Abstract Momordica cochinchinensis, or Gac fruit belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. Although this species is considered to be native in Southeast Asia especially in Vietnam, Thailand and Laos, it is still contemplated as a rare and new fruit species in Malaysia. Availability of this species is very limited in Malaysia hence, the raw material for researches is also in short supply. Currently, Gac fruit is utilized as traditional food, health supplements, food colouring and juices. Gac fruit was discovered to have high value pharmaceutically and economically as it had been recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds. On that account, this study aimed to generate preliminary data on the morphological characterisation and phytochemical composition which focused on β-carotene and lycopene content of Gac fruit aril. This data could be useful for further researches particularly on breeding improvement of Gac fruit. The morphological characterisation was mainly based on both vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant. Both β-carotene and lycopene content of aril was analysed and estimated using UV-Vis Spectroscopy technique. The aril was extracted using mixed solvent of n-hexane 95%, ethanol 99.9% and acetone 99% with ratio of 2:1:1 v/v/v. Furthermore, morphological data of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds were also successfully recorded. Besides that, the β-carotene and lycopene content obtained were 0.117 ± 0.011 mg/g FW and 0.021 ± 0.002 mg/g FW, respectively. Discrepancy in the results might be due to numerous factors like collection sites, level of maturity at harvest, storage and processing conditions, analysis techniques and type of solvent extractors used that might have affected the quality and contents of the carotenoid. Several suggestions for extension of this study had been propounded so that the benefits of this species could be exploited in the best possible ways.
{"title":"Preliminary Morphological and Phytochemical Evaluation of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng","authors":"H. Othman, N. A. Rahman, N. Nizam","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Momordica cochinchinensis, or Gac fruit belongs to Cucurbitaceae family. Although this species is considered to be native in Southeast Asia especially in Vietnam, Thailand and Laos, it is still contemplated as a rare and new fruit species in Malaysia. Availability of this species is very limited in Malaysia hence, the raw material for researches is also in short supply. Currently, Gac fruit is utilized as traditional food, health supplements, food colouring and juices. Gac fruit was discovered to have high value pharmaceutically and economically as it had been recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds. On that account, this study aimed to generate preliminary data on the morphological characterisation and phytochemical composition which focused on β-carotene and lycopene content of Gac fruit aril. This data could be useful for further researches particularly on breeding improvement of Gac fruit. The morphological characterisation was mainly based on both vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant. Both β-carotene and lycopene content of aril was analysed and estimated using UV-Vis Spectroscopy technique. The aril was extracted using mixed solvent of n-hexane 95%, ethanol 99.9% and acetone 99% with ratio of 2:1:1 v/v/v. Furthermore, morphological data of root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds were also successfully recorded. Besides that, the β-carotene and lycopene content obtained were 0.117 ± 0.011 mg/g FW and 0.021 ± 0.002 mg/g FW, respectively. Discrepancy in the results might be due to numerous factors like collection sites, level of maturity at harvest, storage and processing conditions, analysis techniques and type of solvent extractors used that might have affected the quality and contents of the carotenoid. Several suggestions for extension of this study had been propounded so that the benefits of this species could be exploited in the best possible ways.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"45 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86514147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tariq, A. Qureshi, Muhammad Hamid, Naseem Abbas, A. Hussain, M. N. Khan
Abstract New organotin (IV) complexes with NaL1 (sodium salt of 2-[[4-(3-methoxy-propoxy) 3-methylpyridin-2-yl]methylsulfinyl]benzimidazol-1-ide) and NaL2 (sodium salt of 3- aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid) were synthesized by the reaction of diorganotin (IV) and triorganotin (IV) salt (Bu3SnCl, Ph3SnCl, Bu2SnCl2, Me2SnCl2) using the solvent (dry toluene) by constant stirring and refluxing. All the organotin (IV) complexes were characterized by different diagnostic techniques such as FT-IR (Infra-red) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results exhibited that ligand NaL1 (sodium salt) is attached to tin metal by a nitrogen atom of benzimidazole ring and the oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group. While ligand NaL2 (sodium salt) coordinate with tin(IV) moiety through oxygen atom of the carboxylate group. The newly synthesized complexes 1 & 2 of ligand NaL1 (sodium salt) showed trigonal bipyramidal geometry while complexes 3 & 4 octahedral geometry around tin(IV) centre. The organotin(IV) complexes 5-7 of ligand NaL2 (sodium salt) have the tetrahedral geometry around tin(IV) centre. The synthesized complexes (1-7) were tested for antifungal and antibacterial microbial activities. All the complexes showed significant antibacterial and anti-fungal activities against tested bacterial and fungal strains.
