Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02724-y
Anat O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, Liana Kozanno, Scott R. Plotkin, Justin T. Jordan, Joseph F. 3rd Rizzo
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by proliferation of cells from neural crest origin. The most common manifestations are cutaneous, neurologic, skeletal and ocular. The distinction of NF1 from other syndromes with multiple café-au-lait macules may be difficult in the pediatric age group, and ocular findings, especially Lisch nodules (i.e., melanocytic hamartomas on the irides), are a useful, early diagnostic tool. In recent years, novel ocular manifestations descriptively referred to as “choroidal abnormalities”, choroidal “hyperpigmented spots” and “retinal vascular abnormalities” have been recognized in NF1. Choroidal abnormalities (CA) appear as bright patchy nodules that can be best detected with near-infrared ocular coherence tomography imaging (NIR-OCT). Because of their high specificity and sensitivity for NF1, CA have been added as an ocular diagnostic criterion of NF1 as an alternative to Lisch nodules. Although CA are important ocular diagnostic criteria for NF1, the histologic correlates are controversial. We present the postmortem ocular pathology findings of an NF1 patient for whom clinical notes and ocular imaging were available. Findings in this patient included choroidal hyperpigmented spots on funduscopy and retinal vascular abnormalities, both of which have been reported to be closely associated with CA. Histologic examination of the eyes showed multiple clusters of melanocytes of varying sizes in the choroid. Pathologic review of 12 additional postmortem eyes from 6 NF1 patients showed multiple, bilateral choroidal melanocytic aggregates in all eyes. These findings suggest that the CA seen on NIR-OCT and the hyperpigmented spots seen clinically in NF1 patients are manifestations of multifocal choroidal melanocytic clusters, consistent with choroidal melanocytic hamartomas. Lisch nodules, often multiple, were present in all eyes with morphology that differed from the choroidal hamartomas. As such, although CA and Lisch nodules are melanocytic hamartomas, there are clear phenotypical differences in their morphologies.
{"title":"Histologic correlates of “Choroidal abnormalities” in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)","authors":"Anat O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, Liana Kozanno, Scott R. Plotkin, Justin T. Jordan, Joseph F. 3rd Rizzo","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02724-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02724-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by proliferation of cells from neural crest origin. The most common manifestations are cutaneous, neurologic, skeletal and ocular. The distinction of NF1 from other syndromes with multiple café-au-lait macules may be difficult in the pediatric age group, and ocular findings, especially Lisch nodules (i.e., melanocytic hamartomas on the irides), are a useful, early diagnostic tool. In recent years, novel ocular manifestations descriptively referred to as “choroidal abnormalities”, choroidal “hyperpigmented spots” and “retinal vascular abnormalities” have been recognized in NF1. Choroidal abnormalities (CA) appear as bright patchy nodules that can be best detected with near-infrared ocular coherence tomography imaging (NIR-OCT). Because of their high specificity and sensitivity for NF1, CA have been added as an ocular diagnostic criterion of NF1 as an alternative to Lisch nodules. Although CA are important ocular diagnostic criteria for NF1, the histologic correlates are controversial. We present the postmortem ocular pathology findings of an NF1 patient for whom clinical notes and ocular imaging were available. Findings in this patient included choroidal hyperpigmented spots on funduscopy and retinal vascular abnormalities, both of which have been reported to be closely associated with CA. Histologic examination of the eyes showed multiple clusters of melanocytes of varying sizes in the choroid. Pathologic review of 12 additional postmortem eyes from 6 NF1 patients showed multiple, bilateral choroidal melanocytic aggregates in all eyes. These findings suggest that the CA seen on NIR-OCT and the hyperpigmented spots seen clinically in NF1 patients are manifestations of multifocal choroidal melanocytic clusters, consistent with choroidal melanocytic hamartomas. Lisch nodules, often multiple, were present in all eyes with morphology that differed from the choroidal hamartomas. As such, although CA and Lisch nodules are melanocytic hamartomas, there are clear phenotypical differences in their morphologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02721-1
Prabesh Bhattarai, Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran, Michael E. Belloy, Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer, Dörthe Jülich, Hüseyin Tayran, Elanur Yilmaz, Delaney Flaherty, Bengisu Turgutalp, Gauthaman Sukumar, Camille Alba, Elisa Martinez McGrath, Daniel N. Hupalo, Dagmar Bacikova, Yann Le Guen, Rafael Lantigua, Martin Medrano, Diones Rivera, Patricia Recio, Tal Nuriel, Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner, Andrew F. Teich, Dennis W. Dickson, Scott Holley, Michael Greicius, Clifton L. Dalgard, Michael Zody, Richard Mayeux, Caghan Kizil, Badri N. Vardarajan
The risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the APOEε4 allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with APOEε4 also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of APOEε4; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that APOEε4 carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing APOEε4-mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data in the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected APOEε4 carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, (FN1) and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain (COL6A2) and are known to be expressed at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. An independent analysis in a large cohort of 7185 APOEε4 homozygous carriers found that rs140926439 variant in FN1 was protective of AD (OR = 0.29; 95% CI [0.11, 0.78], P = 0.014) and delayed age at onset of disease by 3.37 years (95% CI [0.42, 6.32], P = 0.025). The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in APOEε4 carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous APOEε4 carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous APOEε4 carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of APOEε4-mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in fn1b—the ortholog for human FN1. We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling, and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with FN1 LOF. Our study suggests that vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of APOEε4, and LOF variants in FN1 may reduce APOEε4-related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.
