2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)最新文献
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494588
M. Rocca
The Indoor Environmental Quality is today one of the topics of greatest interest. In the scientific community there is awareness that it is not enough to create buildings with high energy savings, but it is also necessary to guarantee high levels of comfort. However, an appropriate evaluation of the actual perception of occupants in the indoor environment is still rather difficult today. The aim of this work is to provide a framework on the human body's sensation and perception mechanisms and to collect human responses to the four main environmental factors, in order to describe how the human body is stimulated by each factor.
{"title":"Human Response to the Indoor Environment a Collection of Literature Models","authors":"M. Rocca","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494588","url":null,"abstract":"The Indoor Environmental Quality is today one of the topics of greatest interest. In the scientific community there is awareness that it is not enough to create buildings with high energy savings, but it is also necessary to guarantee high levels of comfort. However, an appropriate evaluation of the actual perception of occupants in the indoor environment is still rather difficult today. The aim of this work is to provide a framework on the human body's sensation and perception mechanisms and to collect human responses to the four main environmental factors, in order to describe how the human body is stimulated by each factor.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91003416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493987
Shaghayegh Zalzar, E. Bompard
The existing electricity market designs may be not compatible with high penetration of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRE) in power systems and need to be improved to address VREs' variability and uncertainty. VREs require flexibility and additional reserve capacities from conventional power plants to offset their real-time deviation from the forecasted output power. Another important issue regarding VRE market participation is the relatively low market clearing prices which in turn threatens the profitability of conventional generators. To address these issues, this paper contributes in modelling a central framework to provide uncertainty reserve service which is simultaneously optimized with energy procurement in day-ahead market. The uncertainty reserve is remunerated through day-ahead reservation price and real-time activation price. The proposed market clearing mechanism is able to provide fair and competitive supplementary revenue stream for conventional generators, while it ensures adequate reserve capacities in an hourly basis, taking into account network constraints, to address VRE variability and uncertainty.
{"title":"A Day-Ahead Joint Energy and Uncertainty Reserve Market Clearing Model to Manage VRE Uncertainty","authors":"Shaghayegh Zalzar, E. Bompard","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493987","url":null,"abstract":"The existing electricity market designs may be not compatible with high penetration of Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRE) in power systems and need to be improved to address VREs' variability and uncertainty. VREs require flexibility and additional reserve capacities from conventional power plants to offset their real-time deviation from the forecasted output power. Another important issue regarding VRE market participation is the relatively low market clearing prices which in turn threatens the profitability of conventional generators. To address these issues, this paper contributes in modelling a central framework to provide uncertainty reserve service which is simultaneously optimized with energy procurement in day-ahead market. The uncertainty reserve is remunerated through day-ahead reservation price and real-time activation price. The proposed market clearing mechanism is able to provide fair and competitive supplementary revenue stream for conventional generators, while it ensures adequate reserve capacities in an hourly basis, taking into account network constraints, to address VRE variability and uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91285510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494522
A. Romero, P. De Agustín, T. Tsitsanis
Although multiple trials have been conducted demonstrating that demand side flexibility works and even though technology roll-out progresses significantly fast, the business application of residential and small tertiary demand response has been slow to develop. This paper introduces a holistic demand response optimization framework that enables significant energy costs reduction at the consumer side, while introducing buildings as a major contributor to energy networks' stability in response to network constraints and conditions. The backbone of the solution consists in a modular interoperability and data management framework that enables open standards-based communication along the demand response value chain. The solution is validated in four large-scale pilot sites, incorporating diverse building types, heterogeneous home, building and district energy systems and devices, a variety of energy carriers and spanning diverse climatic conditions, demographic and cultural characteristics.
