Pub Date : 2022-11-04eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000141
Honglin Duan, Tao Cheng, Hui Cheng
Spatial transcriptomics, which is capable of both measuring all gene activity in a tissue sample and mapping where this activity occurs, is vastly improving our understanding of biological processes and disease. The field has expanded rapidly in recent years, and the development of several new technologies has resulted in spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) becoming highly multiplexed, high-resolution, and high-throughput. Here, we summarize and compare the major methods of SRT, including imaging-based methods, sequencing-based methods, and in situ sequencing methods. We also highlight some typical applications of SRT in neuroscience, cancer biology, developmental biology, and hematology. Finally, we discuss future possibilities for improving spatially resolved transcriptomic methods and the expected applications of such methods, especially in the adult bone marrow, anticipating that new developments will unlock the full potential of spatially resolved multi-omics in both biological research and the clinic.
{"title":"Spatially resolved transcriptomics: advances and applications.","authors":"Honglin Duan, Tao Cheng, Hui Cheng","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000141","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spatial transcriptomics, which is capable of both measuring all gene activity in a tissue sample and mapping where this activity occurs, is vastly improving our understanding of biological processes and disease. The field has expanded rapidly in recent years, and the development of several new technologies has resulted in spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) becoming highly multiplexed, high-resolution, and high-throughput. Here, we summarize and compare the major methods of SRT, including imaging-based methods, sequencing-based methods, and in situ sequencing methods. We also highlight some typical applications of SRT in neuroscience, cancer biology, developmental biology, and hematology. Finally, we discuss future possibilities for improving spatially resolved transcriptomic methods and the expected applications of such methods, especially in the adult bone marrow, anticipating that new developments will unlock the full potential of spatially resolved multi-omics in both biological research and the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9891446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10717130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-08-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000132
Jiaxiong Tan, Yangqiu Li
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease that seriously affects people's lives. Immune dysfunction, which is characterized by abnormal expression of multiple immune checkpoint proteins (ICs) on immune cells, is associated with progression and poor prognosis for tumors and chronic infections. Immunotherapy targeting ICs has been well established in modulating immune function and improving clinical outcome for solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The role of ICs in different populations or COVID-19 stages and the impact of IC blockade remains unclear. In this review, we summarized current studies of alterations in ICs in COVID-19 to better understand immune changes and provide strategies for treating COVID-19 patients, particularly those with cancer.
{"title":"Immune checkpoint alterations and their blockade in COVID-19 patients.","authors":"Jiaxiong Tan, Yangqiu Li","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease that seriously affects people's lives. Immune dysfunction, which is characterized by abnormal expression of multiple immune checkpoint proteins (ICs) on immune cells, is associated with progression and poor prognosis for tumors and chronic infections. Immunotherapy targeting ICs has been well established in modulating immune function and improving clinical outcome for solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The role of ICs in different populations or COVID-19 stages and the impact of IC blockade remains unclear. In this review, we summarized current studies of alterations in ICs in COVID-19 to better understand immune changes and provide strategies for treating COVID-19 patients, particularly those with cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40671465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-10-10DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000112
Robert Peter Gale
In a recent report in Nature Cell Biology (2022. 24:242–52) Zhang and coworkers discuss comparative genetic and bio-chemical features of leukemia cells from children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) obtained at diagnosis, in remission, and at relapse. 1 The authors analyzed large numbers of single-cell transcriptomes looking for dynamic changes and simultaneously, B-cell receptor sequences. They report that in contrast to leukemia cells at diagnosis, those at relapse shifted to a poorly-differentiated state. Changes in residual leukemia cells in remission were more complicated. Differential functional analyses highlighted activation of the hypoxia pathway in residual leukemia cells which correlated with drug resistance which was reversible with appropriate drug interventions in in vitro and in vivo models. The authors suggest this might be a therapy approach to eradicating measurable residual disease (MRD) in childhood B-cell ALL. This is a data dense article which requires understanding a machine learning algorithm. I suggest putting aside at least 5 hours to read and understand the text and supplement. I had to read it twice. This is not something to breeze through while texting on WeChat if you really want to understand the authors’ message and to critique it appropriately. First, a word on nomenclature. The authors use the term minimal residual disease . As John Goldman and I discussed several years ago the correct term is measurable residual disease . 2 Minimal is a subjective term; minimal to 1 person is not necessarily minimal to another. What we are considering is what can and cannot be measured in someone in complete histological remis- sion. (Another source of confusion; remissions are histological , not morphological . Morphology comes from the Greek μ&z. omicr; ρϕ which means form, structure or shape, not appear-ance). As an aside Morpheus was the Greek God of sleep and is the root of the drug name morphine. Lest you think I’m getting lost in semantics please recall the comment from George Orwell:
