I. Paraboschi, Federica Farneti, L. Jannello, G. Manzoni, A. Berrettini, G. Mantica
More recently, there has been a substantial increase in the use of fluorophores to guide open and laparoscopic procedures with the ultimate aim to optimize both oncological and functional outcomes and to reduce operative time and blood loss. Fluorescent dyes are currently adopted to allow safer and more accurate dissections during both oncological and reconstructive procedures thanks to their ability of highlighting tumour margins and tissue vascularization. Urology is one of the fields in which fluorescenceguided surgery (FGS) has proved to be most useful. In particular, it has assumed a pivotal role in the surgical treatment of oncological patients affected by kidney, bladder, prostate and penis cancers and in the management of paediatric urological conditions. This review aims to provide an update on the use of FGS in adult and paediatric urology, drawing attention to its most recent and interesting applications in this very innovative field of research. Although FGS has been only recently introduced in the clinical scenario, it can be already considered a powerful tool to improve oncological, anatomical and functional outcomes in both adult and paediatric urology. An increased identification of lymph nodes (LNs), a more accurate visualization of tumour margins and a better definition of blood supply and lymphatic drainage have proved to be greatly beneficial for patients undergoing urological procedures, whether they are adults or children. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are still needed to draw firm conclusions and to confirm its benefits in
{"title":"Narrative review on applications of fluorescence-guided surgery in adult and paediatric urology","authors":"I. Paraboschi, Federica Farneti, L. Jannello, G. Manzoni, A. Berrettini, G. Mantica","doi":"10.21037/amj-20-194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-20-194","url":null,"abstract":"More recently, there has been a substantial increase in the use of fluorophores to guide open and laparoscopic procedures with the ultimate aim to optimize both oncological and functional outcomes and to reduce operative time and blood loss. Fluorescent dyes are currently adopted to allow safer and more accurate dissections during both oncological and reconstructive procedures thanks to their ability of highlighting tumour margins and tissue vascularization. Urology is one of the fields in which fluorescenceguided surgery (FGS) has proved to be most useful. In particular, it has assumed a pivotal role in the surgical treatment of oncological patients affected by kidney, bladder, prostate and penis cancers and in the management of paediatric urological conditions. This review aims to provide an update on the use of FGS in adult and paediatric urology, drawing attention to its most recent and interesting applications in this very innovative field of research. Although FGS has been only recently introduced in the clinical scenario, it can be already considered a powerful tool to improve oncological, anatomical and functional outcomes in both adult and paediatric urology. An increased identification of lymph nodes (LNs), a more accurate visualization of tumour margins and a better definition of blood supply and lymphatic drainage have proved to be greatly beneficial for patients undergoing urological procedures, whether they are adults or children. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are still needed to draw firm conclusions and to confirm its benefits in","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44347358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contemporary narrative review: a clinically oriented interpretation of incidental radiological findings for common cardiovascular computed tomography scans","authors":"Apichaya Sripariwuth, Temphon Kruamak, Bo Xu","doi":"10.21037/amj-21-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-21-30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney is a benign vascular neoplasm composed of thin-walled anastomosing blood vessels. Anastomosing haemangiomas are exceptionally rare. Approximately 75 cases have been described in the literature. The mean age of patients at diagnosis is 49 years (range, 10–83 years). There is a slight male predominance with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Patients present with non-specific symptoms including abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal mass. Anastomosing haemangiomas are spongy and well circumscribed mahogany brown masses without necrosis. These tumours are usually unilateral and solitary. Microscopically, the tumours are composed of anastomosing capillary-sized blood vessels lined by a single layer of bland endothelial cells. Anastomosing haemangiomas are positive for ERG, CD31, CD34, factor VIII-related antigen and FLI1. These tumours harbour recurrent somatic mutations in the GNAQ gene and its paralogue, GNA14. The considerable overlap of clinical features and imaging characteristics between anastomosing haemangioma and other vascular tumours of the kidney, particularly primary renal angiosarcoma, makes diagnosis quite challenging. Unlike primary renal angiosarcoma, anastomosing haemangioma has an excellent prognosis with no risk of recurrence or metastasis. For this reason, anastomosing haemangioma must be distinguished from primary renal angiosarcoma. Awareness of anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney is essential to avoiding misdiagnosis of primary renal angiosarcoma and preventing unnecessary aggressive treatment.