{"title":"Organotin (IV) based Rabeprazole and Pregabalin Complexes Formation and Biocidal Investigation","authors":"M. Tariq, A. Qureshi, Muhammad Hamid, Naseem Abbas, A. Hussain, M. N. Khan","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2020-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2020-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract New organotin (IV) complexes with NaL1 (sodium salt of 2-[[4-(3-methoxy-propoxy) 3-methylpyridin-2-yl]methylsulfinyl]benzimidazol-1-ide) and NaL2 (sodium salt of 3- aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid) were synthesized by the reaction of diorganotin (IV) and triorganotin (IV) salt (Bu3SnCl, Ph3SnCl, Bu2SnCl2, Me2SnCl2) using the solvent (dry toluene) by constant stirring and refluxing. All the organotin (IV) complexes were characterized by different diagnostic techniques such as FT-IR (Infra-red) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results exhibited that ligand NaL1 (sodium salt) is attached to tin metal by a nitrogen atom of benzimidazole ring and the oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group. While ligand NaL2 (sodium salt) coordinate with tin(IV) moiety through oxygen atom of the carboxylate group. The newly synthesized complexes 1 & 2 of ligand NaL1 (sodium salt) showed trigonal bipyramidal geometry while complexes 3 & 4 octahedral geometry around tin(IV) centre. The organotin(IV) complexes 5-7 of ligand NaL2 (sodium salt) have the tetrahedral geometry around tin(IV) centre. The synthesized complexes (1-7) were tested for antifungal and antibacterial microbial activities. All the complexes showed significant antibacterial and anti-fungal activities against tested bacterial and fungal strains.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"63 1","pages":"17 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79530887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Ikelle, Nworu Jerome Sunday, N. F. Sunday, J. John, O. J. Okechukwu, N. Elom
Abstract This work involved the production and thermal characterization of biomass briquettes produced by blending a major agricultural waste with coal dust. In the work, nine different compositions of coal dust/groundnut husk briquettes were produced using starch as the binder while Ca(OH2) was incorporated as the de-sulphurizing agent. The ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture content, compressive strength, ignition time, calorific value, water boiling test and burning rate were carried out to determine the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the briquettes produced. The results showed that moisture content values are in the range 2.43 - 6.44%, for compressive strength 7.72 - 10.85 N/mm3, for ash content 24.18 - 29.15 %, for calorific value 21714.17 - 25027.18 kJ/kg, for fixed carbon 16.77-53.22 %, for ignition time 22.23-45.20 s, for water boiling test 1.50-4.99 min and burning rate 16.10-28.32 g/min. These are appreciable values for the thermal properties of the bio-briquettes. Therefore, the agro-wastes briquettes are beneficial for heating purposes rather than open incineration of the wastes.
{"title":"Thermal Analyses of Briquette Fuels Produced from Coal Dust and Groundnut Husk","authors":"I. Ikelle, Nworu Jerome Sunday, N. F. Sunday, J. John, O. J. Okechukwu, N. Elom","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2020-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2020-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work involved the production and thermal characterization of biomass briquettes produced by blending a major agricultural waste with coal dust. In the work, nine different compositions of coal dust/groundnut husk briquettes were produced using starch as the binder while Ca(OH2) was incorporated as the de-sulphurizing agent. The ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture content, compressive strength, ignition time, calorific value, water boiling test and burning rate were carried out to determine the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the briquettes produced. The results showed that moisture content values are in the range 2.43 - 6.44%, for compressive strength 7.72 - 10.85 N/mm3, for ash content 24.18 - 29.15 %, for calorific value 21714.17 - 25027.18 kJ/kg, for fixed carbon 16.77-53.22 %, for ignition time 22.23-45.20 s, for water boiling test 1.50-4.99 min and burning rate 16.10-28.32 g/min. These are appreciable values for the thermal properties of the bio-briquettes. Therefore, the agro-wastes briquettes are beneficial for heating purposes rather than open incineration of the wastes.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"19 1","pages":"24 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86361889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Hormonal changes in humans and animals can be attributed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Studies have found that excessive exposure to natural and artificial environmental chemicals and toxins can have adverse effects on the endocrine system and reproductive health. The endocrine system creates and releases hormones that regulate the development of organs and how they function. Any disruption to hormones affects the development and functioning of the reproductive system, the brain and the neurological system. Research and reports on the subject have been published by international experts and organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Labour Organization (ILO) and Endocrine Society. To fully comprehend the effect of EDCs on humans and wildlife, it is essential to understand epigenetics and its transgenerational effects on hormone development. Here, we extensively explore and review the research on the sources of EDCs, their effects and why exposure to EDCs is of concern, and treatments for EDC exposure.
