The effect of the rapid reduction of the water activity (a w ) on the extracellular protein and amylolytic activity of Aspergillus niger was studied. An a w value gradient from 0.90 to 0.99 in KCl solutions was applied for the mycelium treatment. It was found that the a w reduction considerably influenced the protein secretion. This phenomenon was dependent on the age of the treated mycelium and the range of the a w gradient. The highest protein and enzyme secretion yields were obtained at a w = 0.98 using a 72-h old mycelium. In comparison with the non-treated mycelium, the increase in the secretion amounted to about 60%, for the amylolytic activity and 37% for the soluble protein, respectively. It was shown that the mycelium incubated in KCl solutions of an a w value from 0.90 to 0.99 had the ability for regeneration in fresh CZAPEK-DOX medium. The effect of the osmotic shock on the protein secretion was limited only for the treated cell population and declined in the mycelium which was regenerated after the transfer into the culture medium.
{"title":"Changes in protein secretion of Aspergillus niger caused by the reduction of the water activity by potassium chloride","authors":"T. Bobowicz‐Lassociska, W. Grajek","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370150305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370150305","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the rapid reduction of the water activity (a w ) on the extracellular protein and amylolytic activity of Aspergillus niger was studied. An a w value gradient from 0.90 to 0.99 in KCl solutions was applied for the mycelium treatment. It was found that the a w reduction considerably influenced the protein secretion. This phenomenon was dependent on the age of the treated mycelium and the range of the a w gradient. The highest protein and enzyme secretion yields were obtained at a w = 0.98 using a 72-h old mycelium. In comparison with the non-treated mycelium, the increase in the secretion amounted to about 60%, for the amylolytic activity and 37% for the soluble protein, respectively. It was shown that the mycelium incubated in KCl solutions of an a w value from 0.90 to 0.99 had the ability for regeneration in fresh CZAPEK-DOX medium. The effect of the osmotic shock on the protein secretion was limited only for the treated cell population and declined in the mycelium which was regenerated after the transfer into the culture medium.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"29 1","pages":"277-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75164178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lignin was mineralized in the experiments in which 14 C-lignin was incubated with lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase in a tartrate buffer in the presence of cycloheximide-treated protoplasts obtained from the ligninolytic mycelia of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The rate of lignin mineralization was dependent on the lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase concentration in the medium. In the experiments in which lignin was incubated with lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase, lignin was repolymerized irrespective of the presence of protoplasts mineralizing lignin, suggesting that an active degradation of lignin and repolymerization took place. Taking into account that lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase were the only extracellular enzymes in the experiments in which lignin was mineralized by the protoplasts, it is postulated that lignin peroxidase and/or manganese peroxidase can degrade lignin into small fragments which can then be further absorbed by the fungal cells and subsequently degraded to CO 2
{"title":"Degradation of synthetic lignin by the protoplasts of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase","authors":"S. Sayadi, E. Odier","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370150108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370150108","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin was mineralized in the experiments in which 14 C-lignin was incubated with lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase in a tartrate buffer in the presence of cycloheximide-treated protoplasts obtained from the ligninolytic mycelia of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The rate of lignin mineralization was dependent on the lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase concentration in the medium. In the experiments in which lignin was incubated with lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxidase, lignin was repolymerized irrespective of the presence of protoplasts mineralizing lignin, suggesting that an active degradation of lignin and repolymerization took place. Taking into account that lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase were the only extracellular enzymes in the experiments in which lignin was mineralized by the protoplasts, it is postulated that lignin peroxidase and/or manganese peroxidase can degrade lignin into small fragments which can then be further absorbed by the fungal cells and subsequently degraded to CO 2","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75530599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expression des Bacillus amyloliquefaciens β-Glucanasegens in verschiedenen Bacillus-stämmen","authors":"R. Borriss","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"9 1","pages":"6-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74167323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raw materials for microbial synthesis of single cell protein and metabolites are chemo-heterotrophic substrates. The growth and product yields are economically very important parameters. Therefore it is necessary to look for methods to optimize these biotechnological processes, i. e. to increase these values up to the theoretically possible limits. In the SCP production the growth yield is determined energetically and in the overflow production the yield is influenced by the amount of biologically useful energy which is produced during the product synthesis. It is demonstrated that the auxiliary substrate concept is appropriate to improving the yield both for SCP- und product synthesis. In the SCP synthesis two (or more than two) substrates must be mixed that way that the biologically useful energy, which is generated along the way from substrates to a central precusor for the cell substance synthesis, becomes a maximum thus no further substrate need to be oxidized merely for the purpose of energy generation. By using a substrate, which operates only as an energy donor in the mixture the carbon metabolism determined upper limit of the carbon conversion efficiency can be attained. For with the overflow production of metabolites the biologically useful energy seems to be responsible for the discrepancy between the metabolism-determined product yield and the experimentally obtained one, the energy liberated during the production of primary metabolites must be kept low. This might be reached by using substrate mixtures. Furthermore it is shown that in this way the specific production rate can be improved as well.