{"title":"Integration of Real-Intelligence in Energy Management Systems to Enable Holistic Demand Response Optimization in Buildings and Districts","authors":"A. Romero, P. De Agustín, T. Tsitsanis","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494522","url":null,"abstract":"Although multiple trials have been conducted demonstrating that demand side flexibility works and even though technology roll-out progresses significantly fast, the business application of residential and small tertiary demand response has been slow to develop. This paper introduces a holistic demand response optimization framework that enables significant energy costs reduction at the consumer side, while introducing buildings as a major contributor to energy networks' stability in response to network constraints and conditions. The backbone of the solution consists in a modular interoperability and data management framework that enables open standards-based communication along the demand response value chain. The solution is validated in four large-scale pilot sites, incorporating diverse building types, heterogeneous home, building and district energy systems and devices, a variety of energy carriers and spanning diverse climatic conditions, demographic and cultural characteristics.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89678503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493824
A. Moschovi, S. Souentie, I. Yakoumis, A. Siriwardana
An integrated model of sustainable circular economy applied to the case of platinum group metals (PGMs) contained into the automotive catalytic converters is described. The cycle consists of four major steps: A. Collection and pre-processing of spent catalytic converters, B. PGM recovery as nitrate or other salts, C. Production of nano-catalytic washcoat powder, and D. Production of novel low-PGM catalysts. This scheme of circular economy can be sustainable when low-cost catalytic materials, like copper, are used to partially substitute the PGMs in the autocatalyst. A novel low-PGM Cu-based catalyst was successfully designed and tested, demonstrating the potential for practical applications.
{"title":"An Integrated Circular Economy Model for Decoupling Europe from Platinum Group Metals Supply Risk in the Automotive Sector","authors":"A. Moschovi, S. Souentie, I. Yakoumis, A. Siriwardana","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493824","url":null,"abstract":"An integrated model of sustainable circular economy applied to the case of platinum group metals (PGMs) contained into the automotive catalytic converters is described. The cycle consists of four major steps: A. Collection and pre-processing of spent catalytic converters, B. PGM recovery as nitrate or other salts, C. Production of nano-catalytic washcoat powder, and D. Production of novel low-PGM catalysts. This scheme of circular economy can be sustainable when low-cost catalytic materials, like copper, are used to partially substitute the PGMs in the autocatalyst. A novel low-PGM Cu-based catalyst was successfully designed and tested, demonstrating the potential for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90272328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494431
L. Pugi, F. Grasso, G. Rossi
There is a wide interest in the simulation of the energy consumptions of tramway and more generally railway systems. This simplified model developed starting from specifications of Florence Tramway in Florence has been optimized in order to be a near to optimal trade-off in terms of accuracy and required computational resources whose usage has been optimized in order to exploit a possible implementation on multi-thread, distributed systems. In this preliminary work it's presented a benchmark case study with two train performing their mission in opposite direction on the same line considering also feeders and different kind of reversible and irreversible substation. Implemented model has proved to be relatively adaptable for different kind of studies, easy customizable with a modular architecture and potentially very efficient in terms of involved computational loads.
{"title":"Energy Simulation of Tramway Systems, Simplified and Efficient Models","authors":"L. Pugi, F. Grasso, G. Rossi","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494431","url":null,"abstract":"There is a wide interest in the simulation of the energy consumptions of tramway and more generally railway systems. This simplified model developed starting from specifications of Florence Tramway in Florence has been optimized in order to be a near to optimal trade-off in terms of accuracy and required computational resources whose usage has been optimized in order to exploit a possible implementation on multi-thread, distributed systems. In this preliminary work it's presented a benchmark case study with two train performing their mission in opposite direction on the same line considering also feeders and different kind of reversible and irreversible substation. Implemented model has proved to be relatively adaptable for different kind of studies, easy customizable with a modular architecture and potentially very efficient in terms of involved computational loads.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76562811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494020
B. Neagu, M. Gavrilas, G. Matei
The paper propose a proper approach to the voltage/VAR control problem in distribution systems. Our approach splits the problem in two important tasks and solves them sequentially. The first aspects aim to identify the optimal control of the voltage in all buses, and the second deals with reactive power injections by the capacitors allocation problem. Both of them was solved using a metaheuristic approach, a modified Bat Algorithm and use voltage drop index and power losses minimization as objective functions. The feasibility of the recommended method was tested using a real Romanian distribution grid and the results achieved in MATLAB environment was compared with another two inspired algorithms i.e. the genetic algorithm and fireworks. All this results confirm the efficiency and robustness of our proper modified metaheuristic algorithm with increased efficacy both for diminishing the real losses and voltage profile amelioration in real distribution grids, in accordance also with the energy savings.
