous deterministic behaviour. The system involves PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) which have batteries that can be charged either from the grid or from wind turbines, and can be viewed as a collective adaptive system (CAS). With a language such as stochastic HYPE, easy experimentation with the model and exploration of modifications of the basic scenario are possible. However, simulation can be infeasible for more complex models or larger models, and the paper discusses future work involving abstractions of the model that mitigate this problem.
{"title":"Modelling Residential Smart Energy Schemes","authors":"Vashti Galpin","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.19","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers how a smart energy solution for residential areas can be modelled in stochastic HYPE, a process algebra that describes instantaneous, discrete stochastic and continuous deterministic behaviour. The system involves PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) which have batteries that can be charged either from the grid or from wind turbines, and can be viewed as a collective adaptive system (CAS). With a language such as stochastic HYPE, easy experimentation with the model and exploration of modifications of the basic scenario are possible. However, simulation can be infeasible for more complex models or larger models, and the paper discusses future work involving abstractions of the model that mitigate this problem.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"94 1","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80653948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report work in progress on the role of models in the formation and maintenance of collectives in Hybrid Diversity-Aware Collective Adaptive Systems (HDA-CASs). HDA-CASs utilize hybrid computations involving machines and humans operating in collectives in a way that manages and leverages the diversity of collectives and machine-based computation. Here we explore the role of models in helping to constitute particular collectives and how models help shape the response of the collective. It appears that models are a potentially critical resource in collecting, sharing and acting on data gathered from the operation of CASs. This points to the potential role for models in the design of HDA-CASs. In particular we are interested in how models provide a sense of identity for a collective and can provide resources that shape the potential for collective action.
{"title":"\"Reflection, Collectives and Adaptation: the Role of Models in the Design of Collective Adaptive Systems","authors":"S. Anderson, M. Hartswood, M. Jirotka","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.39","url":null,"abstract":"We report work in progress on the role of models in the formation and maintenance of collectives in Hybrid Diversity-Aware Collective Adaptive Systems (HDA-CASs). HDA-CASs utilize hybrid computations involving machines and humans operating in collectives in a way that manages and leverages the diversity of collectives and machine-based computation. Here we explore the role of models in helping to constitute particular collectives and how models help shape the response of the collective. It appears that models are a potentially critical resource in collecting, sharing and acting on data gathered from the operation of CASs. This points to the potential role for models in the design of HDA-CASs. In particular we are interested in how models provide a sense of identity for a collective and can provide resources that shape the potential for collective action.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"108 1","pages":"102-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75827879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Kantert, H. Scharf, Sarah Edenhofer, Sven Tomforde, J. Hähner, C. Müller-Schloer
Fully self-organised and open systems consisting of a variety of heterogeneous and autonomous entities can suffer due to malicious elements or attacks. One approach to cope with this challenge is to introduce trust. Thereby, trust relationships are based on ratings among individual entities and represent system-wide information. A Trusted Desktop Computing Grid is one example, where such a trust mechanism has been applied successfully. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to add an system-level Observer to the self-organised system in order to guide the overall behaviour and to intervene in disturbed situations that are mostly a result of malicious behaviour. Therefore, we describe in detail how the observation part of this Observer can be realised and what kind of metrics can be applied to detect undesired system behaviour. Evaluations are done using the Trusted Desktop Grid and demonstrate the possibility to detect malicious behaviour quickly and reliably by considering clusters of trusted entities.
{"title":"A Graph Analysis Approach to Detect Attacks in Multi-agent Systems at Runtime","authors":"Jan Kantert, H. Scharf, Sarah Edenhofer, Sven Tomforde, J. Hähner, C. Müller-Schloer","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2014.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2014.20","url":null,"abstract":"Fully self-organised and open systems consisting of a variety of heterogeneous and autonomous entities can suffer due to malicious elements or attacks. One approach to cope with this challenge is to introduce trust. Thereby, trust relationships are based on ratings among individual entities and represent system-wide information. A Trusted Desktop Computing Grid is one example, where such a trust mechanism has been applied successfully. In this paper, we investigate the possibility to add an system-level Observer to the self-organised system in order to guide the overall behaviour and to intervene in disturbed situations that are mostly a result of malicious behaviour. Therefore, we describe in detail how the observation part of this Observer can be realised and what kind of metrics can be applied to detect undesired system behaviour. Evaluations are done using the Trusted Desktop Grid and demonstrate the possibility to detect malicious behaviour quickly and reliably by considering clusters of trusted entities.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"52 1","pages":"80-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74777179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Ciancia, S. Gilmore, D. Latella, M. Loreti, M. Massink
In this paper we present the use of a novel spatial model-checker to detect problems in the data which an adaptive system gathers in order to inform future action. We categorise received data as being plausible, implausible, possible or problematic. Data correctness is essential to ensure correct functionality in systems which adapt in response to data and our categorisation influences the degree of caution which should be used in acting in response to this received data. We illustrate the theory with a concrete example of detecting errors in vehicle location data for buses in the city of Edinburgh. Vehicle location data is visualised symbolically on a street map, and categories of problems identified by the spatial model-checker are rendered by repainting the symbols for vehicles in different colours.
