Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00749-7
Grim Rømo, Johan Åkerstedt, Anne Bang Nordstoga, Anniken Jerre Borge, Helene Wisløff, Britt Gjerset, Siv Klevar, Mette Valheim, Irene Skei Mjømen, Elisabeth Schei-Berg, Synnøve Vatn, Annette Hegermann Kampen
Background: Visna-maedi is a notifiable disease in Norway, and eliminating the disease is a national goal. The import of sheep into Norway is very limited, and strict regulations apply to the movement of small ruminants between flocks and within defined geographical regions. Several outbreaks have occurred in the last 50 years, and the most recent before 2019 occurred in Trøndelag county in Central Norway in 2002. A national surveillance programme for small ruminant lentivirus infection exists since 2003.
Results: In 2019, the national surveillance programme detected seropositive animals for small ruminant lentivirus in a sheep flock in Trøndelag. Based on the result of polymerase chain reaction analysis and histopathological findings, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority concluded the diagnosis of maedi. Further investigations detected maedi in eight additional sheep flocks in the same county. The flocks were placed under restrictions, and the authorities also imposed restrictions on 82 contact flocks. Sequencing of partial gag genes indicated that the virus in the current outbreak was related to the small ruminant lentivirus detected in the same area between 2002 and 2005.
Conclusions: The outbreak investigation shows the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, and an improved and more targeted surveillance strategy. It also demonstrates the risk of disease spreading between flocks through animal movements, and highlights the importance of biosecurity and structured livestock trade. In addition to allowing livestock trade only from flocks documented free from maedi, it may be necessary to monitor sheep flocks over many years, when aiming to eliminate maedi from the Norwegian sheep population.
{"title":"Investigation, management and control of a maedi outbreak in Norway in 2019-2020.","authors":"Grim Rømo, Johan Åkerstedt, Anne Bang Nordstoga, Anniken Jerre Borge, Helene Wisløff, Britt Gjerset, Siv Klevar, Mette Valheim, Irene Skei Mjømen, Elisabeth Schei-Berg, Synnøve Vatn, Annette Hegermann Kampen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00749-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00749-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visna-maedi is a notifiable disease in Norway, and eliminating the disease is a national goal. The import of sheep into Norway is very limited, and strict regulations apply to the movement of small ruminants between flocks and within defined geographical regions. Several outbreaks have occurred in the last 50 years, and the most recent before 2019 occurred in Trøndelag county in Central Norway in 2002. A national surveillance programme for small ruminant lentivirus infection exists since 2003.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 2019, the national surveillance programme detected seropositive animals for small ruminant lentivirus in a sheep flock in Trøndelag. Based on the result of polymerase chain reaction analysis and histopathological findings, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority concluded the diagnosis of maedi. Further investigations detected maedi in eight additional sheep flocks in the same county. The flocks were placed under restrictions, and the authorities also imposed restrictions on 82 contact flocks. Sequencing of partial gag genes indicated that the virus in the current outbreak was related to the small ruminant lentivirus detected in the same area between 2002 and 2005.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The outbreak investigation shows the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, and an improved and more targeted surveillance strategy. It also demonstrates the risk of disease spreading between flocks through animal movements, and highlights the importance of biosecurity and structured livestock trade. In addition to allowing livestock trade only from flocks documented free from maedi, it may be necessary to monitor sheep flocks over many years, when aiming to eliminate maedi from the Norwegian sheep population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141533370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Chiari malformation type II (CMII) was originally reported in humans as a rare disorder characterized by the downward herniation of the hindbrain and towering cerebellum. The congenital brain malformation is usually accompanied by spina bifida, a congenital spinal anomaly resulting from incomplete closure of the dorsal aspect of the spinal neural tube, and occasionally by other lesions. A similar disorder has been reported in several animal species, including cattle, particularly as a congenital syndrome. A cause of congenital syndromic Chiari-like malformation (CSCM) in cattle has not been reported to date. We collected a series of 14 CSCM-affected Holstein calves (13 purebred, one Red Danish Dairy F1 cross) and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS). WGS was performed on 33 cattle, including eight cases with parents (trio-based; group 1), three cases with one parent (group 2), and three single cases (solo-based; group 3).
Results: Sequencing-based genome-wide association study of the 13 Holstein calves with CSCM and 166 controls revealed no significantly associated genome region. Assuming a single Holstein breed-specific recessive allele, no region of shared homozygosity was detected suggesting heterogeneity. Subsequent filtering for protein-changing variants that were only homozygous in the genomes of the individual cases allowed the identification of two missense variants affecting different genes, SHC4 in case 4 in group 1 and WDR45B in case 13 in group 3. Furthermore, these two variants were only observed in Holstein cattle when querying WGS data of > 5,100 animals. Alternatively, potential de novo mutational events were assessed in each case. Filtering for heterozygous private protein-changing variants identified one DYNC1H1 frameshift variant as a candidate causal dominant acting allele in case 12 in group 3. Finally, the presence of larger structural DNA variants and chromosomal abnormalities was investigated in all cases. Depth of coverage analysis revealed two different partial monosomies of chromosome 2 segments in cases 1 and 7 in group 1 and a trisomy of chromosome 12 in the WDR45B homozygous case 13 in group 3.