{"title":"Measurable residual disease in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.","authors":"Robert Peter Gale","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000112","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent report in Nature Cell Biology (2022. 24:242–52) Zhang and coworkers discuss comparative genetic and bio-chemical features of leukemia cells from children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) obtained at diagnosis, in remission, and at relapse. 1 The authors analyzed large numbers of single-cell transcriptomes looking for dynamic changes and simultaneously, B-cell receptor sequences. They report that in contrast to leukemia cells at diagnosis, those at relapse shifted to a poorly-differentiated state. Changes in residual leukemia cells in remission were more complicated. Differential functional analyses highlighted activation of the hypoxia pathway in residual leukemia cells which correlated with drug resistance which was reversible with appropriate drug interventions in in vitro and in vivo models. The authors suggest this might be a therapy approach to eradicating measurable residual disease (MRD) in childhood B-cell ALL. This is a data dense article which requires understanding a machine learning algorithm. I suggest putting aside at least 5 hours to read and understand the text and supplement. I had to read it twice. This is not something to breeze through while texting on WeChat if you really want to understand the authors’ message and to critique it appropriately. First, a word on nomenclature. The authors use the term minimal residual disease . As John Goldman and I discussed several years ago the correct term is measurable residual disease . 2 Minimal is a subjective term; minimal to 1 person is not necessarily minimal to another. What we are considering is what can and cannot be measured in someone in complete histological remis- sion. (Another source of confusion; remissions are histological , not morphological . Morphology comes from the Greek μ&z. omicr; ρϕ which means form, structure or shape, not appear-ance). As an aside Morpheus was the Greek God of sleep and is the root of the drug name morphine. Lest you think I’m getting lost in semantics please recall the comment from George Orwell:","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9595042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40671464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01Epub Date: 2022-08-16DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000133
Xiaojing Cui, Xinghui Zhao, Ying Liang
Hematopoiesis is a continuous and well-regulated process requiring both the capacity for self-renewal and the potential for differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Multiple studies indicate that sex hormones exert significant effects on not only hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but also the development of hematopoietic lineages, resulting in sexual dimorphisms in normal hematopoiesis. Hematologic malignancies comprise a wide variety of cancers affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system, such as leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative diseases. Overall, males are at greater risk and have worse prognosis for most of these malignancies compared with females. A better understanding of the differences between male and female could be of substantial value in research as well as clinical management.
{"title":"Sex differences in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.","authors":"Xiaojing Cui, Xinghui Zhao, Ying Liang","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hematopoiesis is a continuous and well-regulated process requiring both the capacity for self-renewal and the potential for differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Multiple studies indicate that sex hormones exert significant effects on not only hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but also the development of hematopoietic lineages, resulting in sexual dimorphisms in normal hematopoiesis. Hematologic malignancies comprise a wide variety of cancers affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system, such as leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative diseases. Overall, males are at greater risk and have worse prognosis for most of these malignancies compared with females. A better understanding of the differences between male and female could be of substantial value in research as well as clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8f/35/bs9-4-185.PMC9592170.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40671466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000129
Yanqing Zhang, Hailiang Bi, Ying Wang, Long Chen, Jiaqi Pan, Ping Xu, Wei Wang, Shaobin Yang
Several cases such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) with the coexistence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL have been reported. However, cases of transformation of essential thrombocythemia (ET) into chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the disease progression were rarely reported. Here, we report the case of a patient with JAK2 V617F- positive ET who subsequently acquired BCR-ABL1, which transformed the disease into CML after 10 years from the initial diagnosis. In this study, we dynamically monitored JAK2 V617F and BCR-ABL and observed multiple gene mutations, including IDH2, IDH1, ASXL1, KRAS, and RUNX1. It is important to be aware of this potentially clone evolution in disease progression.
