Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.46439/addiction.2.007
Ann Aschengrau, Michael R Winter, Margaret G Shea
Few studies have been conducted on the relationship between "outside-residing" resilience characteristics and the risk of developing drug use disorder later in life. These characteristics include responsive and caring parenting, household routines involving regular family meals and bedtime routines, social support from peers, participation in organized activities, and religious service attendance. We quantified the association between these resilience promotion factors during childhood and the risk of developing criteria for drug use disorder during adulthood using data from a retrospective cohort study of 618 adults born in Massachusetts during 1969-1983, including those with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Self-administered questionnaires gathered information on criteria for drug use disorder, ACEs, and family and community resilience promotion factors. Compared to individuals with "low" numbers of resilience promotion factors, 30% (95% CI: 0.5-0.9) and 50% reductions (95% CI: 0.4-0.8) in the risk of developing one or more criteria for drug use disorder were observed among those with "moderate" and "high" numbers of resilience factors, respectively (p value for trend=0.003). Overall, family factors were associated with greater risk reductions than comparable numbers of community factors. Among individuals with ACEs, a "high" number of family factors but not community factors were associated with a reduction in risk (RR:0.6, 95% CI:0.4-1.0 for family factors, RR:1.0, 95% CI:0.5-1.8 for community factors). These results suggest that the risk of developing criteria for drug use disorder decreases in a dose-response fashion according to the number of "outside-residing" resilience promotion factors during childhood, and that family factors are associated with greater risk reductions than community factors, particularly among individuals with ACEs. Coordinated prevention efforts at the family and community level are recommended to reduce the risk of this important societal problem.
{"title":"Association between resilience promotion factors during childhood and risk of drug use disorder during adulthood.","authors":"Ann Aschengrau, Michael R Winter, Margaret G Shea","doi":"10.46439/addiction.2.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.2.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Few studies have been conducted on the relationship between \"outside-residing\" resilience characteristics and the risk of developing drug use disorder later in life. These characteristics include responsive and caring parenting, household routines involving regular family meals and bedtime routines, social support from peers, participation in organized activities, and religious service attendance. We quantified the association between these resilience promotion factors during childhood and the risk of developing criteria for drug use disorder during adulthood using data from a retrospective cohort study of 618 adults born in Massachusetts during 1969-1983, including those with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Self-administered questionnaires gathered information on criteria for drug use disorder, ACEs, and family and community resilience promotion factors. Compared to individuals with \"low\" numbers of resilience promotion factors, 30% (95% CI: 0.5-0.9) and 50% reductions (95% CI: 0.4-0.8) in the risk of developing one or more criteria for drug use disorder were observed among those with \"moderate\" and \"high\" numbers of resilience factors, respectively (p value for trend=0.003). Overall, family factors were associated with greater risk reductions than comparable numbers of community factors. Among individuals with ACEs, a \"high\" number of family factors but not community factors were associated with a reduction in risk (RR:0.6, 95% CI:0.4-1.0 for family factors, RR:1.0, 95% CI:0.5-1.8 for community factors). These results suggest that the risk of developing criteria for drug use disorder decreases in a dose-response fashion according to the number of \"outside-residing\" resilience promotion factors during childhood, and that family factors are associated with greater risk reductions than community factors, particularly among individuals with ACEs. Coordinated prevention efforts at the family and community level are recommended to reduce the risk of this important societal problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10326717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.006
{"title":"Clay eating in pregnancy in French Guiana: How does one understand the practices and act for prevention?","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73484641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.003
AM El-Essawy, Ahmed MA Shihata, Emad HA Mohamed
has a binding affinity CB1 receptor that is four times greater than of THC and ten than Abstract In recent years, various types of synthetic cannabinoids have become widely distributed and are causing social and health problems in most parts of the world. Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances. Those that have been subjected to legal control are replaced by newer controlled and uncontrolled substances. Some of the most recent synthetic cannabinoids that have distributed on the market among youth are FUB-AMB and AB-FUBINACA. This study quantified blood and urine of two cases smoking tobacco mixed with AMB-FUB 0.06-0.03 ng/mL and 1.7-2.9 ng/mL AB-FUB in urine and blood respectively.
{"title":"Detection of some synthetic cannabinoids (FUB-AMB and AB-FUBINACA) in blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry liquid–liquid extraction","authors":"AM El-Essawy, Ahmed MA Shihata, Emad HA Mohamed","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"has a binding affinity CB1 receptor that is four times greater than of THC and ten than Abstract In recent years, various types of synthetic cannabinoids have become widely distributed and are causing social and health problems in most parts of the world. Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances. Those that have been subjected to legal control are replaced by newer controlled and uncontrolled substances. Some of the most recent synthetic cannabinoids that have distributed on the market among youth are FUB-AMB and AB-FUBINACA. This study quantified blood and urine of two cases smoking tobacco mixed with AMB-FUB 0.06-0.03 ng/mL and 1.7-2.9 ng/mL AB-FUB in urine and blood respectively.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86571453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.004
{"title":"Suicide, opioids, chronic pain, and mental health disorders: a narrative review","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89856625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.001
Mark A. Stillman, S. T. Daddis
A variety of behavioral, environmental, developmental, and genetic factors have been documented as contributing to the development of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) in youth. For example, it has been suggested that things such as the perceived availability of substances, familial history of antisocial behavior, and personal attitudes favorable towards drug use all have strong correlations to the development of substance use in youth [1]. What’s especially troubling is that use initiation at younger ages is also correlated with stronger likelihoods of developing a SUD [2]. Thus, it is crucial that researchers continue to explore contributing factors to youth’s likelihood of substance use.