Conclusions: This study presents for the first time a detailed genomic evaluation of CSCM in Holstein cattle and suggests an unexpected genetic and allelic heterogeneity considering the mode of inheritance, as well as the type of variant. For the first time, we propose candidate causal variants that may explain bovine CSCM in a certain proportion of affected calves. We present cattle as a large animal model for human CMII and propose new genes and genomic variants as possible causes for related diseases in both animals and humans.
{"title":"Congenital syndromic Chiari-like malformation (CSCM) in Holstein cattle: towards unravelling of possible genetic causes.","authors":"Joana Goncalves Pontes Jacinto, Anna Letko, Irene Monika Häfliger, Cord Drögemüller, Jørgen Steen Agerholm","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00752-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00752-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chiari malformation type II (CMII) was originally reported in humans as a rare disorder characterized by the downward herniation of the hindbrain and towering cerebellum. The congenital brain malformation is usually accompanied by spina bifida, a congenital spinal anomaly resulting from incomplete closure of the dorsal aspect of the spinal neural tube, and occasionally by other lesions. A similar disorder has been reported in several animal species, including cattle, particularly as a congenital syndrome. A cause of congenital syndromic Chiari-like malformation (CSCM) in cattle has not been reported to date. We collected a series of 14 CSCM-affected Holstein calves (13 purebred, one Red Danish Dairy F1 cross) and performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS). WGS was performed on 33 cattle, including eight cases with parents (trio-based; group 1), three cases with one parent (group 2), and three single cases (solo-based; group 3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sequencing-based genome-wide association study of the 13 Holstein calves with CSCM and 166 controls revealed no significantly associated genome region. Assuming a single Holstein breed-specific recessive allele, no region of shared homozygosity was detected suggesting heterogeneity. Subsequent filtering for protein-changing variants that were only homozygous in the genomes of the individual cases allowed the identification of two missense variants affecting different genes, SHC4 in case 4 in group 1 and WDR45B in case 13 in group 3. Furthermore, these two variants were only observed in Holstein cattle when querying WGS data of > 5,100 animals. Alternatively, potential de novo mutational events were assessed in each case. Filtering for heterozygous private protein-changing variants identified one DYNC1H1 frameshift variant as a candidate causal dominant acting allele in case 12 in group 3. Finally, the presence of larger structural DNA variants and chromosomal abnormalities was investigated in all cases. Depth of coverage analysis revealed two different partial monosomies of chromosome 2 segments in cases 1 and 7 in group 1 and a trisomy of chromosome 12 in the WDR45B homozygous case 13 in group 3.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study presents for the first time a detailed genomic evaluation of CSCM in Holstein cattle and suggests an unexpected genetic and allelic heterogeneity considering the mode of inheritance, as well as the type of variant. For the first time, we propose candidate causal variants that may explain bovine CSCM in a certain proportion of affected calves. We present cattle as a large animal model for human CMII and propose new genes and genomic variants as possible causes for related diseases in both animals and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141533369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00751-z
Kristiina Suominen, Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen, Inka Sallinen, Anna-Maija Virtala, Joanna Koort
Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi are commensal bacteria in the oral cavities of dogs. Both are zoonotic pathogens that could infect humans via dog bites. C. canimorsus may cause life-threatening infections in humans, whereas C. cynodegmi infections tend to be milder and more localized. Capsular serovars A-C of C. canimorsus seem to be virulence-associated. Some of the C. canimorsus serovars described to date can also be detected in other Capnocytophaga species, including C. cynodegmi. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the emergence of C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi after birth in oral cavities of puppies and to evaluate the impact of the dam's Capnocytophaga spp. carrier status on the emergence. Ten litters, altogether 59 puppies, were included in the study. The puppies and their dams were sampled at five time points over seven weeks after whelping. Oral swab samples taken were investigated for the presence of C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the specificity of which was verified by sequencing a selection of the PCR products. Samples that were positive in Capnocytophaga PCR reactions were also capsular-typed by PCR to gain more knowledge about the Capnocytophaga spp. present in the samples. Altogether 10.2% and 11.9% of puppies, or 20.0% and 30.0% of litters tested PCR-positive for C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi, respectively. Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppy samples were always positive for only C. cynodegmi or C. canimorsus, not both. Most Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppies became positive at the age of 5 to 7 weeks. Only a minority (5/16) of the C. cynodegmi PCR-positive dog samples were positive in capsular typing PCR, whereas all C. canimorsus PCR-positive dog samples were negative in capsular typing PCR. For all Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppies, their dam was positive for the same Capnocytophaga species. These results suggest that puppies become colonized by C. cynodegmi or C. canimorsus from their dams at the time of deciduous teeth eruption.