{"title":"Theoretische Grundlagen des Auxiliarsubstratkonzeptes und seine praktischen Konsequenzen in biotechnischen Prozessen","authors":"W. Babel","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060402","url":null,"abstract":"Raw materials for microbial synthesis of single cell protein and metabolites are chemo-heterotrophic substrates. The growth and product yields are economically very important parameters. Therefore it is necessary to look for methods to optimize these biotechnological processes, i. e. to increase these values up to the theoretically possible limits. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the SCP production the growth yield is determined energetically and in the overflow production the yield is influenced by the amount of biologically useful energy which is produced during the product synthesis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000It is demonstrated that the auxiliary substrate concept is appropriate to improving the yield both for SCP- und product synthesis. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the SCP synthesis two (or more than two) substrates must be mixed that way that the biologically useful energy, which is generated along the way from substrates to a central precusor for the cell substance synthesis, becomes a maximum thus no further substrate need to be oxidized merely for the purpose of energy generation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000By using a substrate, which operates only as an energy donor in the mixture the carbon metabolism determined upper limit of the carbon conversion efficiency can be attained. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000For with the overflow production of metabolites the biologically useful energy seems to be responsible for the discrepancy between the metabolism-determined product yield and the experimentally obtained one, the energy liberated during the production of primary metabolites must be kept low. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000This might be reached by using substrate mixtures. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Furthermore it is shown that in this way the specific production rate can be improved as well.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"7 6 1","pages":"313-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80070775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erbsubstanz DNA – Vom genetischen Code zur Gentechnologie. Aus der Reihe „VerstLndliche Forschung”︁. Heidelberg: Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft, 1985.204 S., 39 DM","authors":"A. Steudel","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060326","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"322 1","pages":"304-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77987189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By comparing different activity data of the buffered cellulase solution before and after contact with the substrate the interaction between Penicillium janthinellum cellulase and wheat straw, resp. its components (holocellulose and isolated lignin) has been investigated. The loss of activity due to sorption or denaturation has been found to differ widely between the different activity data and between the various substrates. A remarkable loss of enzyme activity was observed after contact with isolated straw lignin. The differences in activity decrease between the cellulose and the lignin moiety were found to be largent with the cellobiase activity.
{"title":"Sorption von Cellulase an Weizenstroh und seine Komponenten","authors":"G. Schulz, W. Hirte, V. Jacoplan, B. Philipp","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060313","url":null,"abstract":"By comparing different activity data of the buffered cellulase solution before and after contact with the substrate the interaction between Penicillium janthinellum cellulase and wheat straw, resp. its components (holocellulose and isolated lignin) has been investigated. The loss of activity due to sorption or denaturation has been found to differ widely between the different activity data and between the various substrates. A remarkable loss of enzyme activity was observed after contact with isolated straw lignin. The differences in activity decrease between the cellulose and the lignin moiety were found to be largent with the cellobiase activity.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"283 1","pages":"259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73161071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thirty six pancreatic casein peptones from various producers were analyzed by HPLC and by microbiological growth tests. The data were compared by using the principal coordinate analysis and simple mathematical tests. The Proteose peptone quotient, PQ1, determined by the growth of Escherichia coli, separated these casein peptones into three groups, depending on their suitability as nutrients compared to Proteose peptone as a standard. These groups corresponded to the HPLC patterns, characterized by the specific peaks of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids, respectively. The peaks of the high-molecular weight polypeptides were negatively correlated with the growth parameters. The peptides of a low molecular weight promoted the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with and without the exhaustion of usable N compounds and in the presence and absence of glucose (PQ2 and PQ3). The colony sizes correlated weakly with certain peaks only. HPLC patterns, thus, seem to be useful for the characterization of casein peptones for the standardization of nutrient media as well as for special applications.