{"title":"Voltage/VAR Control with Reactive Power Injection in Distribution Networks using a Proper Metaheuristic Approach","authors":"B. Neagu, M. Gavrilas, G. Matei","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494020","url":null,"abstract":"The paper propose a proper approach to the voltage/VAR control problem in distribution systems. Our approach splits the problem in two important tasks and solves them sequentially. The first aspects aim to identify the optimal control of the voltage in all buses, and the second deals with reactive power injections by the capacitors allocation problem. Both of them was solved using a metaheuristic approach, a modified Bat Algorithm and use voltage drop index and power losses minimization as objective functions. The feasibility of the recommended method was tested using a real Romanian distribution grid and the results achieved in MATLAB environment was compared with another two inspired algorithms i.e. the genetic algorithm and fireworks. All this results confirm the efficiency and robustness of our proper modified metaheuristic algorithm with increased efficacy both for diminishing the real losses and voltage profile amelioration in real distribution grids, in accordance also with the energy savings.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76711809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494559
J. D. Rios Penaloza, A. Borghetti, F. Napolitano, F. Tossani, C. Nucci
A communication-supported system for the earth fault protection in medium voltage loop and meshed networks with unearthed neutral, is proposed and assessed. The system is based on directional relays installed at both ends of each line, which communicate with each other. The directional relays implement an innovative transient fault detection technique that determines the directionality of the fault by calculating the angle between the earth mode voltage and the current at the dominant transient frequency. The performance of the protection system in response to cross-country faults, is assessed by using a specifically developed software tool that interfaces EMTP-RV with Matlab. The influence of the communication network limitations, i.e. latency and complete loss of communication, on the protection system performance and the effect of the sampling frequency on the operation zones are also analyzed.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of a Communication-Supported Earth Fault Protection System of Medium Voltage Loop and Meshed Networks","authors":"J. D. Rios Penaloza, A. Borghetti, F. Napolitano, F. Tossani, C. Nucci","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494559","url":null,"abstract":"A communication-supported system for the earth fault protection in medium voltage loop and meshed networks with unearthed neutral, is proposed and assessed. The system is based on directional relays installed at both ends of each line, which communicate with each other. The directional relays implement an innovative transient fault detection technique that determines the directionality of the fault by calculating the angle between the earth mode voltage and the current at the dominant transient frequency. The performance of the protection system in response to cross-country faults, is assessed by using a specifically developed software tool that interfaces EMTP-RV with Matlab. The influence of the communication network limitations, i.e. latency and complete loss of communication, on the protection system performance and the effect of the sampling frequency on the operation zones are also analyzed.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"125 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78178834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494365
João Bárbara, J. Fermeiro, J. Pombo, S. Mariano, Maria do Rosário Calado
Battery packs with a large number of cells are becoming more and more prominent technology. Monitoring and controlling these packs is now a subject with increased importance. The proposed implemented system consists of only three switches per cell, allowing several types of connection between the cells. The battery management system relies on a distributed hierarchical architecture with n-1local controllers and a global controller. In the proposed algorithm the cells act as a single swarm functioning autonomously and depending on the parameters (voltage, current and temperature) of each cell of the pack. The hardware for each cell is explained and demonstrated. The results obtained both in simulation and in experimental tests show the excellent performance of the proposed methodology. Also, the charging approach based on the traditional multistage method exhibited an excellent performance on charging supercapacitors, concerning its efficiency, charging time and overvoltage protection.
