In wireless sensor networks, nodes have a low computing capacity, a small antenna and a very limited energy source; thereby batteries are considered as a critical resource and should be used efficiently. On the other hand, the antennas are the biggest consumers of energy, therefore, and their use must be very efficient to minimize energy consumption. In a dense WSN, each node may route messages to destination nodes either through short-hops or long-hops, by using a short or a long radio range. Thus, the hop length optimization can save energy. In this article, the authors propose a theorem to optimize the hop lengths and a routing algorithm to improve the WSN power consumption. The theorem establishes a simple condition to ensure the optimal hop lengths which guarantees the minimum energy consumption. And the proposed algorithm based on that condition is used to find the optimal routing path. The simulation results are obtained by applying the condition and the algorithm on WSNs and reveals a high performance regarding WSNs energy consumption and network lifetime.
{"title":"Optimal Hop Lengths to Ensure Minimum Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Mekkaoui Kheireddine, Rahmoun Abdellatif","doi":"10.4018/IJTD.2018100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJTD.2018100101","url":null,"abstract":"In wireless sensor networks, nodes have a low computing capacity, a small antenna and a very limited energy source; thereby batteries are considered as a critical resource and should be used efficiently. On the other hand, the antennas are the biggest consumers of energy, therefore, and their use must be very efficient to minimize energy consumption. In a dense WSN, each node may route messages to destination nodes either through short-hops or long-hops, by using a short or a long radio range. Thus, the hop length optimization can save energy. In this article, the authors propose a theorem to optimize the hop lengths and a routing algorithm to improve the WSN power consumption. The theorem establishes a simple condition to ensure the optimal hop lengths which guarantees the minimum energy consumption. And the proposed algorithm based on that condition is used to find the optimal routing path. The simulation results are obtained by applying the condition and the algorithm on WSNs and reveals a high performance regarding WSNs energy consumption and network lifetime.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79864526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the advent of new technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) and Big Data, the increase in users and their different communications have led to a significant increase in energy consumption in network equipment. A new networking technology called SDN (Software Defined Network) is born. It aims to make network management easier. The SDN consists of decoupling the control plane that is the brain, the data plane or the muscles of the network. It allows the programmability of network devices and also the redirection of flows. One or more centralized controllers use algorithms to act remotely on network devices. Because of its operation, this new technology offers opportunities to improve network performance and optimize energy consumption. In this paper, we will use this technology (SDN) to suspend links or routers when they are not used while taking into account the congestion that degrades the quality of service in the network. We have formulated this problem as a linear integer program and proposed algorithms to process it in normal period and peak period. We have used the OMNET ++ simulator to evaluate our algorithms. Thus, our approach showed that 87.5% of ports and 33.33% of links could be shut down to save energy.
{"title":"Contribution to the Optimization of the Energy Consumption in SDN Networks","authors":"L. Kra, Yake Gondo, Bi Tra Goore, O. Asseu","doi":"10.4236/JST.2018.83005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JST.2018.83005","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of new technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) and Big Data, the increase in users and their different communications have led to a significant increase in energy consumption in network equipment. A new networking technology called SDN (Software Defined Network) is born. It aims to make network management easier. The SDN consists of decoupling the control plane that is the brain, the data plane or the muscles of the network. It allows the programmability of network devices and also the redirection of flows. One or more centralized controllers use algorithms to act remotely on network devices. Because of its operation, this new technology offers opportunities to improve network performance and optimize energy consumption. In this paper, we will use this technology (SDN) to suspend links or routers when they are not used while taking into account the congestion that degrades the quality of service in the network. We have formulated this problem as a linear integer program and proposed algorithms to process it in normal period and peak period. We have used the OMNET ++ simulator to evaluate our algorithms. Thus, our approach showed that 87.5% of ports and 33.33% of links could be shut down to save energy.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42710681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seeking an affordable solution to measure a bicycle’s roll angle, we came across an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) BNO055 by Bosch, which contains 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, and is advertised to produce “absolute orientation” by a built-in proprietary “Fusion” algorithm. We found another low-cost IMU, an MPU-9250 from InvenSense, which could also calculate absolute orientation via embedded Fusion software. Being unable to find information about dynamic characteristics of these IMUs in their datasheets, we sought to evaluate them under dynamic conditions, specifically in the estimation of roll angle. We constructed an inverted pendulum as a model of a bicycle, mounted both IMUs on it, and attached a potentiometer to measure actual angular position for reference. Additionally, as an alternative to the proprietary Fusion algorithms, we devised and implemented an Extended Kalman Filter, which, we hypothesized, would perform better than the proprietary Fusion algorithms, because our algorithm incorporated the kinematics of the inverted pendulum while the Fusion algorithm of the IMUs did not. In a series of experiments, we observed a significant time lag, about 0.05-0.1 second, in BNO055’s raw acceleration and gyro signals. The BNO055’s Fusion responded with similar lag and an offset of 0.5-3°; we also noticed rather unpredictable fluctuation in the output signals, possibly due to its “automatic calibration” feature, which cannot be disabled. The MPU-9250 exhibited better performance than the BNO055 in terms of raw acceleration signals and, particularly, gyro signals. The MPU-9250’s Fusion performed somewhat better than BNO055’s, typically showing lag of 0.03-0.06 sec and static offset of 0.5-1°. Our implementation of Kalman Filter based on MPU-9250 raw signal performed better than either Fusion algorithm, with about 0.02-0.03 second lag and 0.5-1° offset, supporting our hypothesis. Our next step is to experiment on an actual bicycle in motion.