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus 和 Capnocytophaga cynodegmi 是狗口腔中的共生细菌。这两种细菌都是人畜共患的病原体,可通过狗咬伤感染人类。C.canimorsus可能会对人类造成危及生命的感染,而C.cynodegmi的感染往往比较轻微,而且更局限于局部。C.canimorsus的A-C囊血清型似乎与毒力有关。迄今描述的一些 C. canimorsus 血清型也能在其他 Capnocytophaga 种类(包括 C. cynodegmi)中检测到。这项试验性研究的目的是调查幼犬出生后口腔中出现的 C. canimorsus 和 C. cynodegmi 的情况,并评估母犬的 Capnocytophaga spp.研究共包括 10 窝,共 59 只幼犬。在产后七周内的五个时间点对幼犬及其母犬进行采样。口腔拭子样本通过物种特异性聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测是否存在卡尼莫氏菌和犬毛囊虫,并对部分 PCR 产物进行测序以验证其特异性。对 Capnocytophaga PCR 反应呈阳性的样本也进行了 PCR 鉴定,以进一步了解样本中存在的 Capnocytophaga 种属。分别有 10.2% 和 11.9% 的幼犬或 20.0% 和 30.0% 的幼仔在 C. canimorsus 和 C. cynodegmi 的 PCR 检测中呈阳性。Capnocytophaga PCR 阳性的幼犬样本总是只对 Cynodegmi 或 C. canimorsus 呈阳性,而不是两者都呈阳性。大多数 Capnocytophaga PCR 阳性的幼犬在 5 到 7 周大时呈阳性。只有少数(5/16)C. cynodegmi PCR 阳性的狗样本在胶囊分型 PCR 中呈阳性,而所有 C. canimorsus PCR 阳性的狗样本在胶囊分型 PCR 中呈阴性。所有 Capnocytophaga PCR 阳性的幼犬,其母犬均对相同的 Capnocytophaga 种类呈阳性。这些结果表明,幼犬在萌出乳牙时就已经从母犬处感染了 Cynodegmi 或 C. canimorsus。
{"title":"Emergence of Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi in oral cavities of newborn puppies, a pilot study.","authors":"Kristiina Suominen, Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen, Inka Sallinen, Anna-Maija Virtala, Joanna Koort","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00751-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00751-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Capnocytophaga cynodegmi are commensal bacteria in the oral cavities of dogs. Both are zoonotic pathogens that could infect humans via dog bites. C. canimorsus may cause life-threatening infections in humans, whereas C. cynodegmi infections tend to be milder and more localized. Capsular serovars A-C of C. canimorsus seem to be virulence-associated. Some of the C. canimorsus serovars described to date can also be detected in other Capnocytophaga species, including C. cynodegmi. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the emergence of C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi after birth in oral cavities of puppies and to evaluate the impact of the dam's Capnocytophaga spp. carrier status on the emergence. Ten litters, altogether 59 puppies, were included in the study. The puppies and their dams were sampled at five time points over seven weeks after whelping. Oral swab samples taken were investigated for the presence of C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the specificity of which was verified by sequencing a selection of the PCR products. Samples that were positive in Capnocytophaga PCR reactions were also capsular-typed by PCR to gain more knowledge about the Capnocytophaga spp. present in the samples. Altogether 10.2% and 11.9% of puppies, or 20.0% and 30.0% of litters tested PCR-positive for C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi, respectively. Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppy samples were always positive for only C. cynodegmi or C. canimorsus, not both. Most Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppies became positive at the age of 5 to 7 weeks. Only a minority (5/16) of the C. cynodegmi PCR-positive dog samples were positive in capsular typing PCR, whereas all C. canimorsus PCR-positive dog samples were negative in capsular typing PCR. For all Capnocytophaga PCR-positive puppies, their dam was positive for the same Capnocytophaga species. These results suggest that puppies become colonized by C. cynodegmi or C. canimorsus from their dams at the time of deciduous teeth eruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11218291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00748-8
Mohamed A El-Saied, Marwa M Attia, Marwa A Ibrahim, Mohamed Elaish, Mohamed R Mousa
Background: Heterakis gallinarum (H. gallinarum) is a common poultry parasite that can be found in the ceca of many gallinaceous bird species, causing minor pathology and reduced weight gain. Most infections go unnoticed in commercial flocks due to the dependence on fecal egg counts, which are prone to false-negative diagnoses. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on gastrointestinal nematodes that use molecular identification methods, which could be essential for rapid diagnosis and developing efficient control approaches. As a result, the study aimed to look at the cause of mortality in layer chickens induced by H. gallinarum in Egyptian poultry farms using morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and cell-mediated immune responses from damaged cecal tissues were also examined.
Results: Seventy bird samples from ten-layer flocks of different breeds (Native, white, and brown layers) suffering from diarrhea, decreased egg output, and emaciation were collected. Cecal samples were collected from affected and non-affected birds and were examined for parasitic diseases using light and a scanning electron microscope. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1) gene was used to characterize H. gallinarum. Our results showed that the collected nematodal worms were identified as H. gallinarum (male and female), further confirmed by COX1 gene amplification and sequence alignment. Gene expression analysis of the inflammatory markers in infected tissues showed a significant up-regulation of IL-2, IFN-γ, TLR-4, and IL-1β and a significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. The mRNA level of the apoptotic cas-3 revealed apoptotic activity among the H. gallinarum samples compared to the control group.
Conclusions: Our results implemented the use of molecular methods for the diagnosis of Heterakis, and this is the first report showing the tissue immune response following infection in layers: upregulation of IL-1β, IFN-γ, Il-2, and TLR-4, while down-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in cecal tissue, Cas-3 apoptotic activity and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)activity with immunophenotyping of T-cells in Heterakis infected tissue.