{"title":"Rare genetic variation in fibronectin 1 (FN1) protects against APOEε4 in Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"Prabesh Bhattarai, Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran, Michael E. Belloy, Dolly Reyes-Dumeyer, Dörthe Jülich, Hüseyin Tayran, Elanur Yilmaz, Delaney Flaherty, Bengisu Turgutalp, Gauthaman Sukumar, Camille Alba, Elisa Martinez McGrath, Daniel N. Hupalo, Dagmar Bacikova, Yann Le Guen, Rafael Lantigua, Martin Medrano, Diones Rivera, Patricia Recio, Tal Nuriel, Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner, Andrew F. Teich, Dennis W. Dickson, Scott Holley, Michael Greicius, Clifton L. Dalgard, Michael Zody, Richard Mayeux, Caghan Kizil, Badri N. Vardarajan","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02721-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02721-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) significantly increases in individuals carrying the <i>APOEε4</i> allele. Elderly cognitively healthy individuals with <i>APOEε4</i> also exist, suggesting the presence of cellular mechanisms that counteract the pathological effects of <i>APOEε4</i>; however, these mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that <i>APOEε4</i> carriers without dementia might carry genetic variations that could protect them from developing <i>APOEε4-</i>mediated AD pathology. To test this, we leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data in the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Family Based Study (NIA-AD FBS), Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), and Estudio Familiar de Influencia Genetica en Alzheimer (EFIGA) cohorts and identified potentially protective variants segregating exclusively among unaffected <i>APOEε4</i> carriers. In homozygous unaffected carriers above 70 years old, we identified 510 rare coding variants. Pathway analysis of the genes harboring these variants showed significant enrichment in extracellular matrix (ECM)-related processes, suggesting protective effects of functional modifications in ECM proteins. We prioritized two genes that were highly represented in the ECM-related gene ontology terms, <i>(FN1)</i> and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain (<i>COL6A2</i>) and are known to be expressed at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), for postmortem validation and in vivo functional studies. An independent analysis in a large cohort of 7185 <i>APOEε4</i> homozygous carriers found that rs140926439 variant in <i>FN1</i> was protective of AD (OR = 0.29; 95% CI [0.11, 0.78], <i>P</i> = 0.014) and delayed age at onset of disease by 3.37 years (95% CI [0.42, 6.32], <i>P</i> = 0.025). The FN1 and COL6A2 protein levels were increased at the BBB in <i>APOEε4</i> carriers with AD. Brain expression of cognitively unaffected homozygous <i>APOEε4</i> carriers had significantly lower FN1 deposition and less reactive gliosis compared to homozygous <i>APOEε4</i> carriers with AD, suggesting that FN1 might be a downstream driver of <i>APOEε4</i>-mediated AD-related pathology and cognitive decline. To validate our findings, we used zebrafish models with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in <i>fn1b</i>—the ortholog for human <i>FN1</i>. We found that fibronectin LOF reduced gliosis, enhanced gliovascular remodeling, and potentiated the microglial response, suggesting that pathological accumulation of FN1 could impair toxic protein clearance, which is ameliorated with <i>FN1</i> LOF. Our study suggests that vascular deposition of FN1 is related to the pathogenicity of <i>APOEε4</i>, and LOF variants in FN1 may reduce <i>APOEε4</i>-related AD risk, providing novel clues to potential therapeutic interventions targeting the ECM to mitigate AD risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140547517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-07DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02713-1
Abstract
Mutations in the pivotal metabolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes are recognized to drive the molecular footprint of diffuse gliomas, and patients with IDH mutant gliomas have overall favorable outcomes compared to patients with IDH wild-type tumors. However, survival still varies widely among patients with IDH mutated tumors. Here, we aimed to characterize molecular signatures that explain the range of IDH mutant gliomas. By integrating matched epigenome-wide methylome, transcriptome, and global metabolome data in 154 patients with gliomas, we identified a group of IDH mutant gliomas with globally altered metabolism that resembled IDH wild-type tumors. IDH-mutant gliomas with altered metabolism have significantly shorter overall survival from their IDH mutant counterparts that is not fully accounted for by recognized molecular prognostic markers of CDKN2A/B loss and glioma CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (GCIMP) status. IDH-mutant tumors with dysregulated metabolism harbored distinct epigenetic alterations that converged to drive proliferative and stem-like transcriptional profiles, providing a window to target novel dependencies in gliomas.
