Acta Ophthalmologica最新文献

Purpose: This report evaluates the association of three distinct leakage patterns of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), previously correlated with disease chronicity, with retinal sensitivity measured by microperimetry in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC): unifocal indistinct signs of hyperpermeability (uni-FISH), multifocal (multi-FISH), and diffuse (DISH).

Methods: The CERTAIN study is a retrospective analysis of consecutive CSC patients referred to a tertiary centre between 01/09/2021 and 30/11/2022. Patients underwent ultra-widefield (UWF) and 55° ICGA plus comprehensive multimodal imaging, including microperimetry. Two independent graders assessed CVH patterns on UWF and 55° ICGA. In case of disagreement, a third grader adjudicated. Eyes with CVH and mesopic microperimetry data were included.

Results: In total, 154 eyes from 91 CSC patients were included. On UWF ICGA, DISH showed lower macular sensitivity than the uni-FISH reference (-2.61 dB, p = 0.047). Sensitivity was also lower (-2.24 dB, p = 0.03) when comparing DISH to a combined uni- and multi-FISH group (FISH). On 55° ICGA, DISH again showed lower sensitivity versus uni-FISH (-3.13 dB, p = 0.01) and the FISH group (-2.82 dB, p = 0.010).

Conclusions: The CVH patterns of uni-FISH, multi-FISH, and DISH demonstrate a marked association with levels of retinal sensitivity in CSC patients, particularly macular sensitivity, which is lower in DISH compared to (uni-)FISH. Our findings highlight the potential role of ICGA patterns in assessing disease severity and functional prognostication.

Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in middle-aged adults globally. Although artificial intelligence (AI)-based screening tools like IDx-DR (classification) and Thirona RetCAD (regression) have shown high sensitivity in controlled settings, real-world screening faces challenges due to missing or low-quality images and inadequate adaptation to local healthcare needs. The objective was to compare the performance of two AI-based DR screening algorithms (IDx-DR and RetCAD) that analyse non-mydriatic images, against ophthalmologists' mydriatic fundoscopy with image analysis and the impact of customized referral threshold modification ('Greifswald modification') on screening outcomes.

Methods: This one-centre observational study included 1716 patients with diabetes mellitus (Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00035967). Sensitivity, specificity, the proportion of ungradable images and the reduction in ophthalmologic evaluations were assessed. Customized referral threshold modification was conducted using the Youden Index.

Results: In 98 patients (5.7%), no images could be acquired, and 35 patients (2.1%) had incomplete image sets for IDx-DR. IDx-DR rejected 438 patients (25.5%) due to image quality, while RetCAD flagged 134 eyes from 120 patients (6.9%) but provided output for all. Among analysable images, sensitivities ranged from 70.4% (RetCAD) to 93.6% (RetCAD with Greifswald modification). Including all patients reduced sensitivity from 52.7% (IDx-DR) to 79.9% (RetCAD with Greifswald modification). AI screening reduced ophthalmologic exam needs by 47.5% to 78.5%.

Conclusions: Real-world DR screening performance of AI algorithms, when including non-analysable patients, can be substantially lower than in controlled studies. The use of regression algorithms enabled the customization of referral thresholds, improving screening accuracy and reducing the clinical burden.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and associated costs of myopia in Germany, comparing mild/moderate and high myopia across various age groups using real-world data.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the WIG2 benchmark database. Patients with a diagnosis of myopia (ICD-10-GM H52.1) were categorized into mild/moderate or high myopia. The study population was stratified into preschool (0-5 years), primary school (6-9 years), secondary school (10-17 years), adult (18-59 years), elderly (60-75 years) and very old (>75 years) age groups. Prevalence trends were evaluated across paediatric and adolescent subpopulations. Propensity score matching was applied to balance group differences. HCRU and associated costs were analysed for each cohort.

Results: Between 2018 and 2022, mild/moderate myopia consistently exhibited higher prevalence across all age groups compared to high myopia. Prevalence of both myopia types increased significantly with age, particularly in females, with mild/moderate myopia reaching 19.86% (95% CI 19.08-20.66) at age 17, compared to 14.00% (95% CI 13.37-14.67) in males. In 2022, individuals with high myopia had significantly higher ophthalmic HCRU and associated costs compared to those with mild/moderate myopia. The economic burden was notably higher in older age groups, with increased hospitalizations and outpatient visits. High myopia incurred higher costs across all age groups, with the largest difference in the very old cohort (€234.20).

Conclusion: This study highlights the significant clinical and economic burden of high myopia in Germany. Targeted interventions are needed to manage myopia progression and reduce healthcare costs, particularly in ageing individuals.

Purpose: To evaluate visual, anatomical and safety outcomes of aflibercept 8 mg in previously treated patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods: This retrospective study included nAMD patients switched to aflibercept 8 mg from prior anti-VEGF therapies at Sahlgrenska University Hospital between February 2024 and February 2025. Data on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height, fluid status, treatment intervals, time to fluid recurrence and adverse events were collected.