背景:胆粉虫(H. gallinarum)是一种常见的家禽寄生虫,可在多种五倍子鸟类的盲肠中发现,会引起轻微病变和增重下降。由于依赖于粪便卵计数,商业化禽群中的大多数感染都未被察觉,而粪便卵计数容易导致假阴性诊断。此外,目前还缺乏使用分子鉴定方法的胃肠道线虫研究,而分子鉴定方法对于快速诊断和制定有效的控制方法至关重要。因此,本研究旨在通过形态学、超微结构和分子特征描述,研究埃及家禽养殖场中由 H. gallinarum 引起的蛋鸡死亡原因。此外,还研究了受损盲肠组织的组织病理学、免疫组织化学和细胞介导的免疫反应:从十个不同品种的蛋鸡群(土鸡、白羽蛋鸡和褐羽蛋鸡)中收集了七十个患有腹泻、产蛋量减少和消瘦的鸡只样本。从患病和未患病的禽类身上采集了盲肠样本,并用光镜和扫描电子显微镜对其进行了寄生虫病检查。线粒体细胞色素氧化酶 1 (COX1) 基因被用来鉴定 H. gallinarum。结果表明,收集到的线虫被鉴定为 H. gallinarum(雄性和雌性),COX1 基因扩增和序列比对进一步证实了这一点。感染组织中炎症标志物的基因表达分析表明,IL-2、IFN-γ、TLR-4 和 IL-1β 显著上调,而抗炎的 IL-10 则显著下调。与对照组相比,凋亡cas-3的mRNA水平揭示了五倍子叶绿体样本中的凋亡活性:结论:我们的研究结果证实了使用分子方法诊断胆囊息肉疽的可行性,这也是首次报道胆囊息肉疽感染后的组织免疫反应:IL-1β、IFN-γ、Il-2和TLR-4上调,而抗炎性IL-10在盲肠组织中下调,Cas-3凋亡活性和核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性与胆囊息肉疽感染组织中T细胞的免疫分型有关。
{"title":"Morphomolecular identification of heavy parasitic typhlitis in layer flocks: tissue response and cell-mediated reaction.","authors":"Mohamed A El-Saied, Marwa M Attia, Marwa A Ibrahim, Mohamed Elaish, Mohamed R Mousa","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00748-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00748-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heterakis gallinarum (H. gallinarum) is a common poultry parasite that can be found in the ceca of many gallinaceous bird species, causing minor pathology and reduced weight gain. Most infections go unnoticed in commercial flocks due to the dependence on fecal egg counts, which are prone to false-negative diagnoses. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on gastrointestinal nematodes that use molecular identification methods, which could be essential for rapid diagnosis and developing efficient control approaches. As a result, the study aimed to look at the cause of mortality in layer chickens induced by H. gallinarum in Egyptian poultry farms using morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and cell-mediated immune responses from damaged cecal tissues were also examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy bird samples from ten-layer flocks of different breeds (Native, white, and brown layers) suffering from diarrhea, decreased egg output, and emaciation were collected. Cecal samples were collected from affected and non-affected birds and were examined for parasitic diseases using light and a scanning electron microscope. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1) gene was used to characterize H. gallinarum. Our results showed that the collected nematodal worms were identified as H. gallinarum (male and female), further confirmed by COX1 gene amplification and sequence alignment. Gene expression analysis of the inflammatory markers in infected tissues showed a significant up-regulation of IL-2, IFN-γ, TLR-4, and IL-1β and a significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. The mRNA level of the apoptotic cas-3 revealed apoptotic activity among the H. gallinarum samples compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results implemented the use of molecular methods for the diagnosis of Heterakis, and this is the first report showing the tissue immune response following infection in layers: upregulation of IL-1β, IFN-γ, Il-2, and TLR-4, while down-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in cecal tissue, Cas-3 apoptotic activity and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)activity with immunophenotyping of T-cells in Heterakis infected tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11221110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00746-w
Miriam Kjörk Granström, Lars Roepstorff, Kjerstin Pettersson, Ingrid Ljungvall, Maria Dimopoulou, Charlie Peck, Annika Bergström
Background: Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis is increasingly practised as a part of lameness evaluation in dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the normal short- and long-term variation in forelimb gait in sound control dogs (CD) at a walk using seven selected variables of objective kinetic and kinematic gait analyses. Also, to compare the findings in CD to a group of forelimb lame dogs with elbow osteoarthritis (OAD). An additional aim was to test a kinetic based graphic method for lameness detection; symmetry squares (SS). A prospective longitudinal study was carried out on client owned CD and OAD. Clinical and orthopaedic evaluations were performed to ensure soundness and detect and grade lameness. Seven kinetic and kinematic variables and SS were tested for lameness evaluation. The CD were divided into two subgroups, CD1 and CD2, and examined twice: CD1 with two months interval and CD2 with 3-4 h interval. The OAD group was evaluated once and compared to the CD groups' first examination.
Results: Thirteen CD and 19 OAD were included. For CD1 and CD2, there were no significant differences in any examined variable between examination occasions. Total peak force/impulse symmetry and fore-hind peak force/impulse symmetry differed significantly between OAD and CD. Symmetry squares had a 74% agreement to subjective orthopaedic evaluations.
Conclusions: In CD, no difference in the examined variables was seen between examination occasions. Four out of seven objective variables differed significantly between CD and OAD. The graphic SS method might have diagnostic potential for lameness detection, making it possible to detect a shift from lame to non-lame limbs. Potentially, this might be especially helpful in bilaterally lame dogs, which often represent a clinical challenge in lameness evaluation.