{"title":"A New Approach for Dynamic Energy Storage System","authors":"João Bárbara, J. Fermeiro, J. Pombo, S. Mariano, Maria do Rosário Calado","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8494365","url":null,"abstract":"Battery packs with a large number of cells are becoming more and more prominent technology. Monitoring and controlling these packs is now a subject with increased importance. The proposed implemented system consists of only three switches per cell, allowing several types of connection between the cells. The battery management system relies on a distributed hierarchical architecture with n-1local controllers and a global controller. In the proposed algorithm the cells act as a single swarm functioning autonomously and depending on the parameters (voltage, current and temperature) of each cell of the pack. The hardware for each cell is explained and demonstrated. The results obtained both in simulation and in experimental tests show the excellent performance of the proposed methodology. Also, the charging approach based on the traditional multistage method exhibited an excellent performance on charging supercapacitors, concerning its efficiency, charging time and overvoltage protection.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75334808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493834
D. Fitiwi, S. Santos, J. Catalão
This paper presents an extensive analysis in relation to transforming electric distribution networks in order to accommodate large quantities of variable renewable energy sources (vRESs). For this purpose, a multi-stage and stochastic mixed integer linear programming (S-MILP) model is employed. The algebraic model developed optimally allocates energy storage systems (ESSs) along with an optimal dynamic distribution network switching. For the analysis, a standard IEEE 119-bus distribution network system was used as a case study. Test results reveal that the joint optimization of ESSs and network reconfiguration markedly increase flexibility in existing systems, leading to an increase in the levels of renewables integration and utilization. Moreover, the analysis of the results shows the prospect of such systems in going fully “carbon-free”, i.e. with vRES power entirely meeting system demand. Generally, the current work demonstrates that a more effective integration and utilization of large-scale vRESs is possible when existing systems are equipped with enabling technologies that are already commercially available.
{"title":"Role of Distributed Energy Storage Systems in the Quest for Carbon-Free Electric Distribution Systems","authors":"D. Fitiwi, S. Santos, J. Catalão","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493834","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an extensive analysis in relation to transforming electric distribution networks in order to accommodate large quantities of variable renewable energy sources (vRESs). For this purpose, a multi-stage and stochastic mixed integer linear programming (S-MILP) model is employed. The algebraic model developed optimally allocates energy storage systems (ESSs) along with an optimal dynamic distribution network switching. For the analysis, a standard IEEE 119-bus distribution network system was used as a case study. Test results reveal that the joint optimization of ESSs and network reconfiguration markedly increase flexibility in existing systems, leading to an increase in the levels of renewables integration and utilization. Moreover, the analysis of the results shows the prospect of such systems in going fully “carbon-free”, i.e. with vRES power entirely meeting system demand. Generally, the current work demonstrates that a more effective integration and utilization of large-scale vRESs is possible when existing systems are equipped with enabling technologies that are already commercially available.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75467557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493943
J. Růžičková, H. Raclavská, M. Kucbel, B. Švédová, K. Raclavský, H. Škrobánková, P. Pavlík, V. Sassmanová
Samples of TetraPak cartons were processed by pyrolysis at temperatures up to 700 centigrade degrees. Char samples were analyzed by pyrolytic gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Differences of pyrolytic carbon were characterized by specific organic compounds used as markers of pyrolytic conditions.
{"title":"Effect of Pre-Treatment of Layered Cartons on the Quality of Pyrolytic Carbon Intended for Thermal Use","authors":"J. Růžičková, H. Raclavská, M. Kucbel, B. Švédová, K. Raclavský, H. Škrobánková, P. Pavlík, V. Sassmanová","doi":"10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2018.8493943","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of TetraPak cartons were processed by pyrolysis at temperatures up to 700 centigrade degrees. Char samples were analyzed by pyrolytic gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Differences of pyrolytic carbon were characterized by specific organic compounds used as markers of pyrolytic conditions.","PeriodicalId":6563,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78345966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2018 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2018 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe)
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