{"title":"Data Verification for Collective Adaptive Systems: Spatial Model-Checking of Vehicle Location Data","authors":"V. Ciancia, S. Gilmore, D. Latella, M. Loreti, M. Massink","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.16","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present the use of a novel spatial model-checker to detect problems in the data which an adaptive system gathers in order to inform future action. We categorise received data as being plausible, implausible, possible or problematic. Data correctness is essential to ensure correct functionality in systems which adapt in response to data and our categorisation influences the degree of caution which should be used in acting in response to this received data. We illustrate the theory with a concrete example of detecting errors in vehicle location data for buses in the city of Edinburgh. Vehicle location data is visualised symbolically on a street map, and categories of problems identified by the spatial model-checker are rendered by repainting the symbols for vehicles in different colours.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"35 1","pages":"32-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85795422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A collective adaptive system is composed of large numbers of autonomous and self-adaptive entities which are able to provide benefits for other participants and have to cooperate with each other to accomplish their individual goals. When entities adapt their own behaviour due to unexpected situations, this may result in breaking the overall collaboration if these are not executed simultaneously and do not respect some collective constraints. The objective of this paper is to present a goal model that allows to express requirements for collective adaptability. It includes (i) how to specify the behaviour of the entities that encodes cooperation with other entities, (ii) how to link collaborative goals and individual goals, and (iii) how to specify constraints that are imposed on different entities to preserve some form of collective consistency while they are adapted.
{"title":"A Goal Model for Collective Adaptive Systems","authors":"A. Bucchiarone, C. A. Mezzina, Heorhi Raik","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.11","url":null,"abstract":"A collective adaptive system is composed of large numbers of autonomous and self-adaptive entities which are able to provide benefits for other participants and have to cooperate with each other to accomplish their individual goals. When entities adapt their own behaviour due to unexpected situations, this may result in breaking the overall collaboration if these are not executed simultaneously and do not respect some collective constraints. The objective of this paper is to present a goal model that allows to express requirements for collective adaptability. It includes (i) how to specify the behaviour of the entities that encodes cooperation with other entities, (ii) how to link collaborative goals and individual goals, and (iii) how to specify constraints that are imposed on different entities to preserve some form of collective consistency while they are adapted.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"6 1","pages":"20-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79561426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Smart grids for decentralised Community Energy Systems (dCES) can be simulated by Serious Games in which players use social networking and visualisation of Ostrom's principles to achieve collective action. Social Mpower is an interactive game designed to inform, aware and motivate energy consumers towards energy efficiency. Emphasising on the concepts of collective awareness and self-organisation, players need to coordinate their individual actions for common good. Field trials and beta tests of the system show that integration and encapsulation of different requirements by a serious game can promote successful collective action in an energy community.
{"title":"Social Mpower: A Serious Game for Self-Organisation in Socio-technical Systems","authors":"Aikaterini Bourazeri, J. Pitt","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2014.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2014.43","url":null,"abstract":"Smart grids for decentralised Community Energy Systems (dCES) can be simulated by Serious Games in which players use social networking and visualisation of Ostrom's principles to achieve collective action. Social Mpower is an interactive game designed to inform, aware and motivate energy consumers towards energy efficiency. Emphasising on the concepts of collective awareness and self-organisation, players need to coordinate their individual actions for common good. Field trials and beta tests of the system show that integration and encapsulation of different requirements by a serious game can promote successful collective action in an energy community.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"19 1","pages":"199-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82516600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we describe the tool we have developed to visualise experimental data on top of the multi-agent simulation platform Presage2 and how we have used it with our Social Capital Framework. The visualisation demonstrates how social capital can be used to self-organise solutions to collective actions problems.
{"title":"Visualisation of Social Capital","authors":"Patricio E. Petruzzi, D. Busquets, J. Pitt","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2014.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2014.38","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we describe the tool we have developed to visualise experimental data on top of the multi-agent simulation platform Presage2 and how we have used it with our Social Capital Framework. The visualisation demonstrates how social capital can be used to self-organise solutions to collective actions problems.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"43 1","pages":"189-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89677278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kohler, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer, D. Busquets, J. Pitt
Resource allocation problems are an important part of many distributed autonomous systems. In sensor networks, they determine which nodes get to use the communication links, in SmartGrid applications they decree which electric vehicle batteries are loaded, and in autonomous power management they select which generators produce the power required to satisfy the overall load. These cases have been considered in the literature before under the aspect of demand satisfaction: how well can distributed algorithms with local knowledge approximate the best allocation. A factor that has been ignored, however, is fairness: how fair is the resource allocation and -- in extension -- the distribution of revenue, wear, or recovery time. In this paper, we bring together previously disjoint approaches on dynamic distributed resource allocation and on fairness in electronic institutions. We show that fair allocations based on Ostrom's principles and on Rescher's canons of distributive justice create value in repeated resource allocations. We apply the scheme to solve the multi-objective problem of distributing load to generators fairly based on demands made by the individual generators. Our evaluation shows that a fair distribution increases satisfaction of the individual agents while reducing the hazard of optimising the problem in the short-term at the cost of long-term robustness and stability.
