Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.112-113
P. Rocco, P. Minghetti
Complex drugs may be either biological, if the active ingredients are derived from a biological source, or non-biological, if obtained by chemical synthesis. In both cases, their quality depends considerably on the manufacturing process. For Non Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs), in particular, complexity may arise either from the active substance, as in the case of glatiramer acetate (GA), or from other sources, such as the formulation, as in the case of liposomes (Figure 1) (1). GA is approved, in the US and the EU, as a diseasemodifying treatment for patients with relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis. It is a heterogeneous mixture of not fully characterized synthetic polypeptides, containing L-alanine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine in the constant molar ratio 0.43:0.34:0.14:0.09, with and average molecular weight from 5 to 9 kDa and distribution range from 2.5 to 20 kDa (2). The amino acid sequences are not completely random, being the result of both the physicochemical properties of the starting materials and the fundamental reaction scheme. However, they are not completely conserved from batch to batch, even when the process is tightly controlled. Indeed along with conserved characteristics such as amino acid molar ratio other characteristics such as the specific amino acid sequences will show batch-to-batch variability (1). To address this complexity, for the marketing of GA copies, US and EU regulatory agencies have chosen a generic approach integrated with additional data. However, the implementation is different in the two jurisdictions (Figure 1).
{"title":"Same Product Different Regulatory Approach Around the World: Glatiramer Acetate","authors":"P. Rocco, P. Minghetti","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.112-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.112-113","url":null,"abstract":"Complex drugs may be either biological, if the active ingredients are derived from a biological source, or non-biological, if obtained by chemical synthesis. In both cases, their quality depends considerably on the manufacturing process. For Non Biological Complex Drugs (NBCDs), in particular, complexity may arise either from the active substance, as in the case of glatiramer acetate (GA), or from other sources, such as the formulation, as in the case of liposomes (Figure 1) (1). GA is approved, in the US and the EU, as a diseasemodifying treatment for patients with relapsing forms of Multiple Sclerosis. It is a heterogeneous mixture of not fully characterized synthetic polypeptides, containing L-alanine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine in the constant molar ratio 0.43:0.34:0.14:0.09, with and average molecular weight from 5 to 9 kDa and distribution range from 2.5 to 20 kDa (2). The amino acid sequences are not completely random, being the result of both the physicochemical properties of the starting materials and the fundamental reaction scheme. However, they are not completely conserved from batch to batch, even when the process is tightly controlled. Indeed along with conserved characteristics such as amino acid molar ratio other characteristics such as the specific amino acid sequences will show batch-to-batch variability (1). To address this complexity, for the marketing of GA copies, US and EU regulatory agencies have chosen a generic approach integrated with additional data. However, the implementation is different in the two jurisdictions (Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"69 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83677605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.278-279
Z. Mucsi, Gergely Szalay, G. Katona, B. Rózsa
{"title":"Revolutionary Application of 3D-Two-Photon Microscopes for Human Therapy and Drug Research","authors":"Z. Mucsi, Gergely Szalay, G. Katona, B. Rózsa","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.278-279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.278-279","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78489905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.310-311
Andrea Rónavári, N. Igaz, M. K. Gopisetty, Bettina Szerencsés, Dávid Kovács, C. Vágvölgyi, Z. Kónya, M. Kiricsi, I. Pfeiffer
Epidemiologic observations indicate that the number of systemic fungal infections has increased significantly during the past decades, however in human mycosis, mainly cutaneous infections predominate, generating major public health concerns and providing much of the impetus for current attempts to develop novel and efficient agents against cutaneous mycosis causing species1. Innovative, environmentally benign and economic nanotechnology-based approaches have recently emerged utilizing principally biological sources to produce nanosized structures with unique antimicrobial properties2. Due to the obvious advantages, the green synthesis of nanoparticles is a rapidly progressing area of the nanobiotechnology. In line with this, the aim of this present study was to investigate the suitability of various green materials such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia plant extract and Phaffia rhodozyma cell-free extract for the preparation of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by biological synthesis and to determine the toxicity of nanoparticles to human keratinocyte cells as well as against various fungal species with a special emphasis on antifungal efficiency against dermatophytes.
