Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.4236/JACEN.2021.101006
Aisyah Humayro, H. Harada, K. Naito
Phosphate (PO43-) and Nitrate (NO3-) are two main nutrients that cause water eutrophication. In the other hand, the presence of PO43- and NO3- is needed for plant growth. The aims of this study are to recycle Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) modified with calcium hydroxide for adsorption PO43- and NO3-. The optimum adsorption capacity for PO43- and NO3- is 36.74 mg/L and 20.21 mg/L, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model was suitable for PO43- and NO3- adsorption. The kinetic model for adsorption was linear using Pseudo-second order. The application of modified SCG after enrichment with PO43- and NO3- for plant growth (Raphanus sativus) showed optimum growth at a dose of 0.3% with value of germination index was 203%.
{"title":"Adsorption of Phosphate and Nitrate Using Modified Spent Coffee Ground and Its Application as an Alternative Nutrient Source for Plant Growth","authors":"Aisyah Humayro, H. Harada, K. Naito","doi":"10.4236/JACEN.2021.101006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JACEN.2021.101006","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphate (PO43-) and Nitrate (NO3-) are two main nutrients that cause water eutrophication. In the other hand, the presence of PO43- and NO3- is needed for plant growth. The aims of this study are to recycle Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) modified with calcium hydroxide for adsorption PO43- and NO3-. The optimum adsorption capacity for PO43- and NO3- is 36.74 mg/L and 20.21 mg/L, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model was suitable for PO43- and NO3- adsorption. The kinetic model for adsorption was linear using Pseudo-second order. The application of modified SCG after enrichment with PO43- and NO3- for plant growth (Raphanus sativus) showed optimum growth at a dose of 0.3% with value of germination index was 203%.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42161410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.4236/JACEN.2021.101003
Mesfin Thomas Anjulo, Mesfin Bibiso Doda, Camerun Kastro Kanido
This study was aimed to determine the level of selected metals and nutritional composition of pigeon pea seed collected from seven districts of Wolaita zone. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69% - 72%) HNO3 and (70%) HClO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration was used to determine metals by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Kjeldahl digestion method, Soxhlet extraction and furnace were used to determine nutritional values of pigeon pea, and physicochemical properties of soils were assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the levels of concentration of metals in mg/kg dry weight were ranged 105.17 to 144.07 for K, 8.95 to 12.67 for Mg, 7.74 to 12.27 for Ca, 0.247 to 0.543 for Fe, 0.122 to 0.313 for Zn, 0.061 to 0.432 for Mn, 0.087 to 0.134 for Cu and 0.0011 to 0.00196 for Cr. The proximate composition of pigeon pea was in the range of 19.28% to 25.79% for crude protein, 0.993% to 1.75% for crude fat, 3.75% to 5.31% for ash, 10.65% to 13.73% for moisture, 2.28% to 3.06% for fiber, 54.36% to 60.1% for carbohydrate and 326.8 to 345.23 Kcal for energy. The pH of the soil was in the range from pH 5.09 (strongly acidic) to 6.77 (slightly acidic), EC of the soil ranged from 0.047 to 0.14 dS/m (low), the soil OC level was from 1.6% to 2.42% (moderate), total Nitrogen was from 0.12% to 0.23% (low to moderate), the available Phosphorus content of the soil was from 6.82 to 13.52 mg/kg (low to moderate), CEC value of the soil was from 14.8 to 23.53 meq/100g (moderate). The textural classes of soil were sandy clay loam for all sites except Abela abaya. The study confirmed that pigeon pea was a good source of proteins, carbohydrates, and selected metals such as Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The concentration of metals and nutritional compositions of pigeon pea seed were found at a permissible level.