{"title":"Metabologenomic characterization uncovers a clinically aggressive IDH mutant glioma subtype","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02713-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02713-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Mutations in the pivotal metabolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes are recognized to drive the molecular footprint of diffuse gliomas, and patients with IDH mutant gliomas have overall favorable outcomes compared to patients with IDH wild-type tumors. However, survival still varies widely among patients with IDH mutated tumors. Here, we aimed to characterize molecular signatures that explain the range of IDH mutant gliomas. By integrating matched epigenome-wide methylome, transcriptome, and global metabolome data in 154 patients with gliomas, we identified a group of IDH mutant gliomas with globally altered metabolism that resembled IDH wild-type tumors. IDH-mutant gliomas with altered metabolism have significantly shorter overall survival from their IDH mutant counterparts that is not fully accounted for by recognized molecular prognostic markers of <em>CDKN2A/B</em> loss and glioma CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (GCIMP) status. IDH-mutant tumors with dysregulated metabolism harbored distinct epigenetic alterations that converged to drive proliferative and stem-like transcriptional profiles, providing a window to target novel dependencies in gliomas.</p> <span> <h3>Graphical Abstract</h3> <p><span> <span> <img alt=\"\" src=\"https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/401_2024_2713_Figa_HTML.png\"/> </span> </span></p> </span>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140533914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-07DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02722-0
Abstract
Despite considerable research efforts, it is still not clear which mechanisms underlie neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. During the last 20 years, multiple pathways have been identified that can execute regulated cell death (RCD). Among these RCD pathways, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-related cell death, and lysosome-dependent cell death have been intensively investigated. Although RCD consists of numerous individual pathways, multiple common proteins have been identified that allow shifting from one cell death pathway to another. Another layer of complexity is added by mechanisms such as the endosomal machinery, able to regulate the activation of some RCD pathways, preventing cell death. In addition, restricted axonal degeneration and synaptic pruning can occur as a result of RCD activation without loss of the cell body. RCD plays a complex role in neurodegenerative processes, varying across different disorders. It has been shown that RCD is differentially involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, neuronal loss is associated with the activation of not only necroptosis, but also pyroptosis. In ALS, on the other hand, motor neuron death is not linked to canonical necroptosis, whereas pyroptosis pathway activation is seen in white matter microglia. Despite these differences in the activation of RCD pathways in AD and ALS, the accumulation of protein aggregates immunoreactive for p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) is a common event in both diseases and many other neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the major RCD pathways with clear activation in AD and ALS, the main interactions between these pathways, as well as their differential and similar involvement in these disorders. Finally, we will discuss targeting RCD as an innovative therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ALS. Considering that the execution of RCD or “cellular suicide” represents the final stage in neurodegeneration, it seems crucial to prevent neuronal death in patients by targeting RCD. This would offer valuable time to address upstream events in the pathological cascade by keeping the neurons alive.
摘要 尽管开展了大量研究工作,但神经退行性疾病中神经细胞死亡的机制仍不明确。在过去的 20 年中,已经发现了多种可执行调控细胞死亡(RCD)的途径。在这些调节性细胞死亡途径中,细胞凋亡、坏死、热凋亡、铁凋亡、自噬相关细胞死亡和溶酶体依赖性细胞死亡得到了深入研究。虽然 RCD 由许多单独的途径组成,但已经发现了多种共同的蛋白质,可以从一种细胞死亡途径转移到另一种途径。内体机制等机制也增加了另一层复杂性,它们能够调节某些 RCD 途径的激活,防止细胞死亡。此外,RCD 激活还可能导致限制性轴突变性和突触修剪,而细胞体却不会丧失。RCD 在神经退行性病变过程中发挥着复杂的作用,在不同的疾病中表现各异。研究表明,RCD 在阿尔茨海默病(AD)和肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)这两种最常见的神经退行性疾病中的作用各不相同。在阿尔茨海默病中,神经元的丧失不仅与坏死的激活有关,而且还与热解的激活有关。而在 ALS 中,运动神经元的死亡与典型坏死无关,而在白质小胶质细胞中则可以看到热噬菌途径的激活。尽管 AD 和 ALS 在激活 RCD 通路方面存在这些差异,但对 p62/SQSTM1(序列组 1)免疫反应的蛋白质聚集体的积累是这两种疾病和许多其他神经退行性疾病的共同特征。在本综述中,我们将介绍在 AD 和 ALS 中明显激活的主要 RCD 通路、这些通路之间的主要相互作用以及它们在这些疾病中的不同和相似参与。最后,我们将讨论针对 RCD 作为神经退行性疾病(如 AD 和 ALS)的创新治疗理念。考虑到 RCD 的执行或 "细胞自杀 "代表了神经退行性变的最后阶段,因此通过靶向 RCD 防止患者神经元死亡似乎至关重要。这将为通过保持神经元活力来解决病理级联的上游事件提供宝贵的时间。