背景:作为犬跛足评估的一部分,运动学和运动学步态分析的应用越来越广泛。本研究的目的是利用客观运动学和运动学步态分析的七个选定变量,研究健全对照组犬(CD)在步行时前肢步态的正常短期和长期变化。此外,还将 CD 的研究结果与一组患有肘关节骨关节炎 (OAD) 的前肢瘸腿犬进行比较。另外一个目的是测试一种基于运动学的跛足检测图形方法:对称方块(SS)。对客户饲养的 CD 和 OAD 进行了前瞻性纵向研究。对它们进行了临床和矫形评估,以确保其健康状况良好,并对跛行进行检测和分级。在跛行评估中测试了七个动力学和运动学变量以及 SS。CD 组分为 CD1 和 CD2 两组,分别进行两次检查:CD1 组间隔两个月,CD2 组间隔 3-4 小时。对 OAD 组进行一次评估,并与 CD 组的首次检查进行比较:结果:共纳入 13 例 CD 组和 19 例 OAD 组。对于 CD1 和 CD2,不同检查时间的任何检查变量均无显著差异。总峰值力/脉冲对称性和前后峰值力/脉冲对称性在 OAD 和 CD 之间存在显著差异。对称性方格与主观矫形评估的一致性为 74%:在 CD 中,不同检查场合的检查变量没有差异。在七个客观变量中,有四个在 CD 和 OAD 之间存在显著差异。图形 SS 法可能对跛足检测具有诊断潜力,可以检测出跛足肢体向非跛足肢体的转变。这可能对双侧跛行的狗特别有帮助,因为双侧跛行往往是跛行评估中的一个临床难题。
{"title":"Evaluation of forelimb gait variation overground at a walk in sound and lame dogs using a combination of diagnostic techniques.","authors":"Miriam Kjörk Granström, Lars Roepstorff, Kjerstin Pettersson, Ingrid Ljungvall, Maria Dimopoulou, Charlie Peck, Annika Bergström","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00746-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00746-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis is increasingly practised as a part of lameness evaluation in dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the normal short- and long-term variation in forelimb gait in sound control dogs (CD) at a walk using seven selected variables of objective kinetic and kinematic gait analyses. Also, to compare the findings in CD to a group of forelimb lame dogs with elbow osteoarthritis (OAD). An additional aim was to test a kinetic based graphic method for lameness detection; symmetry squares (SS). A prospective longitudinal study was carried out on client owned CD and OAD. Clinical and orthopaedic evaluations were performed to ensure soundness and detect and grade lameness. Seven kinetic and kinematic variables and SS were tested for lameness evaluation. The CD were divided into two subgroups, CD1 and CD2, and examined twice: CD1 with two months interval and CD2 with 3-4 h interval. The OAD group was evaluated once and compared to the CD groups' first examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen CD and 19 OAD were included. For CD1 and CD2, there were no significant differences in any examined variable between examination occasions. Total peak force/impulse symmetry and fore-hind peak force/impulse symmetry differed significantly between OAD and CD. Symmetry squares had a 74% agreement to subjective orthopaedic evaluations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In CD, no difference in the examined variables was seen between examination occasions. Four out of seven objective variables differed significantly between CD and OAD. The graphic SS method might have diagnostic potential for lameness detection, making it possible to detect a shift from lame to non-lame limbs. Potentially, this might be especially helpful in bilaterally lame dogs, which often represent a clinical challenge in lameness evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11191351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141431119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00744-y
Emily Lindh, Anna Meller, Marja Raekallio
Background: Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists (α2-agonists) are widely used in animals as sedatives and for pre-anaesthetic medication. Medetomidine has often been given subcutaneously (SC) to rats, although its absorption rate is slow and the individual variation in serum drug concentrations is high via this route. In addition, α2-agonists have various effects on metabolic and endocrine functions such as hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and diuresis. Vatinoxan is a peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist that, as a hydrophilic molecule, does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant quantities and thus alleviates peripheral cardiovascular effects and adverse metabolic effects of α2-agonists. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vatinoxan on sedation, blood glucose concentration, voiding and heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation in rats sedated with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.
Results: Onset of sedation and loss of righting reflex occurred significantly faster with vatinoxan [5.35 ± 1.08 (mean ± SD) versus 12.97 ± 6.18 min and 6.53 ± 2.18 versus 14.47 ± 7.28 min, respectively]. No significant differences were detected in heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation between treatments. Blood glucose concentration (18.3 ± 3.6 versus 11.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L) and spontaneous urinary voiding [35.9 (15.1-41.6), range (median) versus 0.9 (0-8.0) mL /kg/min] were significantly higher without vatinoxan.
Conclusions: Acceleration of induction of sedation, alleviation of hyperglycaemia and prevention of profuse diuresis by vatinoxan may be beneficial when sedating rats for clinical and experimental purposes with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.