{"title":"Determination of Selected Metals and Nutritional Compositions of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Cultivated in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Mesfin Thomas Anjulo, Mesfin Bibiso Doda, Camerun Kastro Kanido","doi":"10.4236/JACEN.2021.101003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JACEN.2021.101003","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to determine the level of selected metals and nutritional composition of pigeon pea seed collected from seven districts of Wolaita zone. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69% - 72%) HNO3 and (70%) HClO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration was used to determine metals by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Kjeldahl digestion method, Soxhlet extraction and furnace were used to determine nutritional values of pigeon pea, and physicochemical properties of soils were assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the levels of concentration of metals in mg/kg dry weight were ranged 105.17 to 144.07 for K, 8.95 to 12.67 for Mg, 7.74 to 12.27 for Ca, 0.247 to 0.543 for Fe, 0.122 to 0.313 for Zn, 0.061 to 0.432 for Mn, 0.087 to 0.134 for Cu and 0.0011 to 0.00196 for Cr. The proximate composition of pigeon pea was in the range of 19.28% to 25.79% for crude protein, 0.993% to 1.75% for crude fat, 3.75% to 5.31% for ash, 10.65% to 13.73% for moisture, 2.28% to 3.06% for fiber, 54.36% to 60.1% for carbohydrate and 326.8 to 345.23 Kcal for energy. The pH of the soil was in the range from pH 5.09 (strongly acidic) to 6.77 (slightly acidic), EC of the soil ranged from 0.047 to 0.14 dS/m (low), the soil OC level was from 1.6% to 2.42% (moderate), total Nitrogen was from 0.12% to 0.23% (low to moderate), the available Phosphorus content of the soil was from 6.82 to 13.52 mg/kg (low to moderate), CEC value of the soil was from 14.8 to 23.53 meq/100g (moderate). The textural classes of soil were sandy clay loam for all sites except Abela abaya. The study confirmed that pigeon pea was a good source of proteins, carbohydrates, and selected metals such as Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The concentration of metals and nutritional compositions of pigeon pea seed were found at a permissible level.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49081150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/JACEN.2021.102014
G. Peeva, H. Yemendzhiev, R. Koleva, V. Nenov
Agrotechnical assessment of struvite produced by a lab-scale sedimentation unit is performed. As a source of phosphates and ammonia, liquor obtained through dewatering of Мunicipal wastewater treatment plant sludge was in use. The range of phosphates and ammonia was in the range of 130 - 250 and 380 - 560 mg/L, respectively. Seawater brine with a magnesium concentration of around 60 g Mg 2+ /L was applied as a source of magnesium. The agrotechnical characteristics of struvite obtained were compared to ammonium nitrate and carbamide in regards to the productivity effects on maize hybrid P9241. The results show that the effectiveness of struvite and some commercial fertilizers is quite close. The highest yield in the experiment was achieved with the application of carbamide plus ammonium nitrate (56.64 kg/ha), while in applying struvite solely it is 54.60 kg/ha. The highest protein content of maize (9.7%) was observed in the case of struvite/ammonium nitrate application.
{"title":"Agrotechnical Assessment of Struvite Application","authors":"G. Peeva, H. Yemendzhiev, R. Koleva, V. Nenov","doi":"10.4236/JACEN.2021.102014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JACEN.2021.102014","url":null,"abstract":"Agrotechnical assessment of struvite produced by a lab-scale sedimentation unit is performed. As a source of phosphates and ammonia, liquor obtained through dewatering of Мunicipal wastewater treatment plant sludge was in use. The range of phosphates and ammonia was in the range of 130 - 250 and 380 - 560 mg/L, respectively. Seawater brine with a magnesium concentration of around 60 g Mg 2+ /L was applied as a source of magnesium. The agrotechnical characteristics of struvite obtained were compared to ammonium nitrate and carbamide in regards to the productivity effects on maize hybrid P9241. The results show that the effectiveness of struvite and some commercial fertilizers is quite close. The highest yield in the experiment was achieved with the application of carbamide plus ammonium nitrate (56.64 kg/ha), while in applying struvite solely it is 54.60 kg/ha. The highest protein content of maize (9.7%) was observed in the case of struvite/ammonium nitrate application.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2021.104029
A. Hounkpatin, M. H. Hounhouigan, L. Loko, Faustin Y. Assongba, Eric Bio Nikki Sare
In Benin, market gardening has become a new profession and plays an important role in the supply of fresh vegetables. In the coastal regions, fish farming is practiced on the outskirts of market gardening sites. However, poorly regulated cultivation practices and increasing pollution do not necessarily guarantee the sanitary quality of the products delivered. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical qualities of the water used for watering and, secondly, the lead and cadmium contamination of the water used for watering, the soil (sediment) and the fish products (fish) on the urban market gardening perimeter in the commune of Lokossa in Benin. These various samples taken for this purpose were analysed at the Ministry of Health’s Water and Food Quality Control Laboratory. We noted pollution of organic elements and FAO standards. The consequences of this contamination are health risks for consumers.