{"title":"Regulated cell death and its role in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02722-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02722-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Despite considerable research efforts, it is still not clear which mechanisms underlie neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases. During the last 20 years, multiple pathways have been identified that can execute regulated cell death (RCD). Among these RCD pathways, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy-related cell death, and lysosome-dependent cell death have been intensively investigated. Although RCD consists of numerous individual pathways, multiple common proteins have been identified that allow shifting from one cell death pathway to another. Another layer of complexity is added by mechanisms such as the endosomal machinery, able to regulate the activation of some RCD pathways, preventing cell death. In addition, restricted axonal degeneration and synaptic pruning can occur as a result of RCD activation without loss of the cell body. RCD plays a complex role in neurodegenerative processes, varying across different disorders. It has been shown that RCD is differentially involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In AD, neuronal loss is associated with the activation of not only necroptosis, but also pyroptosis. In ALS, on the other hand, motor neuron death is not linked to canonical necroptosis, whereas pyroptosis pathway activation is seen in white matter microglia. Despite these differences in the activation of RCD pathways in AD and ALS, the accumulation of protein aggregates immunoreactive for p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1) is a common event in both diseases and many other neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the major RCD pathways with clear activation in AD and ALS, the main interactions between these pathways, as well as their differential and similar involvement in these disorders. Finally, we will discuss targeting RCD as an innovative therapeutic concept for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ALS. Considering that the execution of RCD or “cellular suicide” represents the final stage in neurodegeneration, it seems crucial to prevent neuronal death in patients by targeting RCD. This would offer valuable time to address upstream events in the pathological cascade by keeping the neurons alive.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140533913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-06DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02707-z
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of genes involved in the maintenance of autophagic and lysosomal homeostasis, processes which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GBA-related and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). TFEB activation results in its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Here, we investigated TFEB subcellular localization and its relation to intracellular alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulation in post-mortem human brain of individuals with either incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), GBA-related PD/DLB (GBA-PD/DLB) or sporadic PD/DLB (sPD/DLB), compared to control subjects. We analyzed nigral dopaminergic neurons using high-resolution confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and semi-quantitatively scored the TFEB subcellular localization patterns. We observed reduced nuclear TFEB immunoreactivity in PD/DLB patients compared to controls, both in sporadic and GBA-related cases, as well as in iLBD cases. Nuclear depletion of TFEB was more pronounced in neurons with Ser129-phosphorylated (pSer129) aSyn accumulation in all groups. Importantly, we observed previously-unidentified TFEB-immunopositive perinuclear clusters in human dopaminergic neurons, which localized at the Golgi apparatus. These TFEB clusters were more frequently observed and more severe in iLBD, sPD/DLB and GBA-PD/DLB compared to controls, particularly in pSer129 aSyn-positive neurons, but also in neurons lacking detectable aSyn accumulation. In aSyn-negative cells, cytoplasmic TFEB clusters were more frequently observed in GBA-PD/DLB and iLBD patients, and correlated with reduced GBA enzymatic activity as well as increased Braak LB stage. Altered TFEB distribution was accompanied by a reduction in overall mRNA expression levels of selected TFEB-regulated genes, indicating a possible early dysfunction of lysosomal regulation. Overall, we observed cytoplasmic TFEB retention and accumulation at the Golgi in cells without apparent pSer129 aSyn accumulation in iLBD and PD/DLB patients. This suggests potential TFEB impairment at the early stages of cellular disease and underscores TFEB as a promising therapeutic target for synucleinopathies.