{"title":"<i>BCR-ABL1</i> is a secondary event after JAK2V617F in a patient with essential thrombocythemia who develop chronic myeloid leukemia.","authors":"Yanqing Zhang, Hailiang Bi, Ying Wang, Long Chen, Jiaqi Pan, Ping Xu, Wei Wang, Shaobin Yang","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several cases such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) with the coexistence of JAK2 and BCR-ABL have been reported. However, cases of transformation of essential thrombocythemia (ET) into chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during the disease progression were rarely reported. Here, we report the case of a patient with <i>JAK2 V617F</i>- positive ET who subsequently acquired BCR-ABL1, which transformed the disease into CML after 10 years from the initial diagnosis. In this study, we dynamically monitored JAK2 V617F and BCR-ABL and observed multiple gene mutations, including IDH2, IDH1, ASXL1, KRAS, and RUNX1. It is important to be aware of this potentially clone evolution in disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10423608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma with limited treatment strategies. Tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a high risk for patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those treated with immune agents but were never reported post-daratumumab treatment. Herein, we reported a TB infection in a 57-year-old male diagnosed with HIV-negative PBL receiving daratumumab-based treatment, who showed atypical lung infection and yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anti-TB therapy was administered, and the following daratumumab treatment was complete with good tolerance. In this case, we demonstrated that TB infection might occur after daratumumab therapy, and adequate attention should be paid to atypical symptoms.
{"title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis infection and CMV reactivation following daratumumab treatment in a patient with relapsed plasmablastic lymphoma.","authors":"Wenyue Cao, Yuling Wan, Xingcheng Yang, Wei Huang, Jia Wei","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma with limited treatment strategies. Tuberculosis (TB) infection poses a high risk for patients with hematologic malignancies, especially those treated with immune agents but were never reported post-daratumumab treatment. Herein, we reported a TB infection in a 57-year-old male diagnosed with HIV-negative PBL receiving daratumumab-based treatment, who showed atypical lung infection and yielded <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Anti-TB therapy was administered, and the following daratumumab treatment was complete with good tolerance. In this case, we demonstrated that TB infection might occur after daratumumab therapy, and adequate attention should be paid to atypical symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10362509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14eCollection Date: 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000130
Yongfei Hu, Yinglun Luo, Guangjue Tang, Yan Huang, Juanjuan Kang, Dong Wang
The advent of whole-slide imaging, faster image data generation, and cheaper forms of data storage have made it easier for pathologists to manipulate digital slide images and interpret more detailed biological processes in conjunction with clinical samples. In parallel, with continuous breakthroughs in object detection, image feature extraction, image classification and image segmentation, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming the most beneficial technology for high-throughput analysis of image data in various biomedical imaging disciplines. Integrating digital images into biological workflows, advanced algorithms, and computer vision techniques expands the biologist's horizons beyond the microscope slide. Here, we introduce recent developments in AI applied to microscopy in hematopathology. We give an overview of its concepts and present its applications in normal or abnormal hematopoietic cells identification. We discuss how AI shows great potential to push the limits of microscopy and enhance the resolution, signal and information content of acquired data. Its shortcomings are discussed, as well as future directions for the field.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence and its applications in digital hematopathology.","authors":"Yongfei Hu, Yinglun Luo, Guangjue Tang, Yan Huang, Juanjuan Kang, Dong Wang","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000130","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advent of whole-slide imaging, faster image data generation, and cheaper forms of data storage have made it easier for pathologists to manipulate digital slide images and interpret more detailed biological processes in conjunction with clinical samples. In parallel, with continuous breakthroughs in object detection, image feature extraction, image classification and image segmentation, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming the most beneficial technology for high-throughput analysis of image data in various biomedical imaging disciplines. Integrating digital images into biological workflows, advanced algorithms, and computer vision techniques expands the biologist's horizons beyond the microscope slide. Here, we introduce recent developments in AI applied to microscopy in hematopathology. We give an overview of its concepts and present its applications in normal or abnormal hematopoietic cells identification. We discuss how AI shows great potential to push the limits of microscopy and enhance the resolution, signal and information content of acquired data. Its shortcomings are discussed, as well as future directions for the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/33/7f/bs9-4-136.PMC9742095.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000120
Xu Han, Peng Ji
{"title":"Carbon dots for the treatment of cancer-related anemia.","authors":"Xu Han, Peng Ji","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000120","DOIUrl":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9795283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1097/BS9.0000000000000128
Jia Yu
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can differentiate into all mature functional blood cells via hematopoiesis
{"title":"RNA and hematopoiesis.","authors":"Jia Yu","doi":"10.1097/BS9.0000000000000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/BS9.0000000000000128","url":null,"abstract":"Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can differentiate into all mature functional blood cells via hematopoiesis","PeriodicalId":67343,"journal":{"name":"血液科学(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9742080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10712765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}