{"title":"Portrayal of substance use in media and its effects on substance use disorders among youth","authors":"Mark A. Stillman, S. T. Daddis","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of behavioral, environmental, developmental, and genetic factors have been documented as contributing to the development of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) in youth. For example, it has been suggested that things such as the perceived availability of substances, familial history of antisocial behavior, and personal attitudes favorable towards drug use all have strong correlations to the development of substance use in youth [1]. What’s especially troubling is that use initiation at younger ages is also correlated with stronger likelihoods of developing a SUD [2]. Thus, it is crucial that researchers continue to explore contributing factors to youth’s likelihood of substance use.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88088543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.005
P. Lee
It has long been clear that cigarette smoking is causally linked to many diseases, particularly lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and various forms of cardiovascular disease. For lung cancer, for example, a meta-analysis my colleagues and I conducted, based on epidemiological evidence published in the 1900s [1], estimated that current smoker/never smoker relative risks, were around 10 in North America and Europe, though lower (around three) in Asia. They were higher for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma, were very strongly related to amount smoked, and declined with increasing years of cessation of smoking.
{"title":"Filter ventilation and the risk associated with cigarette smoking","authors":"P. Lee","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been clear that cigarette smoking is causally linked to many diseases, particularly lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and various forms of cardiovascular disease. For lung cancer, for example, a meta-analysis my colleagues and I conducted, based on epidemiological evidence published in the 1900s [1], estimated that current smoker/never smoker relative risks, were around 10 in North America and Europe, though lower (around three) in Asia. They were higher for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma, were very strongly related to amount smoked, and declined with increasing years of cessation of smoking.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88072226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.46439/addiction.1.002
Mark A. Stillman, Jane Sutcliff
linear new multiple Abstract This paper reviews the literature discussing the various biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors contributing to the risk of relapse for individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Identifying these risk factors and understanding their complex interactions in contributing to relapse vulnerability is crucial to improving relapse prevention interventions and outcomes. The impact of chronic alcohol abuse on brain structure and function are discussed. Specifically, altered reward circuitry, modified stress pathways, and compromised frontal white matter integrity in regions associated with decision making, impulse control, and executive functioning are identified as risk factors associated with predicting long- term abstinence. Neural adaptations increased craving, which has been attributed to relapse vulnerability. The literature examined alcohol attentional-bias, coping style, early onset alcohol dependence, duration of treatment, attendance at AA, personality traits, self-efficacy, comorbid depression, deficits in social cognition, interpersonal relationships, and facial emotion recognition ability as risk factors that may be predictive of relapse. Clinicians should encourage AA attendance, treat depressive symptoms, address coping mechanisms, and enhance social support in the first year of abstinence. Future studies that focus on establishing the strength of the predictability of these risk factors, as well as identifying protective factors, could make substantive contributions to improving outcomes for individuals who are most vulnerable to the relapse process. Identifying risk factors at the brain and biological level could establish biomarkers for relapse risk, which would have implications for clinical practice and treatment of AUD by enhancing targeted interventions and individualized care.
{"title":"Predictors of relapse in alcohol use disorder: Identifying individuals most vulnerable to relapse","authors":"Mark A. Stillman, Jane Sutcliff","doi":"10.46439/addiction.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/addiction.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"linear new multiple Abstract This paper reviews the literature discussing the various biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors contributing to the risk of relapse for individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Identifying these risk factors and understanding their complex interactions in contributing to relapse vulnerability is crucial to improving relapse prevention interventions and outcomes. The impact of chronic alcohol abuse on brain structure and function are discussed. Specifically, altered reward circuitry, modified stress pathways, and compromised frontal white matter integrity in regions associated with decision making, impulse control, and executive functioning are identified as risk factors associated with predicting long- term abstinence. Neural adaptations increased craving, which has been attributed to relapse vulnerability. The literature examined alcohol attentional-bias, coping style, early onset alcohol dependence, duration of treatment, attendance at AA, personality traits, self-efficacy, comorbid depression, deficits in social cognition, interpersonal relationships, and facial emotion recognition ability as risk factors that may be predictive of relapse. Clinicians should encourage AA attendance, treat depressive symptoms, address coping mechanisms, and enhance social support in the first year of abstinence. Future studies that focus on establishing the strength of the predictability of these risk factors, as well as identifying protective factors, could make substantive contributions to improving outcomes for individuals who are most vulnerable to the relapse process. Identifying risk factors at the brain and biological level could establish biomarkers for relapse risk, which would have implications for clinical practice and treatment of AUD by enhancing targeted interventions and individualized care.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78894399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-8449-0.CH003
Zaheer Hussain, H. Pontes
Research into technological addictions, such as Internet addiction, smartphone addiction and social networking addiction has greatly increased. It is important to understand how technological addictions may be related to different personality types and key individual differences associated to personality. This chapter provides empirical and conceptual insights into how technological addictions may be related to different personality types and key individual differences associated to personality. This chapter focuses on a number of technological addictions and illustrates how research and theory in this area has developed in relation to commonly researched personality traits (e.g., extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and narcissism) and key individual differences related to personality (e.g., personality disorders). The complex nature of personality and technological addictions is discussed together with areas for future research.