{"title":"Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.","authors":"Emily Lindh, Anna Meller, Marja Raekallio","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00744-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00744-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists (α<sub>2</sub>-agonists) are widely used in animals as sedatives and for pre-anaesthetic medication. Medetomidine has often been given subcutaneously (SC) to rats, although its absorption rate is slow and the individual variation in serum drug concentrations is high via this route. In addition, α<sub>2</sub>-agonists have various effects on metabolic and endocrine functions such as hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and diuresis. Vatinoxan is a peripherally acting α<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor antagonist that, as a hydrophilic molecule, does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant quantities and thus alleviates peripheral cardiovascular effects and adverse metabolic effects of α<sub>2</sub>-agonists. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vatinoxan on sedation, blood glucose concentration, voiding and heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation in rats sedated with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Onset of sedation and loss of righting reflex occurred significantly faster with vatinoxan [5.35 ± 1.08 (mean ± SD) versus 12.97 ± 6.18 min and 6.53 ± 2.18 versus 14.47 ± 7.28 min, respectively]. No significant differences were detected in heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation between treatments. Blood glucose concentration (18.3 ± 3.6 versus 11.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L) and spontaneous urinary voiding [35.9 (15.1-41.6), range (median) versus 0.9 (0-8.0) mL /kg/min] were significantly higher without vatinoxan.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acceleration of induction of sedation, alleviation of hyperglycaemia and prevention of profuse diuresis by vatinoxan may be beneficial when sedating rats for clinical and experimental purposes with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11141047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141186217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00745-x
Sanna Johanna Viitanen, Sabrine Moya Gehani, Anni Maria Tilamaa, Minna Marjaana Rajamäki, Ruud Anthonius Wilhelmus Veldhuizen
Background: A syndrome of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with hunting is prevalent in the drever breed, but etiology of this syndrome is currently unknown. Alveolar surfactant has a critical role in preventing alveolar collapse and edema formation. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether the predisposition to hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is associated with impaired biophysical properties of alveolar surfactant. Seven privately owned drever dogs with recurrent hunting associated pulmonary edema and seven healthy control dogs of other breeds were included in the study. All affected dogs underwent thorough clinical examinations including echocardiography, laryngeal evaluation, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as head, neck and thoracic computed tomography imaging to rule out other cardiorespiratory diseases potentially causing the clinical signs. Alveolar surfactant was isolated from frozen, cell-free supernatants of BAL fluid and biophysical analysis of the samples was completed using a constrained sessile drop surfactometer. Statistical comparisons over consecutive compression expansion cycles were performed using repeated measures ANOVA and comparisons of single values between groups were analyzed using T-test.
Results: There were no significant differences between groups in any of the biophysical outcomes of surfactant analysis. The critical function of surfactant, reducing the surface tension to low values upon compression, was similar between healthy dogs and affected drevers.
Conclusions: The etiology of hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is not due to an underlying surfactant dysfunction.
背景:与狩猎有关的急性非心源性肺水肿综合征在德瑞弗犬种中很普遍,但目前病因不明。肺泡表面活性物质在防止肺泡塌陷和水肿形成方面起着至关重要的作用。本研究的目的是调查德瑞弗犬狩猎相关肺水肿的易感性是否与肺泡表面活性物质的生物物理特性受损有关。研究对象包括七只反复出现狩猎相关性肺水肿的私人饲养的德瑞弗犬和七只其他品种的健康对照犬。所有患犬均接受了全面的临床检查,包括超声心动图、喉部评估、支气管镜检查、支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)以及头颈部和胸部计算机断层扫描成像,以排除可能导致临床症状的其他心肺疾病。肺泡表面活性物质是从冷冻的无细胞BAL液上清液中分离出来的,样本的生物物理分析是使用受限无柄液滴表面活性仪完成的。连续压缩膨胀周期的统计比较采用重复测量方差分析,组间单个值的比较采用 T 检验:结果:在表面活性物质分析的生物物理结果方面,各组之间没有明显差异。表面活性物质的关键功能是在压缩时将表面张力降低到低值,健康犬和患病 drevers 的这一功能相似:德瑞弗犬狩猎相关性肺水肿的病因不是潜在的表面活性物质功能障碍。
{"title":"Biophysical properties of alveolar surfactant in drever dogs with hunting associated pulmonary edema.","authors":"Sanna Johanna Viitanen, Sabrine Moya Gehani, Anni Maria Tilamaa, Minna Marjaana Rajamäki, Ruud Anthonius Wilhelmus Veldhuizen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00745-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00745-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A syndrome of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with hunting is prevalent in the drever breed, but etiology of this syndrome is currently unknown. Alveolar surfactant has a critical role in preventing alveolar collapse and edema formation. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether the predisposition to hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is associated with impaired biophysical properties of alveolar surfactant. Seven privately owned drever dogs with recurrent hunting associated pulmonary edema and seven healthy control dogs of other breeds were included in the study. All affected dogs underwent thorough clinical examinations including echocardiography, laryngeal evaluation, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as well as head, neck and thoracic computed tomography imaging to rule out other cardiorespiratory diseases potentially causing the clinical signs. Alveolar surfactant was isolated from frozen, cell-free supernatants of BAL fluid and biophysical analysis of the samples was completed using a constrained sessile drop surfactometer. Statistical comparisons over consecutive compression expansion cycles were performed using repeated measures ANOVA and comparisons of single values between groups were analyzed using T-test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences between groups in any of the biophysical outcomes of surfactant analysis. The critical function of surfactant, reducing the surface tension to low values upon compression, was similar between healthy dogs and affected drevers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The etiology of hunting associated pulmonary edema in drever dogs is not due to an underlying surfactant dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11143697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141183335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-25DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00743-z