{"title":"Biocontamination in Metal Traces (Pb, Cd) of Waters, Sediments and Fish from Urban and Periurban Marine Perimeters in the Community of Lokossa in Benin","authors":"A. Hounkpatin, M. H. Hounhouigan, L. Loko, Faustin Y. Assongba, Eric Bio Nikki Sare","doi":"10.4236/jacen.2021.104029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.104029","url":null,"abstract":"In Benin, market gardening has become a new profession and plays an important role in the supply of fresh vegetables. In the coastal regions, fish farming is practiced on the outskirts of market gardening sites. However, poorly regulated cultivation practices and increasing pollution do not necessarily guarantee the sanitary quality of the products delivered. This study aims to evaluate the physico-chemical qualities of the water used for watering and, secondly, the lead and cadmium contamination of the water used for watering, the soil (sediment) and the fish products (fish) on the urban market gardening perimeter in the commune of Lokossa in Benin. These various samples taken for this purpose were analysed at the Ministry of Health’s Water and Food Quality Control Laboratory. We noted pollution of organic elements and FAO standards. The consequences of this contamination are health risks for consumers.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2021.104030
Cronista Anónimo, Víctor García-Gaytán, Fanny Hernández-Mendoza, H. Daneshvar, A. Yañez-Olvera
Competition for natural resources will affect our ability to produce food. As population grows so does food demand, which leads to enormous pressure on the supply system. Despite the threat that climate change represents, is possible to produce more food as is evidenced, for example, the worldwide in-creases in the average yield per year of corn, rice wheat, and soybean. How-ever, stresses such as temperature may have a negative impact on productivity. World grain yields decrease for each degree of increase in minimum global temperature. In addition, temperature increase induces other events such as the incidence of pests and diseases and damage to germplasm. This work fo-cuses on the perspective of food production in the world, addressed from five fundamental aspects: 2) Temperature in crop yield. 3) Stress factors cause financial losses. 4) Water use in Agriculture. 5) The urge to increase plant productivity against climate change, and finally 6) Plant diversity and conservation.
{"title":"The World’s Agricultural Resources Is It Possible to Improve It Due to Heat and Drought Cases?","authors":"Cronista Anónimo, Víctor García-Gaytán, Fanny Hernández-Mendoza, H. Daneshvar, A. Yañez-Olvera","doi":"10.4236/jacen.2021.104030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.104030","url":null,"abstract":"Competition for natural resources will affect our ability to produce food. As population grows so does food demand, which leads to enormous pressure on the supply system. Despite the threat that climate change represents, is possible to produce more food as is evidenced, for example, the worldwide in-creases in the average yield per year of corn, rice wheat, and soybean. How-ever, stresses such as temperature may have a negative impact on productivity. World grain yields decrease for each degree of increase in minimum global temperature. In addition, temperature increase induces other events such as the incidence of pests and diseases and damage to germplasm. This work fo-cuses on the perspective of food production in the world, addressed from five fundamental aspects: 2) Temperature in crop yield. 3) Stress factors cause financial losses. 4) Water use in Agriculture. 5) The urge to increase plant productivity against climate change, and finally 6) Plant diversity and conservation.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2021.104031
J. R. Hidalgo, M. Murúa, A. Neske
Annonaceous acetogenins enclose a large number of biological activities, among which the insecticidal stands out. Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest that affects corn crops among others and has a great capacity to develop resistance to traditional insecticides, which represents sufficient reasons for the search for new alternatives for their control. The objective of this study was to deter-mine the appropriate concentration and screening new natural insecticides against second instar larvae of S. frugiperda, under glasshouse conditions on Zea mays L. Natural products such as annonaceous acetogenins and some acetylated and methoxy methylated ACG derivatives and the commercial product Lambda-cyhalotrin (LC) were evaluated. The percent mortalities of S. frugiperda larvae in glasshouse conditions were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment application. The results showed that the acetogenins tested were significantly (P < 0.05) different in relation to pest mortality than natural ACGs synergizes the insecticidal activity of the commercial product. Finding a new ecological alternative for insect control.