{"title":"Personality, Internet Addiction, and Other Technological Addictions","authors":"Zaheer Hussain, H. Pontes","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-8449-0.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8449-0.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"Research into technological addictions, such as Internet addiction, smartphone addiction and social networking addiction has greatly increased. It is important to understand how technological addictions may be related to different personality types and key individual differences associated to personality. This chapter provides empirical and conceptual insights into how technological addictions may be related to different personality types and key individual differences associated to personality. This chapter focuses on a number of technological addictions and illustrates how research and theory in this area has developed in relation to commonly researched personality traits (e.g., extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and narcissism) and key individual differences related to personality (e.g., personality disorders). The complex nature of personality and technological addictions is discussed together with areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80091690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0519-8.CH006
P. Sinha, Amit Garg, P. Khanna, A. Khanna
There is vast literature available about prevalence and pattern of substance use in patients with Chronic mental illness such as Schizophrenia. Many of these studies have also investigated the issues related to the impact of substance use on the course and prognosis of the mental illness and vice versa. The factors affecting the use and its impact on treatment have also been studied to some extent in the Western countries. Estimates of the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder vary as a function of settings (e.g., community, hospital-in-patient vs. out-patient), demographic characteristics of the sample and assessment methods, with most prevalence rates ranging between15% to 65%. Patients with Chronic Mental illnesses and Substance use disorders are difficult to treat and many models for their management have been proposed. This chapter will deal with some of these issues.
{"title":"Management of Chronic Mental Illnesses and Substance Use Disorders","authors":"P. Sinha, Amit Garg, P. Khanna, A. Khanna","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-0519-8.CH006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0519-8.CH006","url":null,"abstract":"There is vast literature available about prevalence and pattern of substance use in patients with Chronic mental illness such as Schizophrenia. Many of these studies have also investigated the issues related to the impact of substance use on the course and prognosis of the mental illness and vice versa. The factors affecting the use and its impact on treatment have also been studied to some extent in the Western countries. Estimates of the prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia and major affective disorder vary as a function of settings (e.g., community, hospital-in-patient vs. out-patient), demographic characteristics of the sample and assessment methods, with most prevalence rates ranging between15% to 65%. Patients with Chronic Mental illnesses and Substance use disorders are difficult to treat and many models for their management have been proposed. This chapter will deal with some of these issues.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80104524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7666-2.ch008
M. Strand, Donald Warne
Type 2 diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse exist in many populations as co-morbidities. These conditions contribute to worsened health status and lost productivity. Such diseases also contribute to high medical expenses and other societal costs. Diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse are individually associated with compromised financial status. Treating these combined conditions as a syndrome rather than as isolated disease states may result in improved quality of care, better health outcomes, and reduced costs to society. A conceptual model that could be used to address this triad is the Social Ecological Model in which intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and community factors as well as public policy are considered for their impact on outcomes. The triad of diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse may have common etiological factors such as social isolation and poverty, and such a holistic approach to the common determinants underlying all three conditions holds out the most hope to reduce both the prevalence of this unique disease triad and the associated costs to society.
{"title":"The Diabetes, Depression, and Alcohol Triad","authors":"M. Strand, Donald Warne","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7666-2.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7666-2.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse exist in many populations as co-morbidities. These conditions contribute to worsened health status and lost productivity. Such diseases also contribute to high medical expenses and other societal costs. Diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse are individually associated with compromised financial status. Treating these combined conditions as a syndrome rather than as isolated disease states may result in improved quality of care, better health outcomes, and reduced costs to society. A conceptual model that could be used to address this triad is the Social Ecological Model in which intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and community factors as well as public policy are considered for their impact on outcomes. The triad of diabetes, depression and alcohol abuse may have common etiological factors such as social isolation and poverty, and such a holistic approach to the common determinants underlying all three conditions holds out the most hope to reduce both the prevalence of this unique disease triad and the associated costs to society.","PeriodicalId":72066,"journal":{"name":"Addiction and substance abuse","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74929369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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