{"title":"Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Sources, Effects And Treatments","authors":"M. Ashraf, Mesmire Wilson","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hormonal changes in humans and animals can be attributed to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Studies have found that excessive exposure to natural and artificial environmental chemicals and toxins can have adverse effects on the endocrine system and reproductive health. The endocrine system creates and releases hormones that regulate the development of organs and how they function. Any disruption to hormones affects the development and functioning of the reproductive system, the brain and the neurological system. Research and reports on the subject have been published by international experts and organizations including the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Labour Organization (ILO) and Endocrine Society. To fully comprehend the effect of EDCs on humans and wildlife, it is essential to understand epigenetics and its transgenerational effects on hormone development. Here, we extensively explore and review the research on the sources of EDCs, their effects and why exposure to EDCs is of concern, and treatments for EDC exposure.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"7 1","pages":"39 - 47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research conducted with the fully fresh, ripe and sound tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was collected then washed, peeled, seeds removed and transferred to the juice extractor. Sugar, preservatives were added to the extracted filtrated juice. Then the juice was heated, cooled and bottled for preservation. Tomato juice was prepared with three different treatments. Among the three treatments T1, T2 and T3 sample were prepared with no preservative, Na-benzoate preservative and potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) preservative respectively. The organoleptic observation of this tomato juice was studied for 60 days storage period. Chemical analysis and sensory tests were carried out during the 30 days at an interval of 15 days to assess the effect of chemical additives on the shelf life of tomato juice. Negligible Change in chemical constituents except vitamin C was observed in the prepared juice throughout the 30 days storage period. Color was gradually faded and slightly off flavor develops at the end of the storage periods. The treatment T2 secured highest score for color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability and ranked as “Like very much” by a taste testing panel. Tomato juice prepared with no preservative (T1) spoiled after 45 days storage and juice prepared with KMS preservative (T3) spoiled after 60 days storage. Total number of viable bacteria was highest in tomato juice treated with no preservative (T1) and KMS preservative (T3). Tomato juice with Na-benzoate preservative (T2) contained least viable bacteria which was better than T1 and T3 sample. Considering all the parameters, Na-benzoate tends to be better additives than potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) for preservation of tomato juice.
{"title":"Effect of chemical preservatives on the shelf life of tomato juice","authors":"Fahriha Nur-A Kabir, Tajnuba Sharmin, Neaj Ahmed, Md. Shohel Rana Palleb, Nilam Debi Bristi","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research conducted with the fully fresh, ripe and sound tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was collected then washed, peeled, seeds removed and transferred to the juice extractor. Sugar, preservatives were added to the extracted filtrated juice. Then the juice was heated, cooled and bottled for preservation. Tomato juice was prepared with three different treatments. Among the three treatments T1, T2 and T3 sample were prepared with no preservative, Na-benzoate preservative and potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) preservative respectively. The organoleptic observation of this tomato juice was studied for 60 days storage period. Chemical analysis and sensory tests were carried out during the 30 days at an interval of 15 days to assess the effect of chemical additives on the shelf life of tomato juice. Negligible Change in chemical constituents except vitamin C was observed in the prepared juice throughout the 30 days storage period. Color was gradually faded and slightly off flavor develops at the end of the storage periods. The treatment T2 secured highest score for color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability and ranked as “Like very much” by a taste testing panel. Tomato juice prepared with no preservative (T1) spoiled after 45 days storage and juice prepared with KMS preservative (T3) spoiled after 60 days storage. Total number of viable bacteria was highest in tomato juice treated with no preservative (T1) and KMS preservative (T3). Tomato juice with Na-benzoate preservative (T2) contained least viable bacteria which was better than T1 and T3 sample. Considering all the parameters, Na-benzoate tends to be better additives than potassium meta-bisulphite (KMS) for preservation of tomato juice.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72905674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1.0. Introduction: The transport through the porous medium leads the contaminant to spread into the other fluid medium. Low-permeability media (LPPM) is most commonly associated with fine-grained sedimentary deposits such as shales and clays. Groundwater flow in these environments appears to affect the development of geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical systems. Low-permeability clay layer interfaces are generally involved at waste disposal sites as the purpose of reducing the risk of groundwater contamination. For clay media have typically a hydraulic conductivity less than 10-7 cms-1 [1]. Overall, low permeability media might play a significantly important role not only in the groundwater flow process but also for the solute transport process. This short review provides an insight into series of homogeneous medium transport experiments in one-dimensional columns (length 3cm to 10 cm) for transport and the leaching process conducted which NaCl was chosen as a Tracer [2]. The modeling approaches was used the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE), Fractional Advection-Dispersion Equation (FADE), Two-Region Model (TRM), and the Continuous Times Random Walk (CTRW) theory. The effective porosity can be calculated as ne=q/v, in which q is the Darcian velocity, while v is the actual flow velocity. The velocities estimated from ADE during this process were used to calculate the effective porosity. For the leaching process, the velocities estimated from FADE were used as the FADE has a perfect agreement with the experimental data [2].