{"title":"A Semi-Field Approach to Testing Botanical Insecticides. Effects of Natural and Analogues Annonaceous Acetogenins on Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"J. R. Hidalgo, M. Murúa, A. Neske","doi":"10.4236/jacen.2021.104031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.104031","url":null,"abstract":"Annonaceous acetogenins enclose a large number of biological activities, among which the insecticidal stands out. Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest that affects corn crops among others and has a great capacity to develop resistance to traditional insecticides, which represents sufficient reasons for the search for new alternatives for their control. The objective of this study was to deter-mine the appropriate concentration and screening new natural insecticides against second instar larvae of S. frugiperda, under glasshouse conditions on Zea mays L. Natural products such as annonaceous acetogenins and some acetylated and methoxy methylated ACG derivatives and the commercial product Lambda-cyhalotrin (LC) were evaluated. The percent mortalities of S. frugiperda larvae in glasshouse conditions were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment application. The results showed that the acetogenins tested were significantly (P < 0.05) different in relation to pest mortality than natural ACGs synergizes the insecticidal activity of the commercial product. Finding a new ecological alternative for insect control.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2021.104027
S. Coulibaly, Kouakou Sylvain Akpo, N’Da Akoua Alice Koua-Koffi, Doué Barnabé Digbe, L. Coulibaly
The waste of foodstuffs is increasing in the agri-food industries. This is reflected in the increasing volume of their waste. Food is thrown away on criteria that have nothing to do with its nutritional quality. In most cases, the criteria are shape, color and stains. In order to reduce this waste, a way of valorization was investigated. This paper focuses on waste reduction through feeding the Abidjan zoo animals with the unsold products of three agro-industries. The unsold products collected by the zoo were characterized over an 8-year period (2011 to 2019). Deaths and births were recorded. The food needs met by the unsold products harvested were evaluated and the economic gains estimated. The results showed that the food recovered by the Abidjan Zoo at SOCOCE contained 34.94% fruit, 38.58% vegetable and 23.47% meat products. At SCB and Coquivoire the donations are estimated at 2 tons of bananas and 1.5 tons of chickens (smoked and cold chicken) respectively. These donations allowed the Zoo to save 25.94% of its budget allocated to animal feed. The diversity of the food collected has a positive impact on the quality of life of the animals at the Zoo. This is reflected in an increase in the number of births from 0 to 12 per year and a decrease in mortality of 90%.