{"title":"Clinicopathological and genetic features of anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney: a narrative review","authors":"A. Omiyale, J. Carton","doi":"10.21037/AMJ-20-181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AMJ-20-181","url":null,"abstract":": Anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney is a benign vascular neoplasm composed of thin-walled anastomosing blood vessels. Anastomosing haemangiomas are exceptionally rare. Approximately 75 cases have been described in the literature. The mean age of patients at diagnosis is 49 years (range, 10–83 years). There is a slight male predominance with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Patients present with non-specific symptoms including abdominal pain, haematuria, and abdominal mass. Anastomosing haemangiomas are spongy and well circumscribed mahogany brown masses without necrosis. These tumours are usually unilateral and solitary. Microscopically, the tumours are composed of anastomosing capillary-sized blood vessels lined by a single layer of bland endothelial cells. Anastomosing haemangiomas are positive for ERG, CD31, CD34, factor VIII-related antigen and FLI1. These tumours harbour recurrent somatic mutations in the GNAQ gene and its paralogue, GNA14. The considerable overlap of clinical features and imaging characteristics between anastomosing haemangioma and other vascular tumours of the kidney, particularly primary renal angiosarcoma, makes diagnosis quite challenging. Unlike primary renal angiosarcoma, anastomosing haemangioma has an excellent prognosis with no risk of recurrence or metastasis. For this reason, anastomosing haemangioma must be distinguished from primary renal angiosarcoma. Awareness of anastomosing haemangioma of the kidney is essential to avoiding misdiagnosis of primary renal angiosarcoma and preventing unnecessary aggressive treatment.","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49403072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. While targeted therapies have offered promise for a small subset of patients with driver mutations, usually found among light/neversmokers, the majority arise among heavy smokers are usually not benefited. Immune checkpoint inhibition has instead offered greater promise in this larger cohort of patients. This observation has led to greater attention to the immune components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and a model of tumor immunoediting has emerged in which cancer evolves through phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The chief effector cell in this process is the cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) which can be measured quantitatively using immunohistochemistry for CD8. While the density of this population within primary tumors and their metastasis is prognostic in advanced stage disease of both small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the prognostic significance is more variable in early stage disease and in particular among adenocarcinoma (LUAD) which are heterogenous in their morphology, biology, and risk factor associations. The anti-tumor role of CTL is dependent on a host of immune cell interactions which can be measured by assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) on routine H&E staining as well as specific dendritic cell populations associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) using immunohistochemistry for LAMP or regulatory T-cells (Treg) using FoxP3. Finally, tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and neutrophils (TAN) may polarize to promote (M1 or N1) or inhibit (M2 or N2) CTL effectiveness and can be measured using a variety of immunohistochemical approaches. Herein we review the immunopathologic features of TME in lung cancer and their prognostic associations.
{"title":"Narrative review of the pathologic assessment of immune response in lung cancer","authors":"Hanqiao Zheng, I. Yambayev, A. Shevtsov, E. Burks","doi":"10.21037/AMJ-20-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AMJ-20-115","url":null,"abstract":"Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. While targeted therapies have offered promise for a small subset of patients with driver mutations, usually found among light/neversmokers, the majority arise among heavy smokers are usually not benefited. Immune checkpoint inhibition has instead offered greater promise in this larger cohort of patients. This observation has led to greater attention to the immune components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and a model of tumor immunoediting has emerged in which cancer evolves through phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The chief effector cell in this process is the cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) which can be measured quantitatively using immunohistochemistry for CD8. While the density of this population within primary tumors and their metastasis is prognostic in advanced stage disease of both small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the prognostic significance is more variable in early stage disease and in particular among adenocarcinoma (LUAD) which are heterogenous in their morphology, biology, and risk factor associations. The anti-tumor role of CTL is dependent on a host of immune cell interactions which can be measured by assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) on routine H&E staining as well as specific dendritic cell populations associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) using immunohistochemistry for LAMP or regulatory T-cells (Treg) using FoxP3. Finally, tumor associated macrophages (TAM) and neutrophils (TAN) may polarize to promote (M1 or N1) or inhibit (M2 or N2) CTL effectiveness and can be measured using a variety of immunohistochemical approaches. Herein we review the immunopathologic features of TME in lung cancer and their prognostic associations.","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47000102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cancer immunotherapies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 relieve tumour induced immune suppression and induce durable tumour regression. When used alone or in combination with other modalities, immune checkpoint inhibitors have had a remarkable clinical impact on the treatment of multiple tumour sites including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This makes neoadjuvant immunotherapy an attractive option for use in early stage NSCLC. Currently, immunotherapy is used in the UK in both a curative and palliative setting. The use of neoadjuvant immunotherapy has the potential benefit of pathological downstaging prior to surgery, which may facilitate radical approaches to surgery— potentially conferring an improvement in overall survival. This literature review examines current literature and evidence on the use of immunotherapy prior to surgery, both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. We conclude that neoadjuvant immunotherapy is a safe and feasible option for patients with resectable early stage NSCLC. Further investigation is required to determine whether a combined approach with chemotherapy or single agent immunotherapy is superior. Confirmatory Phase III clinical trials are ongoing to assess longer clinical impact on event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS) and OS. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also needed in this setting, and ongoing work is being conducted to investigate this further.