1.0. 通过多孔介质的输送导致污染物扩散到其他流体介质中。低渗透介质(LPPM)通常与细粒沉积矿床(如页岩和粘土)有关。这些环境中的地下水流动似乎影响着地质、水文和地球化学系统的发展。为了降低地下水污染的风险，垃圾处理场一般都涉及低渗透粘土层界面。粘土介质的水力导电性通常小于10-7 cm -1[1]。综上所述，低渗透介质不仅在地下水流动过程中发挥重要作用，而且在溶质运移过程中也发挥着重要作用。这篇简短的综述介绍了在一维色谱柱(长度为3cm至10cm)中进行的一系列均匀介质输运实验以及选择NaCl作为示踪剂进行的浸出过程[2]。建模方法采用平流-色散方程(ADE)、分数平流-色散方程(FADE)、两区模型(TRM)和连续次随机漫步(CTRW)理论。有效孔隙度计算公式为ne=q/v，其中q为达西速度，v为实际流速。在此过程中，利用ADE估计的速度来计算有效孔隙度。在浸出过程中，由于FADE与实验数据非常吻合[2]，因此使用了从FADE中估计的速度。
{"title":"Effective Porosity Analysis in Low-Permeability Porous Media","authors":"M. Zaheer, A. Shahab","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0009","url":null,"abstract":"1.0. Introduction: The transport through the porous medium leads the contaminant to spread into the other fluid medium. Low-permeability media (LPPM) is most commonly associated with fine-grained sedimentary deposits such as shales and clays. Groundwater flow in these environments appears to affect the development of geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical systems. Low-permeability clay layer interfaces are generally involved at waste disposal sites as the purpose of reducing the risk of groundwater contamination. For clay media have typically a hydraulic conductivity less than 10-7 cms-1 [1]. Overall, low permeability media might play a significantly important role not only in the groundwater flow process but also for the solute transport process. This short review provides an insight into series of homogeneous medium transport experiments in one-dimensional columns (length 3cm to 10 cm) for transport and the leaching process conducted which NaCl was chosen as a Tracer [2]. The modeling approaches was used the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE), Fractional Advection-Dispersion Equation (FADE), Two-Region Model (TRM), and the Continuous Times Random Walk (CTRW) theory. The effective porosity can be calculated as ne=q/v, in which q is the Darcian velocity, while v is the actual flow velocity. The velocities estimated from ADE during this process were used to calculate the effective porosity. For the leaching process, the velocities estimated from FADE were used as the FADE has a perfect agreement with the experimental data [2].","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"27 1","pages":"38 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81539888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Single cell supercapacitors with electrodes of varying amounts of graphene and carbon black, formed via the electrospinning process with a carbon-based Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), were tested in 1M H2SO4. From the tested samples, the overall data indicates no correlation between impedance and capacitance energy values. However, the breakdown of the various samples showed mixed results of; good correlations between lower impedance resulting in higher and lower capacitance; while other samples showed higher impedance correlating to both higher and lower capacitance. No correlation was observed between the Impedance value and the thickness of the samples. Furthermore, carbon mole content was not a major factor in determining impedance; therefore, structure is not a major contributor to impedance. Whereas, carbon mole content is a major contributor to capacitance energy; Hence, impedance provides an alternative control point to increasing energy (2-10X times), that can be retrofitted to existing systems, or to increase the energy storage beyond current levels by adjusting/controlling impedance in new designs. The data is indicating impedance is not constant and is varying. The mechanism of varying impedance is unclear and requires further research. However, it is thought to mimic the energy level and stability of matter (atoms). Therefore, impedance varies or oscillates accordingly to achieve an impedance level stability, and hence the term “Orbital Impedance Stability”. Thoughts into Impedance being an Energy Field, to be provided in next publication (In-sha’-ALLAH). This research is concluding that our conventional understanding of impedance is limited in scope. New approaches and further research is needed to better understand impedance behavior. A better understanding of impedance is essential to a breakthrough in energy storage devices from capacitors and batteries, to electric generation and distribution of energy, to magnetic levitation, medical drugs and other energy improvements.