{"title":"Angular Position Estimation of an Inverted Pendulum Using Low-Cost IMUs","authors":"D. Aoyagi, Sukgi Choi","doi":"10.12691/ajst-5-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ajst-5-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"Seeking an affordable solution to measure a bicycle’s roll angle, we came across an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) BNO055 by Bosch, which contains 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, and is advertised to produce “absolute orientation” by a built-in proprietary “Fusion” algorithm. We found another low-cost IMU, an MPU-9250 from InvenSense, which could also calculate absolute orientation via embedded Fusion software. Being unable to find information about dynamic characteristics of these IMUs in their datasheets, we sought to evaluate them under dynamic conditions, specifically in the estimation of roll angle. We constructed an inverted pendulum as a model of a bicycle, mounted both IMUs on it, and attached a potentiometer to measure actual angular position for reference. Additionally, as an alternative to the proprietary Fusion algorithms, we devised and implemented an Extended Kalman Filter, which, we hypothesized, would perform better than the proprietary Fusion algorithms, because our algorithm incorporated the kinematics of the inverted pendulum while the Fusion algorithm of the IMUs did not. In a series of experiments, we observed a significant time lag, about 0.05-0.1 second, in BNO055’s raw acceleration and gyro signals. The BNO055’s Fusion responded with similar lag and an offset of 0.5-3°; we also noticed rather unpredictable fluctuation in the output signals, possibly due to its “automatic calibration” feature, which cannot be disabled. The MPU-9250 exhibited better performance than the BNO055 in terms of raw acceleration signals and, particularly, gyro signals. The MPU-9250’s Fusion performed somewhat better than BNO055’s, typically showing lag of 0.03-0.06 sec and static offset of 0.5-1°. Our implementation of Kalman Filter based on MPU-9250 raw signal performed better than either Fusion algorithm, with about 0.02-0.03 second lag and 0.5-1° offset, supporting our hypothesis. Our next step is to experiment on an actual bicycle in motion.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46083248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-04DOI: 10.12677/JSTA.2018.63012
丁泽源, 吴传秀, 何军平, 宋永献, 王经卓, 毕训银
{"title":"基于STM32单片机的车载酒精检测系统设计Design of Vehicle Alcohol Detection System Based on STM32","authors":"丁泽源, 吴传秀, 何军平, 宋永献, 王经卓, 毕训银","doi":"10.12677/JSTA.2018.63012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JSTA.2018.63012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46436387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-01DOI: 10.4018/ijwnbt.2018070102
Hassan El Alami, A. Najid
The data communication task, in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), is a major issue of high energy consumption. A hierarchical design based on a clustering algorithm is one of the approaches to manage the data communication and save energy in WSNs. However, most of the previous approaches based on clustering algorithms have not considered the length of the data communication path, which is a direct relation to energy consumption in WSNs. In this article, a novel scheme of a clustering algorithm has been proposed for reducing the data communication distance in WSNs. Hierarchical routing protocols were implemented for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The results show that the proposed scheme is more efficient than other protocols.
{"title":"EEA","authors":"Hassan El Alami, A. Najid","doi":"10.4018/ijwnbt.2018070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2018070102","url":null,"abstract":"The data communication task, in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), is a major issue of high energy consumption. A hierarchical design based on a clustering algorithm is one of the approaches to manage the data communication and save energy in WSNs. However, most of the previous approaches based on clustering algorithms have not considered the length of the data communication path, which is a direct relation to energy consumption in WSNs. In this article, a novel scheme of a clustering algorithm has been proposed for reducing the data communication distance in WSNs. Hierarchical routing protocols were implemented for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The results show that the proposed scheme is more efficient than other protocols.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76389241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), its major application, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has presently become a major area of interest for the developers and researchers. Efficient sensor nodes data collection is the key feature of any effective wireless body area network. Prioritizing nodes and cluster head selection schemes plays an important role in WBAN. Human body exhibits postural mobility which affects distances and connections between different sensor nodes. In this context, we propose maximum consensus based cluster head selection scheme, which allows cluster head selection by using Link State. Nodal priority through transmission power is also introduced to make WBAN more effective. This scheme results in reduced mean power consumption and also reduces network delay. A comparison with IEEE 802.15.6 based CSMA/CA protocol with different locations of cluster head is presented in this paper. These results show that our proposed scheme outperforms Random Cluster head selection, Fixed Cluster head at head, Foot and Belly positions in terms of mean power consumption, network delay, network throughput and bandwidth efficiency.