{"title":"Biogenic Iron, Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Against Opportunistic Pathogenic Yeasts and Dermatophytes","authors":"Andrea Rónavári, N. Igaz, M. K. Gopisetty, Bettina Szerencsés, Dávid Kovács, C. Vágvölgyi, Z. Kónya, M. Kiricsi, I. Pfeiffer","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.310-311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.310-311","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiologic observations indicate that the number of systemic fungal infections has increased significantly during the past decades, however in human mycosis, mainly cutaneous infections predominate, generating major public health concerns and providing much of the impetus for current attempts to develop novel and efficient agents against cutaneous mycosis causing species1. Innovative, environmentally benign and economic nanotechnology-based approaches have recently emerged utilizing principally biological sources to produce nanosized structures with unique antimicrobial properties2. Due to the obvious advantages, the green synthesis of nanoparticles is a rapidly progressing area of the nanobiotechnology. In line with this, the aim of this present study was to investigate the suitability of various green materials such as Parthenocissus quinquefolia plant extract and Phaffia rhodozyma cell-free extract for the preparation of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by biological synthesis and to determine the toxicity of nanoparticles to human keratinocyte cells as well as against various fungal species with a special emphasis on antifungal efficiency against dermatophytes.","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82683520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.187-188
B. Bertók, G. Dormán, Z. Várkonyi, C. Magyar
{"title":"Novel E3 Ligase Ligand Libraries for Degradation of Proteins Implicated in Malignant Diseases","authors":"B. Bertók, G. Dormán, Z. Várkonyi, C. Magyar","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.187-188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.187-188","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80910603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.290-292
Musaab Saada, Y. Özalp, Nailla Jiwa, J. T. Chunu, Emre Kara, D. Taşkent, Zeynep Atabay Taşkent
density values. True density was measured using helium pycnometer
密度值。用氦浓度计测定真密度
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Pre-Processed Directly Compressible Paracetamol","authors":"Musaab Saada, Y. Özalp, Nailla Jiwa, J. T. Chunu, Emre Kara, D. Taşkent, Zeynep Atabay Taşkent","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.290-292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.290-292","url":null,"abstract":"density values. True density was measured using helium pycnometer","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"32 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80357898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.154-155
Orsolya Kóréh, L. Milivojevic
the focus has turned to automation and software development to allow for automated identification and quantitative analysis of each molecular attribute. With automation and software developments, a true benefit of MAM can be realized by building a comprehensive molecular attribute database linked to process conditions which can then be used to increase product and process knowledge throughout the development pipeline. With this increased product and process knowledge, MAM can reduce the amount of time taken to develop a product, reduce the time needed to manufacture and release a product by add-ing efficient process controls, and reduce the time needed to investigate a process issue. MAM can help to solve major manufacturing challenges plaguing the biopharmaceutical industry today as they strive to develop more biotherapeutics on a faster timeline. The multi-attribute for the of monoclonal critical quality describe the optimization and applica-tion of the Multi- Attribute Method as a complete workflow to monitor CQAs of the NISTmAb including glycosylation, deamidation, isomerization, succinimide formation, oxidation,
{"title":"Is the Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) the Next Big Thing? A High-Resolution Accurate Mass Multi-Attribute Method for Critical Quality Attribute Monitoring","authors":"Orsolya Kóréh, L. Milivojevic","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.154-155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.154-155","url":null,"abstract":"the focus has turned to automation and software development to allow for automated identification and quantitative analysis of each molecular attribute. With automation and software developments, a true benefit of MAM can be realized by building a comprehensive molecular attribute database linked to process conditions which can then be used to increase product and process knowledge throughout the development pipeline. With this increased product and process knowledge, MAM can reduce the amount of time taken to develop a product, reduce the time needed to manufacture and release a product by add-ing efficient process controls, and reduce the time needed to investigate a process issue. MAM can help to solve major manufacturing challenges plaguing the biopharmaceutical industry today as they strive to develop more biotherapeutics on a faster timeline. The multi-attribute for the of monoclonal critical quality describe the optimization and applica-tion of the Multi- Attribute Method as a complete workflow to monitor CQAs of the NISTmAb including glycosylation, deamidation, isomerization, succinimide formation, oxidation,","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73017269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.106-107
K. Fodor
ATMPs - a new era A boy from Hungary, Zente, was one and a half years old when the crowd-funding campaign to finance his life-saving medicine Zolgensma concluded with a happy end. He was the third European patient that received the new gene therapy, which replaces the function of the missing or nonworking survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene with a new, working copy of a human SMN gene that helps motor neuron cells work properly and survive. From a European perspective, it has been almost 15 years by now since regulatory framework for advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) had been established to ensure the free movement of these medicines within the European Union, to facilitate their access to the EU market, and to foster the competitiveness of European pharmaceutical companies in the field. Zolgensma has been approved in the EU in May 2020. The FDA expects it will be reviewing and approving up to 20 cell and gene therapies each year until 2025. Rapid development of technology and better understanding of the manufacturing challenges are not the only prerequisites of the growth. Assessment of products like Zolgensma requires very specific knowledge and often an adaptive approach from regulators. They have to gain enough experience and need to be able to summarize knowledge in guidelines that would help developers of products that are substantially different from traditional medicines. FDA issued seven new guidelines in January 2020, in which, for example, they highlight the importance of long-term follow-up for gene therapies that offer one-time fix for inherited diseases and where pre-market studies may have limited value. 