Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519893
Jiahui Guo, Hesen Liu, D. Zhou, Jidong Chai, Ye Zhang, Yilu Liu
Wide area measurement systems (WAMS) could provide enough information to estimate the electromechanical modes which characterize the dynamic properties of the power grid. Utilizing the measured synchrophasor data from frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye), this paper proposes an approach to estimate the oscillation frequency and damping regardless of ring-down or ambient condition in real-time environment. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to detrend the frequency signal, and an auto-regressing moving-average (ARMA) model is used to describe the time series data and the modified yuler walker (MYW) algorithm is used to estimate the AR parameters. Additionally, this paper describes the details of the implementation of a real-time monitoring website showing the estimated dominant frequency and damping from the four interconnections in North America power grid.
{"title":"Real-time power system electromechanical mode estimation implementation and visualization utilizing synchrophasor data","authors":"Jiahui Guo, Hesen Liu, D. Zhou, Jidong Chai, Ye Zhang, Yilu Liu","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519893","url":null,"abstract":"Wide area measurement systems (WAMS) could provide enough information to estimate the electromechanical modes which characterize the dynamic properties of the power grid. Utilizing the measured synchrophasor data from frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye), this paper proposes an approach to estimate the oscillation frequency and damping regardless of ring-down or ambient condition in real-time environment. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to detrend the frequency signal, and an auto-regressing moving-average (ARMA) model is used to describe the time series data and the modified yuler walker (MYW) algorithm is used to estimate the AR parameters. Additionally, this paper describes the details of the implementation of a real-time monitoring website showing the estimated dominant frequency and damping from the four interconnections in North America power grid.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83513303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519858
Gilmanur Rashid, M. Ali
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind generators are vulnerable to the grid faults, as their stator windings are directly connected to the grid. Fault ride through (FRT) capability of a wind farm is very important, as it is a common requirement by the grid codes practiced all over the world. In this work, to enhance the FRT capability of a DFIG based wind farm, the parallel resonance fault current limiter (PRFCL) is proposed. To check the effectiveness of the proposed PRFCL, its performance is compared with that of the bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL). A three-phase-to-ground (3LG) fault was applied to one of the double circuit transmission lines at the wind farm connection point of the multi-machine system to investigate the FRT capability. Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. Simulation results show that the PRFCL is a very effective auxiliary device to achieve better FRT. Moreover, it was found that the PRFCL outperforms the BFCL.
{"title":"Application of parallel resonance fault current limiter for fault ride through capability augmentation of DFIG based wind farm","authors":"Gilmanur Rashid, M. Ali","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519858","url":null,"abstract":"Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind generators are vulnerable to the grid faults, as their stator windings are directly connected to the grid. Fault ride through (FRT) capability of a wind farm is very important, as it is a common requirement by the grid codes practiced all over the world. In this work, to enhance the FRT capability of a DFIG based wind farm, the parallel resonance fault current limiter (PRFCL) is proposed. To check the effectiveness of the proposed PRFCL, its performance is compared with that of the bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL). A three-phase-to-ground (3LG) fault was applied to one of the double circuit transmission lines at the wind farm connection point of the multi-machine system to investigate the FRT capability. Simulations were carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. Simulation results show that the PRFCL is a very effective auxiliary device to achieve better FRT. Moreover, it was found that the PRFCL outperforms the BFCL.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"39 27","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91514813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7520026
K. Gray, J. Kumm, J. Mraz
A North American oil refinery recently improved on-site power system reliability by extensively modifying the inplant electric system. Simultaneously, the refinery upgraded protective relaying to support IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging. New load caused a generation deficit when islanded from the local utility. The project team implemented a power management system to preserve critical loads when the refinery microgrid is islanded from the utility. The power management controllers use IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging. The project team performed thorough hardware-in-the-loop testing using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) along with traditional protection test-set testing to validate system operation for designed transitions and anticipated equipment failure modes. In studying these projects, we have developed a framework, which this paper shares, for successfully implementing other, similar microgrid power management system projects.
