Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191112
K. Kajiwara, S. Kuboyama, F. Kurokawa
The purpose of this paper is to present a design of digital hysteresis current control circuit in ac-dc converter for wind power generation. The control circuit utilizes a digital signal processor and an analog reactor current detector using an RC integrator. In the proposed method, the design of time constant of RC integrator is important to determine the operation range of duty ratio. The design method of the proposed control circuit is therefore described from the analysis result under the steady-state operation. The analysis result is verified by simulation results of 600W ac-dc converter for wind power generation.
{"title":"Design of digital hysteresis current control circuit in AC-DC converter for wind power generation","authors":"K. Kajiwara, S. Kuboyama, F. Kurokawa","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191112","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present a design of digital hysteresis current control circuit in ac-dc converter for wind power generation. The control circuit utilizes a digital signal processor and an analog reactor current detector using an RC integrator. In the proposed method, the design of time constant of RC integrator is important to determine the operation range of duty ratio. The design method of the proposed control circuit is therefore described from the analysis result under the steady-state operation. The analysis result is verified by simulation results of 600W ac-dc converter for wind power generation.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"16 1","pages":"510-514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73200308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191249
A. Annuk, E. Jogi, M. Hovi, M. Märss, J. Uiga, H. Hoimoja, T. Peets, Janar Kalder, A. Jasinskas, Alo Allik
The article concentrates on the energy storage problem arising from small scale residential electricity generation, in the current case wind micro turbine and PV panels. The research objective is to increase the locally consumed energy share by using two water tanks, aiming to shorten the breakeven periods of the renewable energy production devices. The shaved peaks from stochastic wind turbine and PV generation are fed into a preheating tank; the remaining excess power is fed into the main tank. The produced and consumed energies are in balance. The observed time period was one year with averaging time step 5 minutes. The annual PV/wind energy production share is assumed to be 30 %/70 % in favor of the wind. The anticipated result is to increase the renewable energy supply cover factor from 0.43 with a single heating tank up To 0.60 by deploying two tanks. If the same production peak shaving principles under the same conditions are applied seasonally, then The resulting supply cover factor can be augmented up to 0.69.
{"title":"Increasing self electricity consumption by using double water heating tanks for residential net zero-energy buildings","authors":"A. Annuk, E. Jogi, M. Hovi, M. Märss, J. Uiga, H. Hoimoja, T. Peets, Janar Kalder, A. Jasinskas, Alo Allik","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191249","url":null,"abstract":"The article concentrates on the energy storage problem arising from small scale residential electricity generation, in the current case wind micro turbine and PV panels. The research objective is to increase the locally consumed energy share by using two water tanks, aiming to shorten the breakeven periods of the renewable energy production devices. The shaved peaks from stochastic wind turbine and PV generation are fed into a preheating tank; the remaining excess power is fed into the main tank. The produced and consumed energies are in balance. The observed time period was one year with averaging time step 5 minutes. The annual PV/wind energy production share is assumed to be 30 %/70 % in favor of the wind. The anticipated result is to increase the renewable energy supply cover factor from 0.43 with a single heating tank up To 0.60 by deploying two tanks. If the same production peak shaving principles under the same conditions are applied seasonally, then The resulting supply cover factor can be augmented up to 0.69.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"11 1 1","pages":"106-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72674137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191146
Guanying Chu, H. Wen, Zhaoyang Ye, Xingshuo Li
Differential power processing (DPP) is a promising architecture to solve an issue caused by mismatch among PV modules. PV to non-isolated port bus (or PV to the virtual bus) is one of the topologies studied in DPP architecture that allows each DPP converters can achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) independently. The string current value does not have an effect on MPPT but relates to the power processed by DPP converter. Keep that each PV is operating at the maximum power point (MPP) while allowing the DPP converter handle the minimum amount of power is the optimal solution. In this paper, the relation between string current and the power processed by DPP converter will be discussed. Further, algorithm has been designed for finding the string current value make DPP converter process the minimum power, and the simulation results for three PV panels are shown.