2. Regulatory tools These examples may already show that rapid change in technology leads to new kinds of medicines that require a properly adapted regulatory system. Patients would expect state-of-the-art medicines within the shortest possible time frame, however, authorities are traditionally more cautious. Still, there are several various initiatives from the EMA and the FDA to foster early access to medicines. Some of these have been available for a longer time. EMA's accelerated assessment reduces the timeframe for review of innovative applications of medicines with major public health interest. Conditional marketing authorisation grants authorization before a complete dataset is available, and compassionate use allows the use of an unauthorized medicine for patients with an unmet medical need. A more recent regulatory tool of EMA is the priority medicines scheme (PRIME) that aims to enhance support for the development of medicines that are expected to make a real difference to patients. Early dialogue between EMA and the developers is a crucial part of the tool, together with accelerated assessment and continuous scientific advice and protocol assistance. Up to now, 282 applications for PRIME eligibility have been assessed by the CHMP of which 95 have received a green light. Most of the applicants are small and medi
{"title":"Regulatory Science Challenges : Encouraging Innovation Through an Adaptive Regulatory System","authors":"K. Fodor","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.106-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.106-107","url":null,"abstract":"ATMPs - a new era A boy from Hungary, Zente, was one and a half years old when the crowd-funding campaign to finance his life-saving medicine Zolgensma concluded with a happy end. He was the third European patient that received the new gene therapy, which replaces the function of the missing or nonworking survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene with a new, working copy of a human SMN gene that helps motor neuron cells work properly and survive. From a European perspective, it has been almost 15 years by now since regulatory framework for advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) had been established to ensure the free movement of these medicines within the European Union, to facilitate their access to the EU market, and to foster the competitiveness of European pharmaceutical companies in the field. Zolgensma has been approved in the EU in May 2020. The FDA expects it will be reviewing and approving up to 20 cell and gene therapies each year until 2025. Rapid development of technology and better understanding of the manufacturing challenges are not the only prerequisites of the growth. Assessment of products like Zolgensma requires very specific knowledge and often an adaptive approach from regulators. They have to gain enough experience and need to be able to summarize knowledge in guidelines that would help developers of products that are substantially different from traditional medicines. FDA issued seven new guidelines in January 2020, in which, for example, they highlight the importance of long-term follow-up for gene therapies that offer one-time fix for inherited diseases and where pre-market studies may have limited value. 2. Regulatory tools These examples may already show that rapid change in technology leads to new kinds of medicines that require a properly adapted regulatory system. Patients would expect state-of-the-art medicines within the shortest possible time frame, however, authorities are traditionally more cautious. Still, there are several various initiatives from the EMA and the FDA to foster early access to medicines. Some of these have been available for a longer time. EMA's accelerated assessment reduces the timeframe for review of innovative applications of medicines with major public health interest. Conditional marketing authorisation grants authorization before a complete dataset is available, and compassionate use allows the use of an unauthorized medicine for patients with an unmet medical need. A more recent regulatory tool of EMA is the priority medicines scheme (PRIME) that aims to enhance support for the development of medicines that are expected to make a real difference to patients. Early dialogue between EMA and the developers is a crucial part of the tool, together with accelerated assessment and continuous scientific advice and protocol assistance. Up to now, 282 applications for PRIME eligibility have been assessed by the CHMP of which 95 have received a green light. Most of the applicants are small and medi","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73460152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.128-129
I. Antal
microcapsules are compo-nents of multiparticulate drug carriers structural patient-centered Depending on the mode of be into solid (capsules, tablets, semi-solid (gels, creams, pastes) or liquid (solutions, suspen-sions, or parenteral) dosage forms
{"title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems: From Nano- and Microparticles to Smart Pills","authors":"I. Antal","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.128-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.128-129","url":null,"abstract":"microcapsules are compo-nents of multiparticulate drug carriers structural patient-centered Depending on the mode of be into solid (capsules, tablets, semi-solid (gels, creams, pastes) or liquid (solutions, suspen-sions, or parenteral) dosage forms","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88831325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.131-132
M. Szentiványi
The National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (NIPN) has a long tradition as the safeguard of patient safety and as an institution that is committed to ensure that Hungarian patients have access to good quality, safe and efficacious medicines. During the last few years responsibilities of the Institute has been broaden and now we are also a key player in the regulation of special food and medical devices. During the past two decades a transition can be seen in the role of medicines agencies. While in the past the role of regulators was mainly acting as a gatekeeper, nowadays we also need to act as enablers. And while ensuring regulatory compliance of new medicines is still a key activity, our role cannot be narrowed down to the review of documents and other authorization tasks. This is due to the enormous development in the field of biotechnology, precision medicine, the revolution in synthetic biology, just to name a few. On one hand regulators need to be prepared for these new scientific challenges, on the other hand we have to be ready to give the necessary regulatory support to those developers that are coming from various fields and have limited knowledge and experience in regulatory issues.