{"title":"Adaptive Cluster Head Selection Scheme for High Mobility Based IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Networks","authors":"Anthony Mile, G. Okeyo, Ann Kibe","doi":"10.4236/JST.2018.82003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JST.2018.82003","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), its major application, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has presently become a major area of interest for the developers and researchers. Efficient sensor nodes data collection is the key feature of any effective wireless body area network. Prioritizing nodes and cluster head selection schemes plays an important role in WBAN. Human body exhibits postural mobility which affects distances and connections between different sensor nodes. In this context, we propose maximum consensus based cluster head selection scheme, which allows cluster head selection by using Link State. Nodal priority through transmission power is also introduced to make WBAN more effective. This scheme results in reduced mean power consumption and also reduces network delay. A comparison with IEEE 802.15.6 based CSMA/CA protocol with different locations of cluster head is presented in this paper. These results show that our proposed scheme outperforms Random Cluster head selection, Fixed Cluster head at head, Foot and Belly positions in terms of mean power consumption, network delay, network throughput and bandwidth efficiency.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43526193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information collection from remote location is very important for several tasks such as temperate monitoring, air quality investigation, and wartime surveillance. Wireless sensor network is the first choice to complete these types of tasks. Basically, information prediction scheme is an important feature in any sensor nodes. The efficiency of the sensor network can be improved to large extent with a suitable information prediction scheme. Previously, there were several efforts to resolve this problem, but their accuracy is decreased as the prediction threshold reduces to a small value. Our proposed Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm to overcome this drawback was compared with the Milne Simpson scheme. The proposed algorithm is simulated on distributed sensor nodes where information is gathered from the Intel Berkeley Research Laboratory. To maximize the power saving in wireless sensor network, our adopted method achieves the accuracy of 60.28 and 59.2238 for prediction threshold of 0.01 for Milne Simpson and Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithms, respectively.
{"title":"Data Prediction in Distributed Sensor Networks Using Adam Bashforth Moulton Method","authors":"Monirul Islam, Zabir Al Nazi, A. Hossain, M. Rana","doi":"10.4236/JST.2018.82004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JST.2018.82004","url":null,"abstract":"Information collection from remote location is very important for several tasks such as temperate monitoring, air quality investigation, and wartime surveillance. Wireless sensor network is the first choice to complete these types of tasks. Basically, information prediction scheme is an important feature in any sensor nodes. The efficiency of the sensor network can be improved to large extent with a suitable information prediction scheme. Previously, there were several efforts to resolve this problem, but their accuracy is decreased as the prediction threshold reduces to a small value. Our proposed Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithm to overcome this drawback was compared with the Milne Simpson scheme. The proposed algorithm is simulated on distributed sensor nodes where information is gathered from the Intel Berkeley Research Laboratory. To maximize the power saving in wireless sensor network, our adopted method achieves the accuracy of 60.28 and 59.2238 for prediction threshold of 0.01 for Milne Simpson and Adams-Bashforth-Moulton algorithms, respectively.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48291518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A hollow quadrilateral prism consists of four rigid right triangular prisms laid asymmetrically in a V-like shape. Each triangular prism has a base face which is an obtuse scalene triangle, and the front and rear lateral faces are covered with a reflective material of visible light. The front and rear lateral faces of the four right triangular prisms face each other forming an asymmetrical channel between them, which is filled with a transparent material. The hollow quadrilateral prism reflects incident light in sequence by the reflective lateral faces of right triangular prisms. It is configured to make a good portion of the frame invisible to the driver of an automobile and renders driving safer and more comfortable.
{"title":"A Quadrilateral Prism of Self-invisibility","authors":"Yizong He","doi":"10.12691/AJVD-4-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/AJVD-4-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"A hollow quadrilateral prism consists of four rigid right triangular prisms laid asymmetrically in a V-like shape. Each triangular prism has a base face which is an obtuse scalene triangle, and the front and rear lateral faces are covered with a reflective material of visible light. The front and rear lateral faces of the four right triangular prisms face each other forming an asymmetrical channel between them, which is filled with a transparent material. The hollow quadrilateral prism reflects incident light in sequence by the reflective lateral faces of right triangular prisms. It is configured to make a good portion of the frame invisible to the driver of an automobile and renders driving safer and more comfortable.","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45372728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.12677/JSTA.2018.62006
侯义斌
{"title":"无线传感器网络QOS-QOE节能优化模型QOS-QOE Energy Saving Optimization Model for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"侯义斌","doi":"10.12677/JSTA.2018.62006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JSTA.2018.62006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":68742,"journal":{"name":"传感技术(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45420928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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