{"title":"A high-level framework for implementation and test of IEC 61850-based microgrid power management systems","authors":"K. Gray, J. Kumm, J. Mraz","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7520026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7520026","url":null,"abstract":"A North American oil refinery recently improved on-site power system reliability by extensively modifying the inplant electric system. Simultaneously, the refinery upgraded protective relaying to support IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging. New load caused a generation deficit when islanded from the local utility. The project team implemented a power management system to preserve critical loads when the refinery microgrid is islanded from the utility. The power management controllers use IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging. The project team performed thorough hardware-in-the-loop testing using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) along with traditional protection test-set testing to validate system operation for designed transitions and anticipated equipment failure modes. In studying these projects, we have developed a framework, which this paper shares, for successfully implementing other, similar microgrid power management system projects.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"161 ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91554179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7520067
Marko Jereminov, D. Bromberg, Xin Li, G. Hug, L. Pileggi
In this paper we present an equivalent circuit model for power system networks that facilitates robust and efficient AC power flow simulation and enables the incorporation of more generalized bus and line models. The circuit equations are formulated in terms of voltages and currents in rectangular coordinates using a graph theoretic algorithm that provides for optimal numerical conditioning. A current-source based generator model is introduced that provides for more robust and efficient convergence as compared to our original approach. We show that the proposed framework supports nonlinear models with insensitivity to the initial guess and converges in few iterations. We illustrate the capabilities of generalized modeling by deriving a model for a grid-connected solar panel system that includes AC, DC and semiconductor components.
{"title":"Improving robustness and modeling generality for power flow analysis","authors":"Marko Jereminov, D. Bromberg, Xin Li, G. Hug, L. Pileggi","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7520067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7520067","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present an equivalent circuit model for power system networks that facilitates robust and efficient AC power flow simulation and enables the incorporation of more generalized bus and line models. The circuit equations are formulated in terms of voltages and currents in rectangular coordinates using a graph theoretic algorithm that provides for optimal numerical conditioning. A current-source based generator model is introduced that provides for more robust and efficient convergence as compared to our original approach. We show that the proposed framework supports nonlinear models with insensitivity to the initial guess and converges in few iterations. We illustrate the capabilities of generalized modeling by deriving a model for a grid-connected solar panel system that includes AC, DC and semiconductor components.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87151403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519947
Saeed D. Manshadi, M. Khodayar
This paper proposed a methodology to identify the vulnerable components, and ensure the resilient operation of coordinated electricity and natural gas infrastructures considering multiple disruptions within the microgrid. The micro-grid demands, which consist of electricity and heat demands, are served by the interdependent electricity and natural gas supplies. The proposed approach addressed the vulnerability of multiple energy carrier microgrids against various inter-dictions, which is used to apply preventive reinforcements to increase the resilience of energy supply and decrease the operation cost. The proposed methodology is formulated as a bi-level optimization problem to address the optimal and secure operation of multiple energy carrier microgrids. The interdependence between natural gas and electricity infrastructures is addressed to show the effectiveness of the presented methodology in improving the resilience of generation and demand scheduling against deliberate actions causing disruptions in the interdependent energy infrastructures in multiple energy carrier microgrids.
{"title":"Resilient operation of multiple energy carrier microgrids","authors":"Saeed D. Manshadi, M. Khodayar","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519947","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposed a methodology to identify the vulnerable components, and ensure the resilient operation of coordinated electricity and natural gas infrastructures considering multiple disruptions within the microgrid. The micro-grid demands, which consist of electricity and heat demands, are served by the interdependent electricity and natural gas supplies. The proposed approach addressed the vulnerability of multiple energy carrier microgrids against various inter-dictions, which is used to apply preventive reinforcements to increase the resilience of energy supply and decrease the operation cost. The proposed methodology is formulated as a bi-level optimization problem to address the optimal and secure operation of multiple energy carrier microgrids. The interdependence between natural gas and electricity infrastructures is addressed to show the effectiveness of the presented methodology in improving the resilience of generation and demand scheduling against deliberate actions causing disruptions in the interdependent energy infrastructures in multiple energy carrier microgrids.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90914414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519899
A. Bastos, S. Santoso, Levent Biyikli
Capacitor banks are commonly connected to the power system to enhance its reliability by providing voltage support, improving power factor, and increasing the system capacity. They are usually switched in and out of the system according to the amount of connected load. This paper analyzes measurement data of a distribution utility with capacitor banks located downstream from the power quality monitor. It was observed that the amount of reactive power injected into the system was larger than the necessary, resulting in power factor over correction. The paper then provides an analysis method to determine the capacitor bank size to achieve a desired power factor correction. An algorithm is also proposed to override a switching control (usually time, voltage, or temperature), such that the switching is performed only if the power factor is below a preset minimum value. Moreover, it is advised to switch each phase individually, as the reactive power flow differs significantly between the three phases.