{"title":"Altered TFEB subcellular localization in nigral neurons of subjects with incidental, sporadic and GBA-related Lewy body diseases","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02707-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02707-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of genes involved in the maintenance of autophagic and lysosomal homeostasis, processes which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of <em>GBA</em>-related and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). TFEB activation results in its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Here, we investigated TFEB subcellular localization and its relation to intracellular alpha-synuclein (aSyn) accumulation in <em>post-mortem</em> human brain of individuals with either incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), <em>GBA</em>-related PD/DLB (<em>GBA</em>-PD/DLB) or sporadic PD/DLB (sPD/DLB), compared to control subjects. We analyzed nigral dopaminergic neurons using high-resolution confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and semi-quantitatively scored the TFEB subcellular localization patterns. We observed reduced nuclear TFEB immunoreactivity in PD/DLB patients compared to controls, both in sporadic and <em>GBA</em>-related cases, as well as in iLBD cases. Nuclear depletion of TFEB was more pronounced in neurons with Ser129-phosphorylated (pSer129) aSyn accumulation in all groups. Importantly, we observed previously-unidentified TFEB-immunopositive perinuclear clusters in human dopaminergic neurons, which localized at the Golgi apparatus. These TFEB clusters were more frequently observed and more severe in iLBD, sPD/DLB and <em>GBA</em>-PD/DLB compared to controls, particularly in pSer129 aSyn-positive neurons, but also in neurons lacking detectable aSyn accumulation. In aSyn-negative cells, cytoplasmic TFEB clusters were more frequently observed in <em>GBA</em>-PD/DLB and iLBD patients, and correlated with reduced <em>GBA</em> enzymatic activity as well as increased Braak LB stage. Altered TFEB distribution was accompanied by a reduction in overall mRNA expression levels of selected TFEB-regulated genes, indicating a possible early dysfunction of lysosomal regulation. Overall, we observed cytoplasmic TFEB retention and accumulation at the Golgi in cells without apparent pSer129 aSyn accumulation in iLBD and PD/DLB patients. This suggests potential TFEB impairment at the early stages of cellular disease and underscores TFEB as a promising therapeutic target for synucleinopathies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140533915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02712-2
Methasit Jaisa-aad, Clara Muñoz-Castro, Molly A. Healey, Bradley T. Hyman, Alberto Serrano-Pozo
Reactive astrogliosis accompanies the two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles—and parallels neurodegeneration in AD and AD-related dementias (ADRD). Thus, there is growing interest in developing imaging and fluid biomarkers of reactive astrogliosis for AD/ADRD diagnosis and prognostication. Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) is emerging as a target for PET imaging radiotracers of reactive astrogliosis. However, a thorough characterization of MAO-B expression in postmortem control and AD/ADRD brains is lacking. We sought to: (1) identify the primary cell type(s) expressing MAO-B in control and AD brains; (2) quantify MAO-B immunoreactivity in multiple brain regions of control and AD donors as a proxy for PET radiotracer uptake; (3) correlate MAO-B level with local AD neuropathological changes, reactive glia, and cortical atrophy; (4) determine whether the MAOB rs1799836 SNP genotype impacts MAO-B expression level; (5) compare MAO-B immunoreactivity across AD/ADRD, including Lewy body diseases (LBD) and frontotemporal lobar degenerations with tau (FTLD-Tau) and TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP). We found that MAO-B is mainly expressed by subpial and perivascular cortical astrocytes as well as by fibrous white matter astrocytes in control brains, whereas in AD brains, MAO-B is significantly upregulated by both cortical reactive astrocytes and white matter astrocytes across temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes. By contrast, MAO-B expression level was unchanged and lowest in cerebellum. Cortical MAO-B expression was independently associated with cortical atrophy and local measures of reactive astrocytes and microglia, and significantly increased in reactive astrocytes surrounding Thioflavin-S+ dense-core Aβ plaques. MAO-B expression was not affected by the MAOB rs1799836 SNP genotype. MAO-B expression was also significantly increased in the frontal cortex and white matter of donors with corticobasal degeneration, Pick’s disease, and FTLD-TDP, but not in LBD or progressive supranuclear palsy. These findings support ongoing efforts to develop MAO-B-based PET radiotracers to image reactive astrogliosis in AD/ADRD.