Maiken Gravdal, Ian David Woolsey, Lucy Jane Robertson, Johan Höglund, Christophe Chartier, Snorre Stuen
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have a major impact on sheep production, health, and welfare worldwide. Norway is no exception, but there are only a few studies on the prevalence of GINs in Norwegian sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the current occurrence of the most important nematodes in sheep flocks in Norway. Faecal samples were collected from flocks in 2021/2022, mainly from three geographical regions in Norway, i.e., northern, eastern, and western. In each of 134 flocks included, individual samples from 10 lambs (autumn) were pooled. Third stage larvae (L3) were cultivated and harvested (Baermann method) from the pooled samples. The DNA was then extracted and further analysed using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). This enables assessment of the proportions of the three most important nematode species/genera, i.e., H. contortus, T. circumcincta, and Trichostrongylus. The fractional abundance/relative proportion of each species/genus was assessed by performing duplex assays with universal strongyle and species/genus-specific primers and probe sets. In addition, the occurrence of Nematodirus eggs was assessed by standard faecal egg counts (i.e., McMaster method). Of the 134 flocks sampled, 24 were from the northern region, 31 from eastern, and 71 from western Norway. In addition, some flocks from central (n = 7), and southern (n = 1) Norway were included. Among the sampled flocks, T. circumcincta occurred most commonly (94%), followed by H. contortus (60%) and Trichostrongylus (55%), and Nematodirus (51%). In general, mixed infections were observed, with 38% and 18% of flocks infected with three or all four genera, respectively. The results of this study indicate that GINs are widespread in Norway. Teladorsagia circumcincta seems to be present in most flocks based on this screening. Moreover, the results show that Nematodirus spp. infect lambs throughout the country, predominantly N. battus, and indicate that this nematode has become more abundant, which could lead to an increase in nematodirosis.
{"title":"Occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs in Norway, as assessed by copromicroscopy and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction","authors":"Maiken Gravdal, Ian David Woolsey, Lucy Jane Robertson, Johan Höglund, Christophe Chartier, Snorre Stuen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00743-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-024-00743-z","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have a major impact on sheep production, health, and welfare worldwide. Norway is no exception, but there are only a few studies on the prevalence of GINs in Norwegian sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the current occurrence of the most important nematodes in sheep flocks in Norway. Faecal samples were collected from flocks in 2021/2022, mainly from three geographical regions in Norway, i.e., northern, eastern, and western. In each of 134 flocks included, individual samples from 10 lambs (autumn) were pooled. Third stage larvae (L3) were cultivated and harvested (Baermann method) from the pooled samples. The DNA was then extracted and further analysed using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). This enables assessment of the proportions of the three most important nematode species/genera, i.e., H. contortus, T. circumcincta, and Trichostrongylus. The fractional abundance/relative proportion of each species/genus was assessed by performing duplex assays with universal strongyle and species/genus-specific primers and probe sets. In addition, the occurrence of Nematodirus eggs was assessed by standard faecal egg counts (i.e., McMaster method). Of the 134 flocks sampled, 24 were from the northern region, 31 from eastern, and 71 from western Norway. In addition, some flocks from central (n = 7), and southern (n = 1) Norway were included. Among the sampled flocks, T. circumcincta occurred most commonly (94%), followed by H. contortus (60%) and Trichostrongylus (55%), and Nematodirus (51%). In general, mixed infections were observed, with 38% and 18% of flocks infected with three or all four genera, respectively. The results of this study indicate that GINs are widespread in Norway. Teladorsagia circumcincta seems to be present in most flocks based on this screening. Moreover, the results show that Nematodirus spp. infect lambs throughout the country, predominantly N. battus, and indicate that this nematode has become more abundant, which could lead to an increase in nematodirosis.","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Consumers, the industry, and many farmers have shown increased interest in alternative management systems that allow for cow-calf contact (CCC) and this topic has become an important focus of research for a sustainable dairy industry. Among the many knowledge gaps still existing in this novel research field, there is a need for further research to investigate effects of CCC beyond the nursing period (i.e., after cow-calf separation). Moreover, multi-herd observational studies are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the within-herd effect of CCC on machine milk yield and calf growth beyond separation. In this prospective cohort study, we studied all cows and their calves (Norwegian Red breed) born between September 1st 2021 and January 31th 2022 at three Norwegian dairy farms, investigating the impact of CCC on machine milk yield and calf average daily gain (ADG) after separation of the cow-calf pair. The follow-up period was 305 d for cows and six months for calves. Machine milk yield was automatically registered at each milking and calf heart girth was measured once a month. As various contact durations emerged, they were categorized into three groups: no contact (NC 0-3 d), short duration (4-30 d) and long duration (> 30 d). Data were analyzed with linear mixed models with the individual animal as the unit of interest. For cows, days in milk (DIM) from date of separation up to 305 DIM were included in the analysis as a continuous variable. For calves, age up to 195 d was used in the statistical analysis.
Results: We found no differences in machine milk yield after separation across the different contact groups: cows with no contact (n = 28), short duration (n = 51) and long duration (n = 27) of contact, all exhibited comparable milk yields from the time of separation until the end of lactation. Furthermore, in the case of calves, no disparities in average daily gain (ADG) were identified for any of the contact groups: calves with no contact (n = 39), short duration (n = 61) and long duration (n = 38) of contact, displayed comparable growth during the first six months of life.