{"title":"Future of the Hungarian Drug Market : Role of the Hungarian Regulatory Authority","authors":"M. Szentiványi","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.131-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.131-132","url":null,"abstract":"The National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (NIPN) has a long tradition as the safeguard of patient safety and as an institution that is committed to ensure that Hungarian patients have access to good quality, safe and efficacious medicines. During the last few years responsibilities of the Institute has been broaden and now we are also a key player in the regulation of special food and medical devices. During the past two decades a transition can be seen in the role of medicines agencies. While in the past the role of regulators was mainly acting as a gatekeeper, nowadays we also need to act as enablers. And while ensuring regulatory compliance of new medicines is still a key activity, our role cannot be narrowed down to the review of documents and other authorization tasks. This is due to the enormous development in the field of biotechnology, precision medicine, the revolution in synthetic biology, just to name a few. On one hand regulators need to be prepared for these new scientific challenges, on the other hand we have to be ready to give the necessary regulatory support to those developers that are coming from various fields and have limited knowledge and experience in regulatory issues.","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78573439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.33892/aph.2021.91.158-159
G. Petroianu
Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC) was the last Ptolemaic ruler of Hellenistic Egypt (the Dynasty was started upon the death of Alexander the Great by Ptolemy the Savior, one of his generals or body guards, and ended with the death of Cleopatra and the Roman conquest in 30 BC). The Queen is probably best known for her love affairs with Julius Caesar (10044 BC) and then Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC). Rightly or wrongly she became the epitome of shrewd seduction, leading brave Roman commanders on a path to debauchery and destruction. Among the customs of the time was the heavy use of perfumes. The sails of the ship on which Cleopatra received Marcus Antonius, we are told by Enobarbus in Shakespeare’s eponymous play, were soaked in fragrances: Purple the sails and so perfumed that the winds were lovesick. Cleopatra’s willingness to please went beyond the external use of perfumes; attributed to her is the ingestion of small amounts of turpentine [the resin of the terebinth tree (Pistacia terebinthus)] or of the derived oil (Oleum terebinthinae) with the purpose of conferring to her urine a more pleasing scent reminding of violets (Figure 1). In his textbook of pediatrics John Apley (19081980) states I have sniffed a smell like violets in the urine of a child who drank turpentine, as Cleopatra of Egypt did for that effect (1,2).
{"title":"Ionone: The Molecule that Shaped the History of Western Civilization","authors":"G. Petroianu","doi":"10.33892/aph.2021.91.158-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33892/aph.2021.91.158-159","url":null,"abstract":"Cleopatra VII (69–30 BC) was the last Ptolemaic ruler of Hellenistic Egypt (the Dynasty was started upon the death of Alexander the Great by Ptolemy the Savior, one of his generals or body guards, and ended with the death of Cleopatra and the Roman conquest in 30 BC). The Queen is probably best known for her love affairs with Julius Caesar (10044 BC) and then Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC). Rightly or wrongly she became the epitome of shrewd seduction, leading brave Roman commanders on a path to debauchery and destruction. Among the customs of the time was the heavy use of perfumes. The sails of the ship on which Cleopatra received Marcus Antonius, we are told by Enobarbus in Shakespeare’s eponymous play, were soaked in fragrances: Purple the sails and so perfumed that the winds were lovesick. Cleopatra’s willingness to please went beyond the external use of perfumes; attributed to her is the ingestion of small amounts of turpentine [the resin of the terebinth tree (Pistacia terebinthus)] or of the derived oil (Oleum terebinthinae) with the purpose of conferring to her urine a more pleasing scent reminding of violets (Figure 1). In his textbook of pediatrics John Apley (19081980) states I have sniffed a smell like violets in the urine of a child who drank turpentine, as Cleopatra of Egypt did for that effect (1,2).","PeriodicalId":6941,"journal":{"name":"Acta pharmaceutica Hungarica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83760275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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