反应性星形胶质细胞增生伴随着阿尔茨海默病(AD)的两个神经病理学标志--Aβ斑块和神经纤维缠结,并与AD和AD相关痴呆(ADRD)的神经变性并行。因此,人们对开发反应性星形胶质细胞病的成像和体液生物标记物以用于 AD/ADRD 诊断和预后越来越感兴趣。单胺氧化酶-B(MAO-B)正在成为反应性星形胶质细胞增多症 PET 成像放射性标记物的靶点。然而,目前还缺乏对死后对照组和 AD/ADRD 大脑中 MAO-B 表达的全面描述。我们试图(1)确定对照组和 AD 脑中表达 MAO-B 的主要细胞类型;(2)量化对照组和 AD 供体多个脑区的 MAO-B 免疫反应,作为 PET 放射性示踪剂摄取的替代物;(3)将 MAO-B 水平与 AD 局部神经病理学变化、反应性胶质细胞和皮质萎缩相关联;(4) 确定MAOB rs1799836 SNP基因型是否影响MAO-B的表达水平;(5) 比较AD/ADRD中MAO-B的免疫反应,包括路易体病(LBD)和额颞叶变性伴tau(FTLD-Tau)和TDP-43(FTLD-TDP)。我们发现,在对照组大脑中,MAO-B主要由皮质下和血管周围星形胶质细胞以及纤维白质星形胶质细胞表达,而在AD组大脑中,MAO-B在颞叶、额叶和枕叶的皮质反应性星形胶质细胞和白质星形胶质细胞中均显著上调。相比之下,MAO-B在小脑中的表达水平没有变化且最低。皮质MAO-B的表达与皮质萎缩以及局部反应性星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的测量值独立相关,并且在硫黄素-S+致密核Aβ斑块周围的反应性星形胶质细胞中显著增加。MAO-B 的表达不受 MAOB rs1799836 SNP 基因型的影响。在患有皮质基底变性、皮克氏病和FTLD-TDP的供体的额叶皮层和白质中,MAO-B的表达也明显增加,但在LBD或进行性核上性麻痹中却没有增加。这些发现支持了目前开发基于MAO-B的PET放射示踪剂来成像AD/ADRD中的反应性星形胶质细胞病变的工作。
{"title":"Characterization of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) as a biomarker of reactive astrogliosis in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias","authors":"Methasit Jaisa-aad, Clara Muñoz-Castro, Molly A. Healey, Bradley T. Hyman, Alberto Serrano-Pozo","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02712-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02712-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reactive astrogliosis accompanies the two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles—and parallels neurodegeneration in AD and AD-related dementias (ADRD). Thus, there is growing interest in developing imaging and fluid biomarkers of reactive astrogliosis for AD/ADRD diagnosis and prognostication. Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) is emerging as a target for PET imaging radiotracers of reactive astrogliosis. However, a thorough characterization of MAO-B expression in postmortem control and AD/ADRD brains is lacking. We sought to: (1) identify the primary cell type(s) expressing MAO-B in control and AD brains; (2) quantify MAO-B immunoreactivity in multiple brain regions of control and AD donors as a proxy for PET radiotracer uptake; (3) correlate MAO-B level with local AD neuropathological changes, reactive glia, and cortical atrophy; (4) determine whether the <i>MAOB</i> rs1799836 SNP genotype impacts MAO-B expression level; (5) compare MAO-B immunoreactivity across AD/ADRD, including Lewy body diseases (LBD) and frontotemporal lobar degenerations with tau (FTLD-Tau) and TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP). We found that MAO-B is mainly expressed by subpial and perivascular cortical astrocytes as well as by fibrous white matter astrocytes in control brains, whereas in AD brains, MAO-B is significantly upregulated by both cortical reactive astrocytes and white matter astrocytes across temporal, frontal, and occipital lobes. By contrast, MAO-B expression level was unchanged and lowest in cerebellum. Cortical MAO-B expression was independently associated with cortical atrophy and local measures of reactive astrocytes and microglia, and significantly increased in reactive astrocytes surrounding Thioflavin-S+ dense-core Aβ plaques. MAO-B expression was not affected by the <i>MAOB</i> rs1799836 SNP genotype. MAO-B expression was also significantly increased in the frontal cortex and white matter of donors with corticobasal degeneration, Pick’s disease, and FTLD-TDP, but not in LBD or progressive supranuclear palsy. These findings support ongoing efforts to develop MAO-B-based PET radiotracers to image reactive astrogliosis in AD/ADRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140346092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02704-2
Abstract
Human microglia are critically involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression, as shown by genetic and molecular studies. However, their role in tau pathology progression in human brain has not been well described. Here, we characterized 32 human donors along progression of AD pathology, both in time—from early to late pathology—and in space—from entorhinal cortex (EC), inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), prefrontal cortex (PFC) to visual cortex (V2 and V1)—with biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and single nuclei-RNA-sequencing, profiling a total of 337,512 brain myeloid cells, including microglia. While the majority of microglia are similar across brain regions, we identified a specific subset unique to EC which may contribute to the early tau pathology present in this region. We calculated conversion of microglia subtypes to diseased states and compared conversion patterns to those from AD animal models. Targeting genes implicated in this conversion, or their upstream/downstream pathways, could halt gene programs initiated by early tau progression. We used expression patterns of early tau progression to identify genes whose expression is reversed along spreading of spatial tau pathology (EC > ITG > PFC > V2 > V1) and identified their potential involvement in microglia subtype conversion to a diseased state. This study provides a data resource that builds on our knowledge of myeloid cell contribution to AD by defining the heterogeneity of microglia and brain macrophages during both temporal and regional pathology aspects of AD progression at an unprecedented resolution.