Results: 181 eyes (167 patients; mean age 80.4 ± 8.5 years; 67.7% female) were included, with a median follow-up of 12.9 weeks (range 4.1-48.1). A total of 415 injections were administered (mean 2.1 ± 1.5 per eye). BCVA remained stable (baseline 0.46 ± 0.31 logMAR; post-treatment 0.47 ± 0.37 logMAR; p = 0.18). CRT decreased significantly (-19.5 ± 47.2 μm; p < 0.001), as did PED height (-37.4 ± 68.4 μm; p < 0.001). Intraretinal fluid prevalence decreased from 34.3% to 19.3% (p < 0.001) and subretinal fluid from 53.0% to 33.7% (p < 0.001). The median maximal dry interval achieved was nine weeks, and analysis of interval extension showed a statistically significant mean increase of 1.27 ± 4.24 weeks overall (p = 0.0009), particularly in eyes dry at baseline. The median time to fluid recurrence among those with reactivation was ten weeks. Higher baseline CRT predicted greater CRT reduction (-44.1 μm per 100 μm increase; p < 0.001) but shorter dry intervals. Safety was favourable, with one case (0.6% per eye; 0.2% per injection) of mild anterior uveitis and no cases of intraocular pressure elevation.

Conclusions: Switching to aflibercept 8 mg led to stable vision, significant anatomical improvements, extended treatment intervals and a favourable short-term safety profile. Longer follow-up is warranted.

Congenital aniridia is a rare ocular disorder affecting the majority of eye structures and can be associated with systemic manifestations. The main visible phenotypic characteristic is the partial or complete absence of the iris; however, foveal hypoplasia is a more frequent and reliable clinical sign. Other ocular comorbidities are associated with the disease, such as cataract, keratopathy and optic nerve hypoplasia. Mutation in the PAX6 gene is the most common cause of congenital aniridia, but other causative mutations exist. The main ocular symptoms experienced by those with congenital aniridia are photophobia, glare, low visual acuity, dryness/irritation of the ocular surface and nystagmus. Management and follow-up of patients with congenital aniridia can be challenging due to the lack of effective therapeutic options and the complexity of ocular manifestations and outcomes. These guidelines for the diagnosis, management and care of congenital aniridia have been developed at the European level, thanks to ANIRIDIA-NET, based on a review of the scientific literature on clinical and molecular characterization, therapeutic options as well as non-medical approaches.

Although most patients are satisfied with their vision after multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, dissatisfaction has been reported for various reasons, including poor visual outcomes and visual disturbances. Many published reports hypothesise that preoperative angle kappa may be an associated factor in patient dissatisfaction. Therefore, there is considerable interest in understanding the connection between preoperative angle kappa and visual outcome after multifocal IOL implantation. This narrative review presents clinical data on angle kappa and its relationship to visual outcomes, visual quality, IOL position and visual disturbances after cataract surgery and multifocal IOL implantation. Although recent advances improved objective measurement of angle kappa, inconsistencies in reporting angle kappa make comparison across studies and patient populations difficult. The consensus among multiple studies was that angle kappa did not influence visual and refractive outcomes following multifocal IOL surgery. However, there were conflicting reports on the correlation between angle kappa and subjective visual quality and patient-reported visual disturbances. Differences in study design, patient characteristics and multifocal IOL characteristics may explain these discrepancies. IOL orientation, tilt and decentration may be affected by angle kappa and likely contribute to some visual disturbances. Additional modelling studies using multifocal IOLs and ocular biometry could improve our understanding of the relationship between angle kappa and IOL alignment. Accurate assessment of preoperative angle kappa in patients with cataracts is important for successful outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the association between overlapping threat to fixation (TTF) and vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in patients with manifest open-angle glaucoma (OAG).

Methods: Overall, 316 patients with manifest OAG were recruited from the glaucoma outpatient department of Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, between April and December 2018. VRQoL was assessed using the Swedish version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25). The results were analysed using Rasch analysis. Overlapping TTF was defined as glaucomatous visual field loss (VFL) involving at least one of the four most central points, depressed at p < 1% on the total deviation probability map of Humphrey visual fields, and present at corresponding points in both eyes. The relationship between VRQoL and overlapping TTF was examined using linear regression analysis.

Results: In univariable linear regression analysis, overlapping TTF was significantly associated with VRQoL scores on the Visual Functioning Scale (VFS) and Socioemotional Scale (SES). However, this correlation was not significant in multivariable linear regression analysis after adjusting for potentially confounding factors (all p > 0.05). Integrated visual field mean deviation (IVF-MD) and best-corrected visual acuity in the better and worse eyes were significantly correlated with Rasch-calibrated VFQ-25 scores. Collectively, these factors accounted for 37% and 34% of the variance in VFS and SES scores, respectively.

Conclusion: Overlapping TTF was not an independent predictor of VRQoL after controlling for VFL severity. By contrast, IVF-MD emerged as the most significant predictor of VRQoL.