{"title":"Design and optimization of the PV-virtual-bus differential power processing photovoltaic systems","authors":"Guanying Chu, H. Wen, Zhaoyang Ye, Xingshuo Li","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191146","url":null,"abstract":"Differential power processing (DPP) is a promising architecture to solve an issue caused by mismatch among PV modules. PV to non-isolated port bus (or PV to the virtual bus) is one of the topologies studied in DPP architecture that allows each DPP converters can achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) independently. The string current value does not have an effect on MPPT but relates to the power processed by DPP converter. Keep that each PV is operating at the maximum power point (MPP) while allowing the DPP converter handle the minimum amount of power is the optimal solution. In this paper, the relation between string current and the power processed by DPP converter will be discussed. Further, algorithm has been designed for finding the string current value make DPP converter process the minimum power, and the simulation results for three PV panels are shown.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"7 1","pages":"674-679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74423041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191085
M. Quraan, Q. Farhat, M. Bornat
This paper proposes a new control scheme for a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS). In this scheme, the generator and grid currents are controlled using a hysteresis current controller (HCC). The control system of the back-to-back converter based on the HCC is described. Modeling and simulation of the system are developed using Matlab/Simulink to validate the performance of the proposed current controllers.
{"title":"A new control scheme of back-to-back converter for wind energy technology","authors":"M. Quraan, Q. Farhat, M. Bornat","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191085","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a new control scheme for a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS). In this scheme, the generator and grid currents are controlled using a hysteresis current controller (HCC). The control system of the back-to-back converter based on the HCC is described. Modeling and simulation of the system are developed using Matlab/Simulink to validate the performance of the proposed current controllers.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"25 1","pages":"354-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82503302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191118
L. F. N. Lourenço, M. B. de Camargo Salles, R. Monaro, L. Quéval
In daytime operation the power converter of a photovoltaic installation is generally used below its rated power. It could then provide reactive power support to the grid. This operation is called PV-STATCOM. This work provides an evaluation of the technical cost of operating a PV-STATCOM during daytime. This technical cost is due to the need of buying active power from the grid to supply extra losses when providing reactive power support to the grid. To illustrate, a 1.5 MWp PV farm is modeled in Matlab/Simulink toolbox SimPowerSystems. Losses from all the PV-STATCOM components are evaluated (converter, tie reactor, filter and step-up transformer). The daytime technical cost can reach up to 5.0% of the system rated capacity with the power converter being the main source of losses in PV-STATCOM operation. Finally, the reactive power support capability map is obtained as a function of the solar irradiance.
{"title":"Technical cost of PV-STATCOM applications","authors":"L. F. N. Lourenço, M. B. de Camargo Salles, R. Monaro, L. Quéval","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191118","url":null,"abstract":"In daytime operation the power converter of a photovoltaic installation is generally used below its rated power. It could then provide reactive power support to the grid. This operation is called PV-STATCOM. This work provides an evaluation of the technical cost of operating a PV-STATCOM during daytime. This technical cost is due to the need of buying active power from the grid to supply extra losses when providing reactive power support to the grid. To illustrate, a 1.5 MWp PV farm is modeled in Matlab/Simulink toolbox SimPowerSystems. Losses from all the PV-STATCOM components are evaluated (converter, tie reactor, filter and step-up transformer). The daytime technical cost can reach up to 5.0% of the system rated capacity with the power converter being the main source of losses in PV-STATCOM operation. Finally, the reactive power support capability map is obtained as a function of the solar irradiance.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"24 1","pages":"534-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81705331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191197
Matin Meskin, P. Iyer, A. Domijan, I. Grinberg
Using renewable sources to meet the load demand in the distribution level has become more economical and prevalent. The integration of these sources has impact on the load flow direction and magnitude. These changes can affect the operation of overcurrent (OC) relays as the main protective device in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks. In other words, the changes in the current magnitude and direction will result in misoperation of the OC relays during normal conditions of the network. In addition, the variation of the output generation of renewable sources due to weather condition changes, makes it difficult to define appropriate settings for OC relays. In this paper, a novel idea for improvement of OC relay operation in MV distribution networks in the presence of photovoltaic (PV) sources is presented. The proposed protection system is based on the augmentation of current and the reduction in voltage during the fault. Therefore, a combination of directional OC and undervoltage (UV) protection can distinguish between faulty and normal conditions. The proposed method is simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD software. The results show that the proposed method can effectively protect the MV distribution network containing PV sources.