{"title":"Varying Impedance “Orbital Impedance Stability“ Graphene Based Supercapacitor Nanofiber Electrodes – Utilizing A New Direct Method of Studying Impedance Based on Actual Experimental Data","authors":"Mustafa H. Mustafa","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Single cell supercapacitors with electrodes of varying amounts of graphene and carbon black, formed via the electrospinning process with a carbon-based Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), were tested in 1M H2SO4. From the tested samples, the overall data indicates no correlation between impedance and capacitance energy values. However, the breakdown of the various samples showed mixed results of; good correlations between lower impedance resulting in higher and lower capacitance; while other samples showed higher impedance correlating to both higher and lower capacitance. No correlation was observed between the Impedance value and the thickness of the samples. Furthermore, carbon mole content was not a major factor in determining impedance; therefore, structure is not a major contributor to impedance. Whereas, carbon mole content is a major contributor to capacitance energy; Hence, impedance provides an alternative control point to increasing energy (2-10X times), that can be retrofitted to existing systems, or to increase the energy storage beyond current levels by adjusting/controlling impedance in new designs. The data is indicating impedance is not constant and is varying. The mechanism of varying impedance is unclear and requires further research. However, it is thought to mimic the energy level and stability of matter (atoms). Therefore, impedance varies or oscillates accordingly to achieve an impedance level stability, and hence the term “Orbital Impedance Stability”. Thoughts into Impedance being an Energy Field, to be provided in next publication (In-sha’-ALLAH). This research is concluding that our conventional understanding of impedance is limited in scope. New approaches and further research is needed to better understand impedance behavior. A better understanding of impedance is essential to a breakthrough in energy storage devices from capacitors and batteries, to electric generation and distribution of energy, to magnetic levitation, medical drugs and other energy improvements.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"75 2 1","pages":"21 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74656516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An experiment was carried out to study the effect of post-harvest dipping and various packaging materials on quality traits of mandarin at the laboratory of Project Implementation Unit (Citrus zone) Udayapur, Katari from January to February 2019. The parameters observed were physiological loss in weight, juice content, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, TSS/TA ratio and shelf life. The packaging materials include individual newspaper wrapping, perforated polyethene and corrugated box. Gibberellic acid with a concentration of 100 ppm was used as a dipping material. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 8 treatment replicated 3 times. The result showed that among eight treatments combination, fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (1.99%) and control (19.08%). High retention of juice content (40.30%), total soluble solids(12.83 brix) and titrable acidity (0.60%) was recorded in fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene in 24 days of storage. Fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene attained shelf life of 48 days followed by perforated polyethene with a shelf life of 44 days. Finding of the experiment may prove to be helpful in rural area to store mandarin with minimum loss as markets are far from the village.