{"title":"Analysis of power factor over correction in a distribution feeder","authors":"A. Bastos, S. Santoso, Levent Biyikli","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519899","url":null,"abstract":"Capacitor banks are commonly connected to the power system to enhance its reliability by providing voltage support, improving power factor, and increasing the system capacity. They are usually switched in and out of the system according to the amount of connected load. This paper analyzes measurement data of a distribution utility with capacitor banks located downstream from the power quality monitor. It was observed that the amount of reactive power injected into the system was larger than the necessary, resulting in power factor over correction. The paper then provides an analysis method to determine the capacitor bank size to achieve a desired power factor correction. An algorithm is also proposed to override a switching control (usually time, voltage, or temperature), such that the switching is performed only if the power factor is below a preset minimum value. Moreover, it is advised to switch each phase individually, as the reactive power flow differs significantly between the three phases.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"18 2 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89056163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519920
A. Bhowmik, A. Chakraborty
Combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED) is a key challenge for the system operator in the open access regime and is used to operate generators that produce energy in a power plant with least costs as well as least emission simultaneously. Stability issues must, therefore, be considered during CEED. This paper presents a multi-objective formulation of CEED in a power system, with the competing objective functions of minimizing fuel cost and emission. Non-dominated Sorting Multi Objective Opposition based Gravitational Search Algorithm (NSMOOGSA) is used as an optimization tool. Fuzzy decision maker is used to extract the best compromise non-dominated solution. The proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 30-bus system and results are compared with those of the other reported in the recent literature. The quality of the results establishes the efficacy of the proposed approach in solving different CEED problem.
{"title":"NSMOOGSA for solving combined economic and emission dispatch problem","authors":"A. Bhowmik, A. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519920","url":null,"abstract":"Combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED) is a key challenge for the system operator in the open access regime and is used to operate generators that produce energy in a power plant with least costs as well as least emission simultaneously. Stability issues must, therefore, be considered during CEED. This paper presents a multi-objective formulation of CEED in a power system, with the competing objective functions of minimizing fuel cost and emission. Non-dominated Sorting Multi Objective Opposition based Gravitational Search Algorithm (NSMOOGSA) is used as an optimization tool. Fuzzy decision maker is used to extract the best compromise non-dominated solution. The proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 30-bus system and results are compared with those of the other reported in the recent literature. The quality of the results establishes the efficacy of the proposed approach in solving different CEED problem.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84696726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7520009
Omid Abrishambaf, L. Gomes, P. Faria, J. Afonso, Z. Vale
The recent changes on the electrical power systems make the role of distributed generation more important. Employing distributed generation in demand side allows the consumers to have active participation in the electricity markets. This paper implements the real-time simulation of a local microgrid that consists of two subsystems: home area network and neighborhood area network. In this system, the home area network is the electrical grid of a house and the neighborhood area network is the low voltage electrical distribution grid of the neighborhood. The main contribution of this paper is to assess scenarios for energy transactions between these two areas using real resources. In the case studies, several real profiles have been employed for simulating the consumption and generation of this local microgrid.