{"title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in early stage non-small cell lung cancer","authors":"Karen Chan, Van Ren Sim, A. Billé, K. Zaki","doi":"10.21037/AMJ-20-183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AMJ-20-183","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer immunotherapies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 relieve tumour induced immune suppression and induce durable tumour regression. When used alone or in combination with other modalities, immune checkpoint inhibitors have had a remarkable clinical impact on the treatment of multiple tumour sites including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This makes neoadjuvant immunotherapy an attractive option for use in early stage NSCLC. Currently, immunotherapy is used in the UK in both a curative and palliative setting. The use of neoadjuvant immunotherapy has the potential benefit of pathological downstaging prior to surgery, which may facilitate radical approaches to surgery— potentially conferring an improvement in overall survival. This literature review examines current literature and evidence on the use of immunotherapy prior to surgery, both as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. We conclude that neoadjuvant immunotherapy is a safe and feasible option for patients with resectable early stage NSCLC. Further investigation is required to determine whether a combined approach with chemotherapy or single agent immunotherapy is superior. Confirmatory Phase III clinical trials are ongoing to assess longer clinical impact on event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS) and OS. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers are also needed in this setting, and ongoing work is being conducted to investigate this further.","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48307876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radiation therapy is an important treatment option for management of pelvic organ malignancies including urologic, gynecologic, and gastrointestinal cancers (1). Radiation toxicity results from DNA and cellular damage of healthy tissue in the radiation field and can ultimately lead to tissue necrosis or fibrosis. Radiation therapy of abdominal and pelvic malignancies can cause delayed adverse functional and anatomical effects that involve portions of the urinary tract, such as the ureters, bladder, and posterior urethra. These adverse effects are believed to result from damage to urinary tract epithelium and microvasculature (2,3). Ureteral stricture, contracted bladder, rectourethral fistula, bladder neck contracture, and urethral stricture disease are among the long-term toxicities Review Article
{"title":"Frontiers in post-radiation urologic reconstruction; robotic surgery and near-infrared fluorescence imaging: A Narrative Review","authors":"A. Elbakry, M. M. Pan, J. Buckley","doi":"10.21037/amj-21-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-21-3","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation therapy is an important treatment option for management of pelvic organ malignancies including urologic, gynecologic, and gastrointestinal cancers (1). Radiation toxicity results from DNA and cellular damage of healthy tissue in the radiation field and can ultimately lead to tissue necrosis or fibrosis. Radiation therapy of abdominal and pelvic malignancies can cause delayed adverse functional and anatomical effects that involve portions of the urinary tract, such as the ureters, bladder, and posterior urethra. These adverse effects are believed to result from damage to urinary tract epithelium and microvasculature (2,3). Ureteral stricture, contracted bladder, rectourethral fistula, bladder neck contracture, and urethral stricture disease are among the long-term toxicities Review Article","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43928873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prognostic significance of nodal metastasis in thymic malignancies: a narrative review of the current evidence","authors":"W. K. Hui, P. V. Van Schil","doi":"10.21037/amj-21-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-21-34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42347868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zachary R. Burns, Vijay Vishwanath, Brian Ceballos, J. Selph
: Pelvic radiotherapy for the treatment of malignancy is known to cause unintended urinary toxicity including urinary retention and urethral stricture disease (USD). In the treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy, the reported rate of USD is between 1.7–5.2% while urinary toxicity has been reported in as high as 16% of patients that undergo radiotherapy for the treatment of rectal cancer. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate literature regarding the role of pelvic radiotherapy in causing urinary retention and to discuss the unique treatment considerations for urinary retention in the irradiated man ranging from urinary catheter placement to transurethral dilation (UD) to open surgical repair.