{"title":"Enhancement of overcurrent protection in active medium voltage distribution networks","authors":"Matin Meskin, P. Iyer, A. Domijan, I. Grinberg","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191197","url":null,"abstract":"Using renewable sources to meet the load demand in the distribution level has become more economical and prevalent. The integration of these sources has impact on the load flow direction and magnitude. These changes can affect the operation of overcurrent (OC) relays as the main protective device in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks. In other words, the changes in the current magnitude and direction will result in misoperation of the OC relays during normal conditions of the network. In addition, the variation of the output generation of renewable sources due to weather condition changes, makes it difficult to define appropriate settings for OC relays. In this paper, a novel idea for improvement of OC relay operation in MV distribution networks in the presence of photovoltaic (PV) sources is presented. The proposed protection system is based on the augmentation of current and the reduction in voltage during the fault. Therefore, a combination of directional OC and undervoltage (UV) protection can distinguish between faulty and normal conditions. The proposed method is simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD software. The results show that the proposed method can effectively protect the MV distribution network containing PV sources.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"29 1","pages":"937-942"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86676492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/DISTRA.2017.8191244
M. Caruso, V. Castiglia, A. Del Pizzo, R. Miceli, M. Salles, G. Schettino, V. Traversa, F. Viola
This paper presents a real-time, low-cost, wireless, AC and DC monitoring system based on an ATmega328P-PU microcontroller. The proposed system is composed by different client nodes, which have the task to measure the main electrical quantities involved in the system, and a server node that collects the data and send them to a display device. The system is well suited for a good accuracy monitoring of either AC or DC electrical quantities. In order to verify the correct operation of the system, a case study for the simultaneous monitoring of the DC and AC voltages and currents is provided.
{"title":"Low-cost smart energy managment based on ATmega 328P-PU microcontroller","authors":"M. Caruso, V. Castiglia, A. Del Pizzo, R. Miceli, M. Salles, G. Schettino, V. Traversa, F. Viola","doi":"10.1109/DISTRA.2017.8191244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DISTRA.2017.8191244","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a real-time, low-cost, wireless, AC and DC monitoring system based on an ATmega328P-PU microcontroller. The proposed system is composed by different client nodes, which have the task to measure the main electrical quantities involved in the system, and a server node that collects the data and send them to a display device. The system is well suited for a good accuracy monitoring of either AC or DC electrical quantities. In order to verify the correct operation of the system, a case study for the simultaneous monitoring of the DC and AC voltages and currents is provided.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"37 1","pages":"1204-1209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84361403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191257
Evangelia Chandraki, P. Tourou, C. Sourkounis
Phase change materials can be used in various applications where thermal energy storage is needed, especially in renewable energy applications involving solar thermal and geothermal power Accurate modelling of these materials is needed for improved system design and optimization. Based on literature, two mathematical models are developed in this study, describing the one-dimensional transient heat transfer by conduction in isothermal phase change materials in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems, both based on the enthalpy method, while for the second one the Kirchhoff transformation was also used. The explicit finite difference approach is used for the numerical solutions and comparisons of the results derived from both models and geometries are conducted.
{"title":"Modelling of the phase change phenomenon based on the enthalpy and the enhanced enthalpy methods","authors":"Evangelia Chandraki, P. Tourou, C. Sourkounis","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191257","url":null,"abstract":"Phase change materials can be used in various applications where thermal energy storage is needed, especially in renewable energy applications involving solar thermal and geothermal power Accurate modelling of these materials is needed for improved system design and optimization. Based on literature, two mathematical models are developed in this study, describing the one-dimensional transient heat transfer by conduction in isothermal phase change materials in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems, both based on the enthalpy method, while for the second one the Kirchhoff transformation was also used. The explicit finite difference approach is used for the numerical solutions and comparisons of the results derived from both models and geometries are conducted.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"11 1","pages":"147-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88395657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191076
H. Bulbul, Medine Colak, Ayse Colak, Selin Bulbul
New technologies are developing very faster than before and also technologies changed rapidly needs of people according to the use of technology. To understand the meaning of the benefits that renewable energy can bring we must firstly establish our understanding of the concept. The future of the developed and developing countries in the world depends on the availability and transport of energy. It can be said that the consumption of energy will continuously grow in the near future. With renewable energy security and sustainability have become other major priorities to both customers and energy provider companies. Deployment of sustainable / renewable energy sources is crucial to a healthy relationship of society and the environment. Renewable energy is also providing clean and cheap options for customer that live with friendly and healty environment.