{"title":"Recovery of Unsold Food from Three Agri-Food Industries (SOCOCE, COQUIVOIRE and SCB) for the Feeding of the Abidjan Zoo Animals","authors":"S. Coulibaly, Kouakou Sylvain Akpo, N’Da Akoua Alice Koua-Koffi, Doué Barnabé Digbe, L. Coulibaly","doi":"10.4236/jacen.2021.104027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.104027","url":null,"abstract":"The waste of foodstuffs is increasing in the agri-food industries. This is reflected in the increasing volume of their waste. Food is thrown away on criteria that have nothing to do with its nutritional quality. In most cases, the criteria are shape, color and stains. In order to reduce this waste, a way of valorization was investigated. This paper focuses on waste reduction through feeding the Abidjan zoo animals with the unsold products of three agro-industries. The unsold products collected by the zoo were characterized over an 8-year period (2011 to 2019). Deaths and births were recorded. The food needs met by the unsold products harvested were evaluated and the economic gains estimated. The results showed that the food recovered by the Abidjan Zoo at SOCOCE contained 34.94% fruit, 38.58% vegetable and 23.47% meat products. At SCB and Coquivoire the donations are estimated at 2 tons of bananas and 1.5 tons of chickens (smoked and cold chicken) respectively. These donations allowed the Zoo to save 25.94% of its budget allocated to animal feed. The diversity of the food collected has a positive impact on the quality of life of the animals at the Zoo. This is reflected in an increase in the number of births from 0 to 12 per year and a decrease in mortality of 90%.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jacen.2021.101002
Laila Khatun, M. Ali, M. H. Sumon, Md. Bazlul Islam, F. Khatun
{"title":"Mitigation Rice Yield Scaled Methane Emission and Soil Salinity Stress with Feasible Soil Amendments","authors":"Laila Khatun, M. Ali, M. H. Sumon, Md. Bazlul Islam, F. Khatun","doi":"10.4236/jacen.2021.101002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2021.101002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/JACEN.2021.101008
Y. Somé, Diakalya Traoré, Malicki Zoromé, Pounyala Awa Ouoba, D. Da
Water control is a major problem in crop production, particularly in fragile ecosystems such as the Sahel. Water is the most important factor in plant productivity. Many initiatives have been developed in this direction, including all methods of irrigation and water and soil conservation. The objective of this work is to assess the effectiveness of this amendment in crop production in the context of climate variability. The methodology is based on experimentation to statistically compare the natural biomass on a soil of silty-clay-sandy texture, divided into two blocks, one of which is amended with potassium polyacrylate and the other is not. This study showed that the wet and dry biomasses produced on soils with potassium polyacrylate are significantly higher than those produced on unamended soils at the 5% threshold. Based on these results, potassium polyacrylate may be a solution to recurrent dryness pockets. However, uncontrolled environmental testing is necessary to confirm these results.
{"title":"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Potassium Polyacrylate on Crop Production","authors":"Y. Somé, Diakalya Traoré, Malicki Zoromé, Pounyala Awa Ouoba, D. Da","doi":"10.4236/JACEN.2021.101008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JACEN.2021.101008","url":null,"abstract":"Water control is a major problem in crop production, particularly in fragile ecosystems such as the Sahel. Water is the most important factor in plant productivity. Many initiatives have been developed in this direction, including all methods of irrigation and water and soil conservation. The objective of this work is to assess the effectiveness of this amendment in crop production in the context of climate variability. The methodology is based on experimentation to statistically compare the natural biomass on a soil of silty-clay-sandy texture, divided into two blocks, one of which is amended with potassium polyacrylate and the other is not. This study showed that the wet and dry biomasses produced on soils with potassium polyacrylate are significantly higher than those produced on unamended soils at the 5% threshold. Based on these results, potassium polyacrylate may be a solution to recurrent dryness pockets. However, uncontrolled environmental testing is necessary to confirm these results.","PeriodicalId":68148,"journal":{"name":"农业化学和环境(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70751341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/JACEN.2021.101005