{"title":"Landscape of brain myeloid cell transcriptome along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer’s disease reveals distinct sequential responses to Aβ and tau","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02704-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-024-02704-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Human microglia are critically involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression, as shown by genetic and molecular studies. However, their role in tau pathology progression in human brain has not been well described. Here, we characterized 32 human donors along progression of AD pathology, both in time—from early to late pathology—and in space—from entorhinal cortex (EC), inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), prefrontal cortex (PFC) to visual cortex (V2 and V1)—with biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and single nuclei-RNA-sequencing, profiling a total of 337,512 brain myeloid cells, including microglia. While the majority of microglia are similar across brain regions, we identified a specific subset unique to EC which may contribute to the early tau pathology present in this region. We calculated conversion of microglia subtypes to diseased states and compared conversion patterns to those from AD animal models. Targeting genes implicated in this conversion, or their upstream/downstream pathways, could halt gene programs initiated by early tau progression. We used expression patterns of early tau progression to identify genes whose expression is reversed along spreading of spatial tau pathology (EC > ITG > PFC > V2 > V1) and identified their potential involvement in microglia subtype conversion to a diseased state. This study provides a data resource that builds on our knowledge of myeloid cell contribution to AD by defining the heterogeneity of microglia and brain macrophages during both temporal and regional pathology aspects of AD progression at an unprecedented resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140333382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02714-0
Felipe Correa-da-Silva, Jenny Carter, Xin-Yuan Wang, Rui Sun, Ekta Pathak, José Manuel Monroy Kuhn, Sonja C Schriever, Clarissa M Maya-Monteiro, Han Jiao, Martin J Kalsbeek, Pedro M M Moraes-Vieira, Johan J P Gille, Margje Sinnema, Constance T R M Stumpel, Leopold M G Curfs, Dirk Jan Stenvers, Paul T Pfluger, Dominik Lutter, Alberto M Pereira, Andries Kalsbeek, Eric Fliers, Dick F Swaab, Lawrence Wilkinson, Yuanqing Gao, Chun-Xia Yi
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic etiology, characterized by paternal deletion of genes located at chromosome 15 in 70% of cases. Two distinct genetic subtypes of PWS deletions are characterized, where type I (PWS T1) carries four extra haploinsufficient genes compared to type II (PWS T2). PWS T1 individuals display more pronounced physiological and cognitive abnormalities than PWS T2, yet the exact neuropathological mechanisms behind these differences remain unclear. Our study employed postmortem hypothalamic tissues from PWS T1 and T2 individuals, conducting transcriptomic analyses and cell-specific protein profiling in white matter, neurons, and glial cells to unravel the cellular and molecular basis of phenotypic severity in PWS sub-genotypes. In PWS T1, key pathways for cell structure, integrity, and neuronal communication are notably diminished, while glymphatic system activity is heightened compared to PWS T2. The microglial defect in PWS T1 appears to stem from gene haploinsufficiency, as global and myeloid-specific Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency in murine models demonstrated. Our findings emphasize microglial phagolysosome dysfunction and altered neural communication as crucial contributors to the severity of PWS T1's phenotype.
{"title":"Microglial phagolysosome dysfunction and altered neural communication amplify phenotypic severity in Prader-Willi Syndrome with larger deletion.","authors":"Felipe Correa-da-Silva, Jenny Carter, Xin-Yuan Wang, Rui Sun, Ekta Pathak, José Manuel Monroy Kuhn, Sonja C Schriever, Clarissa M Maya-Monteiro, Han Jiao, Martin J Kalsbeek, Pedro M M Moraes-Vieira, Johan J P Gille, Margje Sinnema, Constance T R M Stumpel, Leopold M G Curfs, Dirk Jan Stenvers, Paul T Pfluger, Dominik Lutter, Alberto M Pereira, Andries Kalsbeek, Eric Fliers, Dick F Swaab, Lawrence Wilkinson, Yuanqing Gao, Chun-Xia Yi","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02714-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00401-024-02714-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic etiology, characterized by paternal deletion of genes located at chromosome 15 in 70% of cases. Two distinct genetic subtypes of PWS deletions are characterized, where type I (PWS T1) carries four extra haploinsufficient genes compared to type II (PWS T2). PWS T1 individuals display more pronounced physiological and cognitive abnormalities than PWS T2, yet the exact neuropathological mechanisms behind these differences remain unclear. Our study employed postmortem hypothalamic tissues from PWS T1 and T2 individuals, conducting transcriptomic analyses and cell-specific protein profiling in white matter, neurons, and glial cells to unravel the cellular and molecular basis of phenotypic severity in PWS sub-genotypes. In PWS T1, key pathways for cell structure, integrity, and neuronal communication are notably diminished, while glymphatic system activity is heightened compared to PWS T2. The microglial defect in PWS T1 appears to stem from gene haploinsufficiency, as global and myeloid-specific Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency in murine models demonstrated. Our findings emphasize microglial phagolysosome dysfunction and altered neural communication as crucial contributors to the severity of PWS T1's phenotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10982101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140331467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02719-9