{"title":"Real-time simulation of renewable energy transactions in microgrid context using real hardware resources","authors":"Omid Abrishambaf, L. Gomes, P. Faria, J. Afonso, Z. Vale","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7520009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7520009","url":null,"abstract":"The recent changes on the electrical power systems make the role of distributed generation more important. Employing distributed generation in demand side allows the consumers to have active participation in the electricity markets. This paper implements the real-time simulation of a local microgrid that consists of two subsystems: home area network and neighborhood area network. In this system, the home area network is the electrical grid of a house and the neighborhood area network is the low voltage electrical distribution grid of the neighborhood. The main contribution of this paper is to assess scenarios for energy transactions between these two areas using real resources. In the case studies, several real profiles have been employed for simulating the consumption and generation of this local microgrid.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85118528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519939
H. Heine, Patrice Guenther, F. Becker
Different solutions for non-conventional instrument transformers have been developed in the last decade and are now available for HV gas insulated switchgear. Manufacturers have integrated Rogowski coil into high voltage GIS for current measurement and capacitive principle for voltage measurement. These concepts were realized in different types of products such as RC voltage dividers, external Rogowski coils in electronic current transformers (eCT), etc. Special electronic units for preprocessing and merging of sampled measured values have been developed to convert the outputs (low power or optical) to the standard IEC 61850-9-2- for each NCIT technology. This ensures the compatibility as well as interoperability of any protection device with the appropriate digital interface. Installed NCIT technology will provide many benefits for utilities and manufacturers, including reduction of SF6 insulation gas (environmental benefit), simplified wiring, and efficiency in manufacturing and engineering. Additional technical benefits include seamless-unified measurement and higher accuracy. The paper describes NCIT technologies, integration in high voltage gas insulated switchgear, benefits and qualification processes with customer/utilities, which lead to reliably and accepted products.
{"title":"New non-conventional instrument transformer (NCIT) - a future technology in gas insulated switchgear","authors":"H. Heine, Patrice Guenther, F. Becker","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519939","url":null,"abstract":"Different solutions for non-conventional instrument transformers have been developed in the last decade and are now available for HV gas insulated switchgear. Manufacturers have integrated Rogowski coil into high voltage GIS for current measurement and capacitive principle for voltage measurement. These concepts were realized in different types of products such as RC voltage dividers, external Rogowski coils in electronic current transformers (eCT), etc. Special electronic units for preprocessing and merging of sampled measured values have been developed to convert the outputs (low power or optical) to the standard IEC 61850-9-2- for each NCIT technology. This ensures the compatibility as well as interoperability of any protection device with the appropriate digital interface. Installed NCIT technology will provide many benefits for utilities and manufacturers, including reduction of SF6 insulation gas (environmental benefit), simplified wiring, and efficiency in manufacturing and engineering. Additional technical benefits include seamless-unified measurement and higher accuracy. The paper describes NCIT technologies, integration in high voltage gas insulated switchgear, benefits and qualification processes with customer/utilities, which lead to reliably and accepted products.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89673318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-03DOI: 10.1109/TDC.2016.7519867
Anthony Eshpeter
To be designed for a self-monitoring protection and control system that would minimize wiring and troubleshooting, a 345kV Substation for a US Transmission Company for had to interoperate with multiple vendors' relays. An IEC 61850 based solution was chosen to facilitate multi-vendor compatibility. Interestingly, IEC 61850 interoperability turned out to be a major challenge as different vendors IEC 61850 software settings and implementations differ significantly. The project reinforces the importance of considering the initial cost of deployment but also the costs of potential upgrade paths as technology continues to improve.
{"title":"Resolving the challenges of multiple vendor 61850 implementations","authors":"Anthony Eshpeter","doi":"10.1109/TDC.2016.7519867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TDC.2016.7519867","url":null,"abstract":"To be designed for a self-monitoring protection and control system that would minimize wiring and troubleshooting, a 345kV Substation for a US Transmission Company for had to interoperate with multiple vendors' relays. An IEC 61850 based solution was chosen to facilitate multi-vendor compatibility. Interestingly, IEC 61850 interoperability turned out to be a major challenge as different vendors IEC 61850 software settings and implementations differ significantly. The project reinforces the importance of considering the initial cost of deployment but also the costs of potential upgrade paths as technology continues to improve.","PeriodicalId":6497,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D)","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89755307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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