{"title":"Evaluation and management of urinary retention after pelvic radiation therapy: a narrative review","authors":"Zachary R. Burns, Vijay Vishwanath, Brian Ceballos, J. Selph","doi":"10.21037/AMJ-20-170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AMJ-20-170","url":null,"abstract":": Pelvic radiotherapy for the treatment of malignancy is known to cause unintended urinary toxicity including urinary retention and urethral stricture disease (USD). In the treatment of prostate cancer with radiotherapy, the reported rate of USD is between 1.7–5.2% while urinary toxicity has been reported in as high as 16% of patients that undergo radiotherapy for the treatment of rectal cancer. The purpose of this review article is to evaluate literature regarding the role of pelvic radiotherapy in causing urinary retention and to discuss the unique treatment considerations for urinary retention in the irradiated man ranging from urinary catheter placement to transurethral dilation (UD) to open surgical repair.","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41410407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Stremmel, W. Stremmel, O. Kadioglu, T. Efferth, R. Weiskirchen
Background: The hallmarks of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are inflammation, ongoing liver cell damage, and the accumulation of hepatic fat. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood yet, there is clear evidence that disease progression is associated with an increased ratio of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is an indicator of elevated phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity. The isoform iPLA 2 β is a member of the fatty acid uptake complex and has an intrinsic capability to generate LPC, while the bile acid phospholipid conjugate, ursodeoxycholate-lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) inhibits iPLA 2 β and suppresses pro-inflammatory LPC generation in a dose-dependent mode. However, the precise mode of activity of this inhibition is still enigmatic. Methods: In the present study, we used in silico techniques for predicting the potential docking sites of UDCA-LPE in iPLA 2 β . Results: We identified a region between Phe84 and Leu125 that should have a large affinity for UDCA-LPE. The proposed docking site is nearly identical with those that were determined for binding of pyrrophenone to the evolutionarily conserved PLA 2 α . Conclusions: The affinity of UDCA-LPE for iPLA 2 β might explain the rationale for the efficacy of UDCA-LPE in preventing hepatic fatty acid uptake. acts independent phospholipase A
{"title":"The bile acid phospholipid conjugate ursodeoxycholate lysophoshatidylethanolamide acts by binding to calcium independent membrane phospholipase A2 type beta","authors":"C. Stremmel, W. Stremmel, O. Kadioglu, T. Efferth, R. Weiskirchen","doi":"10.21037/AMJ-21-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/AMJ-21-10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The hallmarks of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are inflammation, ongoing liver cell damage, and the accumulation of hepatic fat. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood yet, there is clear evidence that disease progression is associated with an increased ratio of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is an indicator of elevated phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity. The isoform iPLA 2 β is a member of the fatty acid uptake complex and has an intrinsic capability to generate LPC, while the bile acid phospholipid conjugate, ursodeoxycholate-lysophosphatidylethanolamide (UDCA-LPE) inhibits iPLA 2 β and suppresses pro-inflammatory LPC generation in a dose-dependent mode. However, the precise mode of activity of this inhibition is still enigmatic. Methods: In the present study, we used in silico techniques for predicting the potential docking sites of UDCA-LPE in iPLA 2 β . Results: We identified a region between Phe84 and Leu125 that should have a large affinity for UDCA-LPE. The proposed docking site is nearly identical with those that were determined for binding of pyrrophenone to the evolutionarily conserved PLA 2 α . Conclusions: The affinity of UDCA-LPE for iPLA 2 β might explain the rationale for the efficacy of UDCA-LPE in preventing hepatic fatty acid uptake. acts independent phospholipase A","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43792842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Gassler, A. Press, F. Rauchfuß, B. Theis, E. Kaemmerer
{"title":"Etiology–histomorphology–entity correlation in liver pathology: a narrative review","authors":"N. Gassler, A. Press, F. Rauchfuß, B. Theis, E. Kaemmerer","doi":"10.21037/amj-21-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21037/amj-21-33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72157,"journal":{"name":"AME medical journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43173932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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