{"title":"The Value of Fairness: Trade-offs in Repeated Dynamic Resource Allocation","authors":"T. Kohler, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer, D. Busquets, J. Pitt","doi":"10.1109/SASO.2014.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2014.12","url":null,"abstract":"Resource allocation problems are an important part of many distributed autonomous systems. In sensor networks, they determine which nodes get to use the communication links, in SmartGrid applications they decree which electric vehicle batteries are loaded, and in autonomous power management they select which generators produce the power required to satisfy the overall load. These cases have been considered in the literature before under the aspect of demand satisfaction: how well can distributed algorithms with local knowledge approximate the best allocation. A factor that has been ignored, however, is fairness: how fair is the resource allocation and -- in extension -- the distribution of revenue, wear, or recovery time. In this paper, we bring together previously disjoint approaches on dynamic distributed resource allocation and on fairness in electronic institutions. We show that fair allocations based on Ostrom's principles and on Rescher's canons of distributive justice create value in repeated resource allocations. We apply the scheme to solve the multi-objective problem of distributing load to generators fairly based on demands made by the individual generators. Our evaluation shows that a fair distribution increases satisfaction of the individual agents while reducing the hazard of optimising the problem in the short-term at the cost of long-term robustness and stability.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"118 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75772023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modelling Self-managing Multi Agent Systems (MSMAS) is a software development methodology that facilitates designing and developing complex distributed systems based on the multiagent systems paradigm. MSMAS uses a declarative modelling style to capture system requirements by specifying four types of what we call system norms over: the system goals, the system roles, the business activities, and communications. MSMAS utilises system norms to capture system requirements in a formal language which can subsequently be monitored and verified at runtime. In this paper we present the main elements of MSMAS and introduce MSMAS defined norm types. We model the life cycle of MSMAS norms as non-atomic activities and formally express them as Event Calculus (EC) theories. Our acclimatisation of MSMAS system norms as first-order EC allows for reasoning with a metric time representation which we illustrate through a monitoring example of two execution traces to verify the system compliance with its intended design requirements and show how to detect any violation of norms.
{"title":"Run-Time Verification of MSMAS Norms Using Event Calculus","authors":"Emad Eldeen Elakehal, M. Montali, J. Padget","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.31","url":null,"abstract":"Modelling Self-managing Multi Agent Systems (MSMAS) is a software development methodology that facilitates designing and developing complex distributed systems based on the multiagent systems paradigm. MSMAS uses a declarative modelling style to capture system requirements by specifying four types of what we call system norms over: the system goals, the system roles, the business activities, and communications. MSMAS utilises system norms to capture system requirements in a formal language which can subsequently be monitored and verified at runtime. In this paper we present the main elements of MSMAS and introduce MSMAS defined norm types. We model the life cycle of MSMAS norms as non-atomic activities and formally express them as Event Calculus (EC) theories. Our acclimatisation of MSMAS system norms as first-order EC allows for reasoning with a metric time representation which we illustrate through a monitoring example of two execution traces to verify the system compliance with its intended design requirements and show how to detect any violation of norms.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"1 1","pages":"110-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85555425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virtualization of embedded systems enables the integration of various independent and isolated virtual environments on the same hardware. It is therefore seen as a key enabler for implementing mixed-criticality systems on future many-core technology. However, a challenge is that such systems are increasingly exposed to dynamic workloads, e.g., due to the "openness" of modern mobile devices or the execution of varying application mixes. As a remedy, run-time management enables the dynamic allocation of system resources to the virtual environments according to their current requirements. This paper investigates self-integration of such dynamic environments in virtualized embedded systems by providing management strategies for re-partitioning shared resources at run time. We formulate and analyze the underlying optimization problem with the particular focus on security and scalability as two important factors for managing embedded systems in the many-core era. The evaluation of the theoretical results by means of a case study shows the improvements with respect to scalability and security, and leads to a discussion of the most important future trends for paving the road to self-integrating virtualized embedded systems.
{"title":"Self-Integration for Virtualization of Embedded Many-Core Systems","authors":"S. Wildermann, J. Teich","doi":"10.1109/SASOW.2014.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SASOW.2014.27","url":null,"abstract":"Virtualization of embedded systems enables the integration of various independent and isolated virtual environments on the same hardware. It is therefore seen as a key enabler for implementing mixed-criticality systems on future many-core technology. However, a challenge is that such systems are increasingly exposed to dynamic workloads, e.g., due to the \"openness\" of modern mobile devices or the execution of varying application mixes. As a remedy, run-time management enables the dynamic allocation of system resources to the virtual environments according to their current requirements. This paper investigates self-integration of such dynamic environments in virtualized embedded systems by providing management strategies for re-partitioning shared resources at run time. We formulate and analyze the underlying optimization problem with the particular focus on security and scalability as two important factors for managing embedded systems in the many-core era. The evaluation of the theoretical results by means of a case study shows the improvements with respect to scalability and security, and leads to a discussion of the most important future trends for paving the road to self-integrating virtualized embedded systems.","PeriodicalId":6458,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops","volume":"13 6 1","pages":"170-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85590712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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