{"title":"Characterization of casein peptones by HPLC profiles and microbiological growth parameters","authors":"R. Reissbrodt, W. Beer, H. Claus, R. Müller","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370150212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370150212","url":null,"abstract":"Thirty six pancreatic casein peptones from various producers were analyzed by HPLC and by microbiological growth tests. The data were compared by using the principal coordinate analysis and simple mathematical tests. The Proteose peptone quotient, PQ1, determined by the growth of Escherichia coli, separated these casein peptones into three groups, depending on their suitability as nutrients compared to Proteose peptone as a standard. These groups corresponded to the HPLC patterns, characterized by the specific peaks of polypeptides, peptides and amino acids, respectively. The peaks of the high-molecular weight polypeptides were negatively correlated with the growth parameters. The peptides of a low molecular weight promoted the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with and without the exhaustion of usable N compounds and in the presence and absence of glucose (PQ2 and PQ3). The colony sizes correlated weakly with certain peaks only. HPLC patterns, thus, seem to be useful for the characterization of casein peptones for the standardization of nutrient media as well as for special applications.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"65 1","pages":"223-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76362623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The overflow production of metabolites appears to be an energy spilling process in terms of life because part of the energy of the primary substrate remains in the metabolite produced. The other part of energy, which is liberated as reducing equivalents and/or ATP along the way to the product, must be wasted. This part is discussed to be responsible for the discrepancies between the theoretically possible and experimentally obtained product yields, because for the wasting process substrate or product are consumed. By reducing the amount of this superfluous energy the product yield should be increased. The auxiliary substrate concept occurs to be an appropriate method.
{"title":"Some theoretical considerations on overflow production of metabolites","authors":"W. Babel","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060303","url":null,"abstract":"The overflow production of metabolites appears to be an energy spilling process in terms of life because part of the energy of the primary substrate remains in the metabolite produced. The other part of energy, which is liberated as reducing equivalents and/or ATP along the way to the product, must be wasted. This part is discussed to be responsible for the discrepancies between the theoretically possible and experimentally obtained product yields, because for the wasting process substrate or product are consumed. By reducing the amount of this superfluous energy the product yield should be increased. The auxiliary substrate concept occurs to be an appropriate method.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"21 1","pages":"215-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76511043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Baburin, I. E. Shvinka, M. Ruklisha, U. Viesturs
The present paper deals with the analysis of the amount of oxygen utilized for oxidation of a small dose of carbon substrate in carbon limited Brevibacterium flavum culture. The ratio of the measured oxygen consumption (mo2) to the amount of added carbon substrate (ms) gives a stoichiometric coefficient of the biological oxidation equation. A linear relationship between mo2 and ms was observed. To compare the efficiency of different carbon substrate utilization there has been introduced a normalized value β = m/m. There exists a simple relationship between β and the thermodynamical growth efficiency η The theoretical considerations are proved by experimental results with β, η and Yx/s in a chemostat culture at various medium flow rates.
{"title":"Gas balance method for testing of microbial growth efficiency after carbon substrate pulse","authors":"L. Baburin, I. E. Shvinka, M. Ruklisha, U. Viesturs","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370060206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370060206","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with the analysis of the amount of oxygen utilized for oxidation of a small dose of carbon substrate in carbon limited Brevibacterium flavum culture. The ratio of the measured oxygen consumption (mo2) to the amount of added carbon substrate (ms) gives a stoichiometric coefficient of the biological oxidation equation. A linear relationship between mo2 and ms was observed. To compare the efficiency of different carbon substrate utilization there has been introduced a normalized value β = m/m. There exists a simple relationship between β and the thermodynamical growth efficiency η The theoretical considerations are proved by experimental results with β, η and Yx/s in a chemostat culture at various medium flow rates.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"3 1","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76088313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minute nuclei named “smaller nuclei” were generated when the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with colchicine. The formation of “smaller nuclei” seemed to be related to nuclear division because those nuclei were only produced under conditions suitable for nuclear division. The fact that the average DNA content of “smaller nuclei” was almost one tenth of that of the isolated normal diploid nuclei showed that the “smaller nuclei” are not condensed nuclei but aneuploid nuclei like micronuclei in animal cells. It appeared therefore likely that a micronuclei-like structure could be produced by colchicine treatment in S. cerevisiae.
{"title":"Formation of a micronuclei‐like structure induced by colchicine treatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"H. Toyama, N. Toyama","doi":"10.1002/ABIO.370150106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ABIO.370150106","url":null,"abstract":"Minute nuclei named “smaller nuclei” were generated when the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with colchicine. The formation of “smaller nuclei” seemed to be related to nuclear division because those nuclei were only produced under conditions suitable for nuclear division. The fact that the average DNA content of “smaller nuclei” was almost one tenth of that of the isolated normal diploid nuclei showed that the “smaller nuclei” are not condensed nuclei but aneuploid nuclei like micronuclei in animal cells. It appeared therefore likely that a micronuclei-like structure could be produced by colchicine treatment in S. cerevisiae.","PeriodicalId":7037,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotechnologica","volume":"53 1","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87702344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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