{"title":"Special session 1: Public awareness and education for renewable energy and systems","authors":"H. Bulbul, Medine Colak, Ayse Colak, Selin Bulbul","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191076","url":null,"abstract":"New technologies are developing very faster than before and also technologies changed rapidly needs of people according to the use of technology. To understand the meaning of the benefits that renewable energy can bring we must firstly establish our understanding of the concept. The future of the developed and developing countries in the world depends on the availability and transport of energy. It can be said that the consumption of energy will continuously grow in the near future. With renewable energy security and sustainability have become other major priorities to both customers and energy provider companies. Deployment of sustainable / renewable energy sources is crucial to a healthy relationship of society and the environment. Renewable energy is also providing clean and cheap options for customer that live with friendly and healty environment.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"9 1","pages":"12-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88691836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191179
Ahmed Zurfi, Ghaidaa Albayati, Jing Zhang
In this paper, the economic viability of using behind-the-meter battery energy storage (BMBES) for time-of-use (ToU) energy arbitrage and demand charge (DC) reduction is compared. The study focuses on residential applications where the BMBES is installed at end-users premises and used for daily cycling under ToU and DC plans for saving on monthly electricity bills. Under the current U.S. electricity prices, different case studies of using two BMBES systems are discussed. The two systems are analyzed with practical load profiles of a two-story American family house. A number of ToU and DC plans from different utility companies and with different pricing structures are applied. First, the mathematical formulation of the monthly savings in the electricity bill is presented to determine the different technical and economic factors that affect the savings. Then, the System Advisor Model (SAM) software tool, which provides a techno-economic model of battery storage systems, is used for hourly, monthly, and annual analysis. In each scenario, the economic performance of the BMBES systems in terms of the cash flow diagram, net present worth and payback period is presented and discussed. Based on the analysis results, a set of implications on the profitability of the ToU energy arbitrage and DC reduction schemes under current prices of energy storage and electricity rates are stated. Such implications can be beneficial to customers and practitioners for selecting and designing residential electric rates.
{"title":"Economic feasibility of residential behind-the-meter battery energy storage under energy time-of-use and demand charge rates","authors":"Ahmed Zurfi, Ghaidaa Albayati, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2017.8191179","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the economic viability of using behind-the-meter battery energy storage (BMBES) for time-of-use (ToU) energy arbitrage and demand charge (DC) reduction is compared. The study focuses on residential applications where the BMBES is installed at end-users premises and used for daily cycling under ToU and DC plans for saving on monthly electricity bills. Under the current U.S. electricity prices, different case studies of using two BMBES systems are discussed. The two systems are analyzed with practical load profiles of a two-story American family house. A number of ToU and DC plans from different utility companies and with different pricing structures are applied. First, the mathematical formulation of the monthly savings in the electricity bill is presented to determine the different technical and economic factors that affect the savings. Then, the System Advisor Model (SAM) software tool, which provides a techno-economic model of battery storage systems, is used for hourly, monthly, and annual analysis. In each scenario, the economic performance of the BMBES systems in terms of the cash flow diagram, net present worth and payback period is presented and discussed. Based on the analysis results, a set of implications on the profitability of the ToU energy arbitrage and DC reduction schemes under current prices of energy storage and electricity rates are stated. Such implications can be beneficial to customers and practitioners for selecting and designing residential electric rates.","PeriodicalId":6535,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)","volume":"54 1","pages":"842-849"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90980593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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