J. Tenywa, Jean Bosco Ngarukiyimana, Alice Amonding Katushabe
Background: The objective of this study was to determine the short-term effect of urea fertiliser application on soil reactions in a Ferralsol, with particular thrust on P sorption. Methods: Two experiments were conducted for this purpose: 1) a screenhouse pot experiment; and 2) a laboratory P sorption component. The pot (10 litre capacity plastic pots) experiment was conducted at the Makerere University Agricultural Research, Kabanyolo in Uganda, using a Ferralsol. The study comprised of four urea N (46% N) fertiliser treatments, namely, 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N·ha-1, equivalent to 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg N per pot. A completely randomised design was adopted with three replicates. Urea rates were applied in 50% split doses, one at planting and the other at 19 days after seedling emergence (to simulate farmer practice). This was followed by watering to field capacity using distilled water. Soil samples were taken at three daily intervals until day fourteen; thereafter, soil sampling was at an interval of seven days. The second urea split dose was applied at 21 days followed by soil sampling at an interval of three days till day fourteen. Thereafter, soil was sampled at seven day intervals until the end of experiment. Soil samples were analysed for exchangeable H+, Al3+, NH4+and NO3- ions. The reaction trends of the concentrations of these ions and Bray 1 P were used to structure different response curves representing the instantaneous reactions. As for the laboratory P-sorption study, treatments included the four rates of urea used in the pot experiment (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N·ha-1) and seven levels of P (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm) as KH2PO4. The setup was incubated under laboratory conditions and soil samples were repeatedly taken at 10 days (after 4 days of urea incubation plus 6 days of P application). The P sorption data were fitted to Langmuir model. Results: The pot experiment revealed an abrupt drop in the concentrations of exchangeable Al3+ and H+ ions (p 0.05) within the first 6 days after urea application, accompanied by a positive surge in the concentration of NH4+ ions. This phase (6 days) was followed by a rise in the levels of exchangeable Al3+, H+ and NO3- ion concentration, which was inversely mirrored by a drop in the concentration of NH4+ ions. Consequently, the patterns displayed by the soil reactions were delineated into four phases, with Phase 1 (6 days) being characterised by urea hydrolysis reactions of deamination and ammonification, Phase 2 (10 days) being dominated by nitrification and its acidifying properties, Phase 3 being a repeat of Phase 1, both occurring immediately after urea application (within 6 days); and Phase 4 being a repeat of Phase 2. As for the P-sorption study, the effects of urea hydrolysis in a Ferralsol markedly increased soil pH and surprisingly P sorption. The contradictory P sorption behavior, despite the drop in exchange acidity was attributed to presence of divalent calcium in the extractio
背景:本研究的目的是确定尿素施用对土壤反应的短期影响，特别是对磷吸收的影响。方法:进行2项试验:1)筛网盆栽试验;2)实验室P吸附组分。盆栽(容量为10升的塑料盆)试验在乌干达卡巴尼奥洛的Makerere大学农业研究中心进行，使用的是Ferralsol。试验采用完全随机设计，3个重复，分别为0、40、80和120 kg N·ha-1 4个尿素氮(46% N)处理，每罐施氮量分别为0、200、400和600 mg。尿素按50%分次施用，一剂在播种时施用，另一剂在幼苗出苗后19天施用(模拟农民做法)。然后用蒸馏水浇灌到田间容量。每隔3天采集土壤样本，直至第14天;此后每隔7天采样一次。第2次尿素分次施用于第21天，之后每隔3天至第14天取样一次土壤。此后，每隔7天采样一次，直至试验结束。分析了土壤样品的交换性H+、Al3+、NH4+和NO3-离子。利用这些离子浓度与Bray - 1p的反应趋势，构建了代表瞬时反应的不同响应曲线。在室内磷吸附研究中，盆栽试验采用4种尿素浓度(0、40、80和120 kg N·ha-1)和7种磷浓度(2.5、5、10、20、30、40和50 ppm)作为KH2PO4处理。在实验室条件下孵育，每隔10天(尿素孵育4天，施磷肥6天)重复取土样。P吸附数据符合Langmuir模型。结果:盆栽试验结果显示，施用尿素后6 d内，交换性Al3+和H+离子浓度急剧下降(p < 0.05)， NH4+离子浓度急剧上升。在这一阶段(6天)之后，交换性Al3+、H+和NO3-离子浓度上升，NH4+离子浓度下降。因此，土壤反应模式被划分为4个阶段，第1阶段(6天)的特征是尿素的脱氨和氨化水解反应，第2阶段(10天)主要是硝化作用及其酸化特性，第3阶段是第1阶段的重复，两者都发生在尿素施用后(6天内);第四阶段是第二阶段的重复。在磷吸附研究方面，尿素在Ferralsol中的水解作用显著提高了土壤pH值，并显著提高了磷的吸附。尽管交换酸度下降，但矛盾的P吸附行为归因于所使用的萃取试剂中存在二价钙。结论:从feralsol中尿素N的施用中获得的短期见解，为未来氮肥的使用以及相关酸化过程的战略管理打开了眼界，这通常是更昂贵和复杂的管理。
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