Conclusions: Our findings indicate no negative effects of CCC on machine milk yield after separation, nor any sustained effects on calf growth under the conditions of this study. More multi-herd observational studies conducted on-farm is needed to expand the understanding of effects of CCC on cow and calf performance after separation.
{"title":"Comparing the effects of contact duration on cow and calf performance beyond separation - a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Johanne Sørby, Ingrid Hunter Holmøy, Ane Nødtvedt, Sabine Ferneborg, Julie Føske Johnsen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00741-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00741-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Consumers, the industry, and many farmers have shown increased interest in alternative management systems that allow for cow-calf contact (CCC) and this topic has become an important focus of research for a sustainable dairy industry. Among the many knowledge gaps still existing in this novel research field, there is a need for further research to investigate effects of CCC beyond the nursing period (i.e., after cow-calf separation). Moreover, multi-herd observational studies are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the within-herd effect of CCC on machine milk yield and calf growth beyond separation. In this prospective cohort study, we studied all cows and their calves (Norwegian Red breed) born between September 1st 2021 and January 31th 2022 at three Norwegian dairy farms, investigating the impact of CCC on machine milk yield and calf average daily gain (ADG) after separation of the cow-calf pair. The follow-up period was 305 d for cows and six months for calves. Machine milk yield was automatically registered at each milking and calf heart girth was measured once a month. As various contact durations emerged, they were categorized into three groups: no contact (NC 0-3 d), short duration (4-30 d) and long duration (> 30 d). Data were analyzed with linear mixed models with the individual animal as the unit of interest. For cows, days in milk (DIM) from date of separation up to 305 DIM were included in the analysis as a continuous variable. For calves, age up to 195 d was used in the statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found no differences in machine milk yield after separation across the different contact groups: cows with no contact (n = 28), short duration (n = 51) and long duration (n = 27) of contact, all exhibited comparable milk yields from the time of separation until the end of lactation. Furthermore, in the case of calves, no disparities in average daily gain (ADG) were identified for any of the contact groups: calves with no contact (n = 39), short duration (n = 61) and long duration (n = 38) of contact, displayed comparable growth during the first six months of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings indicate no negative effects of CCC on machine milk yield after separation, nor any sustained effects on calf growth under the conditions of this study. More multi-herd observational studies conducted on-farm is needed to expand the understanding of effects of CCC on cow and calf performance after separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11110400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00740-2
Niels Vander Elst
Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases breaking down the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, represent a groundbreaking class of novel antimicrobials to revolutionize the veterinary medicine field. Wild-type endolysins exhibit a modular structure, consisting of enzymatically active and cell wall-binding domains, that enable genetic engineering strategies for the creation of chimeric fusion proteins or so-called 'engineered endolysins'. This biotechnological approach has yielded variants with modified lytic spectrums, introducing new possibilities in antimicrobial development. However, the discovery of highly similar endolysins by different groups has occasionally resulted in the assignment of different names that complicate a straightforward comparison. The aim of this review was to perform a homology-based comparison of the wild-type and engineered endolysins that have been characterized in the context of bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci, grouping homologous endolysins with ≥ 95.0% protein sequence similarity. Literature is explored by homologous groups for the wild-type endolysins, followed by a chronological examination of engineered endolysins according to their year of publication. This review concludes that the wild-type endolysins encountered persistent challenges in raw milk and in vivo settings, causing a notable shift in the field towards the engineering of endolysins. Lead candidates that display robust lytic activity are nowadays selected from screening assays that are performed under these challenging conditions, often utilizing advanced high-throughput protein engineering methods. Overall, these recent advancements suggest that endolysins will integrate into the antibiotic arsenal over the next decade, thereby innovating antimicrobial treatment against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci.
{"title":"Bacteriophage-derived endolysins as innovative antimicrobials against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci: a state-of-the-art review.","authors":"Niels Vander Elst","doi":"10.1186/s13028-024-00740-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-024-00740-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases breaking down the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, represent a groundbreaking class of novel antimicrobials to revolutionize the veterinary medicine field. Wild-type endolysins exhibit a modular structure, consisting of enzymatically active and cell wall-binding domains, that enable genetic engineering strategies for the creation of chimeric fusion proteins or so-called 'engineered endolysins'. This biotechnological approach has yielded variants with modified lytic spectrums, introducing new possibilities in antimicrobial development. However, the discovery of highly similar endolysins by different groups has occasionally resulted in the assignment of different names that complicate a straightforward comparison. The aim of this review was to perform a homology-based comparison of the wild-type and engineered endolysins that have been characterized in the context of bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci, grouping homologous endolysins with ≥ 95.0% protein sequence similarity. Literature is explored by homologous groups for the wild-type endolysins, followed by a chronological examination of engineered endolysins according to their year of publication. This review concludes that the wild-type endolysins encountered persistent challenges in raw milk and in vivo settings, causing a notable shift in the field towards the engineering of endolysins. Lead candidates that display robust lytic activity are nowadays selected from screening assays that are performed under these challenging conditions, often utilizing advanced high-throughput protein engineering methods. Overall, these recent advancements suggest that endolysins will integrate into the antibiotic arsenal over the next decade, thereby innovating antimicrobial treatment against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11106882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141069732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}