Torben Redmer, Elisa Schumann, Kristin Peters, Martin E Weidemeier, Stephan Nowak, Henry W S Schroeder, Anna Vidal, Helena Radbruch, Annika Lehmann, Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer, Karsten Jürchott, Josefine Radke
{"title":"Correction to: MET receptor serves as a promising target in melanoma brain metastases.","authors":"Torben Redmer, Elisa Schumann, Kristin Peters, Martin E Weidemeier, Stephan Nowak, Henry W S Schroeder, Anna Vidal, Helena Radbruch, Annika Lehmann, Susanne Kreuzer-Redmer, Karsten Jürchott, Josefine Radke","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02719-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00401-024-02719-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10973076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140304348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02710-4
Carolina M Casselini, Henri K Parson, Katie E Frizzi, Alex Marquez, Darrell R Smith, Lucie Guernsey, Rakesh Nemmani, Alireza Tayarani, Corinne G Jolivalt, Jessica Weaver, Paul Fernyhough, Aaron I Vinik, Nigel A Calcutt
Preclinical studies indicate that diverse muscarinic receptor antagonists, acting via the M1 sub-type, promote neuritogenesis from sensory neurons in vitro and prevent and/or reverse both structural and functional indices of neuropathy in rodent models of diabetes. We sought to translate this as a potential therapeutic approach against structural and functional indices of diabetic neuropathy using oxybutynin, a muscarinic antagonist approved for clinical use against overactive bladder. Studies were performed using sensory neurons maintained in vitro, rodent models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes and human subjects with type 2 diabetes and confirmed neuropathy. Oxybutynin promoted significant neurite outgrowth in sensory neuron cultures derived from adult normal rats and STZ-diabetic mice, with maximal efficacy in the 1-100 nmol/l range. This was accompanied by a significantly enhanced mitochondrial energetic profile as reflected by increased basal and maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. Systemic (3-10 mg/kg/day s.c.) and topical (3% gel daily) oxybutynin reversed paw heat hypoalgesia in the STZ and db/db mouse models of diabetes and reversed paw tactile allodynia in STZ-diabetic rats. Loss of nerve profiles in the skin and cornea of db/db mice was also prevented by daily topical delivery of 3% oxybutynin for 8 weeks. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional trial was performed in subjects with type 2 diabetes and established peripheral neuropathy. Subjects received daily topical treatment with 3% oxybutynin gel or placebo for 6 months. The a priori designated primary endpoint, significant change in intra-epidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) in skin biopsies taken before and after 20 weeks of treatments, was met by oxybutynin but not placebo. Secondary endpoints showing significant improvement with oxybutynin treatment included scores on clinical neuropathy, pain and quality of life scales. This proof-of-concept study indicates that muscarinic antagonists suitable for long-term use may offer a novel therapeutic opportunity for treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Trial registry number: NCT03050827.
{"title":"A muscarinic receptor antagonist reverses multiple indices of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: preclinical and clinical studies using oxybutynin.","authors":"Carolina M Casselini, Henri K Parson, Katie E Frizzi, Alex Marquez, Darrell R Smith, Lucie Guernsey, Rakesh Nemmani, Alireza Tayarani, Corinne G Jolivalt, Jessica Weaver, Paul Fernyhough, Aaron I Vinik, Nigel A Calcutt","doi":"10.1007/s00401-024-02710-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00401-024-02710-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preclinical studies indicate that diverse muscarinic receptor antagonists, acting via the M<sub>1</sub> sub-type, promote neuritogenesis from sensory neurons in vitro and prevent and/or reverse both structural and functional indices of neuropathy in rodent models of diabetes. We sought to translate this as a potential therapeutic approach against structural and functional indices of diabetic neuropathy using oxybutynin, a muscarinic antagonist approved for clinical use against overactive bladder. Studies were performed using sensory neurons maintained in vitro, rodent models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes and human subjects with type 2 diabetes and confirmed neuropathy. Oxybutynin promoted significant neurite outgrowth in sensory neuron cultures derived from adult normal rats and STZ-diabetic mice, with maximal efficacy in the 1-100 nmol/l range. This was accompanied by a significantly enhanced mitochondrial energetic profile as reflected by increased basal and maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. Systemic (3-10 mg/kg/day s.c.) and topical (3% gel daily) oxybutynin reversed paw heat hypoalgesia in the STZ and db/db mouse models of diabetes and reversed paw tactile allodynia in STZ-diabetic rats. Loss of nerve profiles in the skin and cornea of db/db mice was also prevented by daily topical delivery of 3% oxybutynin for 8 weeks. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventional trial was performed in subjects with type 2 diabetes and established peripheral neuropathy. Subjects received daily topical treatment with 3% oxybutynin gel or placebo for 6 months. The a priori designated primary endpoint, significant change in intra-epidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD) in skin biopsies taken before and after 20 weeks of treatments, was met by oxybutynin but not placebo. Secondary endpoints showing significant improvement with oxybutynin treatment included scores on clinical neuropathy, pain and quality of life scales. This proof-of-concept study indicates that muscarinic antagonists suitable for long-term use may offer a novel therapeutic opportunity for treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Trial registry number: NCT03050827.</p>","PeriodicalId":7012,"journal":{"name":"Acta Neuropathologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140287971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}