{"title":"Effect of Post-Harvest Dipping and Various Packaging Materials on Quality Traits of Mandarin (Citrus Reticulata Blanco.)","authors":"Anup Paudel, Dhruba Baral, H. Acharya, M. Dhital","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An experiment was carried out to study the effect of post-harvest dipping and various packaging materials on quality traits of mandarin at the laboratory of Project Implementation Unit (Citrus zone) Udayapur, Katari from January to February 2019. The parameters observed were physiological loss in weight, juice content, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, TSS/TA ratio and shelf life. The packaging materials include individual newspaper wrapping, perforated polyethene and corrugated box. Gibberellic acid with a concentration of 100 ppm was used as a dipping material. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 8 treatment replicated 3 times. The result showed that among eight treatments combination, fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (1.99%) and control (19.08%). High retention of juice content (40.30%), total soluble solids(12.83 brix) and titrable acidity (0.60%) was recorded in fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene in 24 days of storage. Fruits treated with GA3 in combination with perforated polyethene attained shelf life of 48 days followed by perforated polyethene with a shelf life of 44 days. Finding of the experiment may prove to be helpful in rural area to store mandarin with minimum loss as markets are far from the village.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"48 1","pages":"14 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89575452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present work was aimed at evaluating the adsorption properties of malachite green and congo red dyes by polyacrylonitrile carbon fibre sorbents. The sorbents were activated and oxidized using potassium hydroxide and ammonium persulfate, respectively at mild conditions. Consequently, the sorbents were characterized for surface area, surface functional groups and thermal decomposition. The activated sorbent displayed a 18.8 mg/g (94 %) of malachite green removal at Co = 20 mg/L, while both modified sorbents showed a 17.5 mg/g (87.5 %) removal of congo red at the same concentration. All sorbents showed a rapid equilibrium of malachite green and congo red dyes in water. Also, the sorbents are somewhat tolerable against different solution pH conditions despite a slight change due to possible electrostatic interactions. Thus, the materials could be successfully employed to treat dyes-laden wastewater.
{"title":"Removal of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water by Polyacrylonitrile Carbon Fibre Sorbents","authors":"Ng Boon Swan, M. Zaini","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present work was aimed at evaluating the adsorption properties of malachite green and congo red dyes by polyacrylonitrile carbon fibre sorbents. The sorbents were activated and oxidized using potassium hydroxide and ammonium persulfate, respectively at mild conditions. Consequently, the sorbents were characterized for surface area, surface functional groups and thermal decomposition. The activated sorbent displayed a 18.8 mg/g (94 %) of malachite green removal at Co = 20 mg/L, while both modified sorbents showed a 17.5 mg/g (87.5 %) removal of congo red at the same concentration. All sorbents showed a rapid equilibrium of malachite green and congo red dyes in water. Also, the sorbents are somewhat tolerable against different solution pH conditions despite a slight change due to possible electrostatic interactions. Thus, the materials could be successfully employed to treat dyes-laden wastewater.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"72 1","pages":"29 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85814143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This investigation deals with the chemical composition and microstructural analysis of the iron object, a spear excavated from Sanur, Tamil Nadu- a megalithic site dated 300 B.C. to 50 A.D. Phase analysis and microstructural examination were carried using XRD, optical and variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM). Optical micrograph shows the equiaxed grain structure along with the Newman bands. Formation of Newman bands suggests that the original artifact was forged at high temperature followed by cooling, although not so rapid to produce the marked hardening. The absence of carbides at the grain boundary, within the grains and lower value of micro-hardness indicates that the iron spear was not subjected to the carburizing treatment. Results of corrosion characterization revealed that deterioration of excavated iron artifact is associated with the presence of chlorine in corrosion products. However, compact nature of the outer rust (goethite) was helpful in protecting the object. The formation of goethite [ ∝-FeOOH] layer may prevent the iron matrix suffering from attacks by other environmental factors due to its good continuity. In addition, less aerated environment of storage and no history of any cleaning of object were also helpful in preventing the iron spear from further deterioration.
{"title":"Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of Archaeological Iron Spear from Sanur (300 BC – 50 AD) – A Megalithic Site in Southern India","authors":"Vandana Singh, M. Singh","doi":"10.2478/acmy-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This investigation deals with the chemical composition and microstructural analysis of the iron object, a spear excavated from Sanur, Tamil Nadu- a megalithic site dated 300 B.C. to 50 A.D. Phase analysis and microstructural examination were carried using XRD, optical and variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM). Optical micrograph shows the equiaxed grain structure along with the Newman bands. Formation of Newman bands suggests that the original artifact was forged at high temperature followed by cooling, although not so rapid to produce the marked hardening. The absence of carbides at the grain boundary, within the grains and lower value of micro-hardness indicates that the iron spear was not subjected to the carburizing treatment. Results of corrosion characterization revealed that deterioration of excavated iron artifact is associated with the presence of chlorine in corrosion products. However, compact nature of the outer rust (goethite) was helpful in protecting the object. The formation of goethite [ ∝-FeOOH] layer may prevent the iron matrix suffering from attacks by other environmental factors due to its good continuity. In addition, less aerated environment of storage and no history of any cleaning of object were also helpful in preventing the iron spear from further deterioration.","PeriodicalId":7114,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chemica Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"21 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90141616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：