Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the motor neuron degeneration that eventually leads to complete paralysis and death within 2-5 years after disease onset. One of the major pathological hallmark of ALS is abnormal accumulation of inclusions containing TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). TDP-43 is normally found in the nucleus, but in ALS, it localizes in the cytoplasm as inclusions as well as in the nucleus. Loss of nuclear TDP-43 functions likely contributes to neurodegeneration. TBPH is the Drosophila ortholog of human TDP-43. In the present study, we confirmed that Drosophila models harboring TBPH knockdown develop locomotive deficits and degeneration of motoneurons (MNs) due to loss of its nuclear functions, recapitulating the human ALS phenotypes. We previously suggested that ter94, the Drosophila ortholog of human Valosin-containing protein (VCP), is a modulator of degeneration in MNs induced by knockdown of Caz, the Drosophila ortholog of human FUS. In this study, to determine the effects of VCP on TDP-43-assosiated ALS pathogenic processes, we examined genetic interactions between TBPH and ter94. Overexpression of ter94 suppressed the compound eye degeneration caused by TBPH knockdown and suppressed the morbid phenotypes caused by neuron-specific TBPH knockdown, such as locomotive dysfunction and degeneration of MN terminals. Further immunocytochemical analyses revealed that the suppression is caused by restoring the cytoplasmically mislocalized TBPH back to the nucleus. In consistent with these observations, a loss-of-function mutation of ter94 enhanced the compound eye degeneration caused by TBPH knockdown, and partially enhanced the locomotive dysfunction caused by TBPH knockdown. Our data demonstrated that expression levels of ter94 influenced the phenotypes caused by TBPH knockdown, and indicate that reagents that up-regulate the function of human VCP could modify MN degeneration in ALS caused by TDP-43 mislocalization.
{"title":"Overexpression of <i>ter94</i>, <i>Drosophila VCP</i>, improves motor neuron degeneration induced by knockdown of <i>TBPH</i>, <i>Drosophila TDP-43</i>.","authors":"Yukie Kushimura, Takahiko Tokuda, Yumiko Azuma, Itaru Yamamoto, Ikuko Mizuta, Toshiki Mizuno, Masanori Nakagawa, Morio Ueyama, Yoshitaka Nagai, Hideki Yoshida, Masamitsu Yamaguchi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the motor neuron degeneration that eventually leads to complete paralysis and death within 2-5 years after disease onset. One of the major pathological hallmark of ALS is abnormal accumulation of inclusions containing TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). TDP-43 is normally found in the nucleus, but in ALS, it localizes in the cytoplasm as inclusions as well as in the nucleus. Loss of nuclear TDP-43 functions likely contributes to neurodegeneration. <i>TBPH</i> is the <i>Drosophila</i> ortholog of human <i>TDP-43</i>. In the present study, we confirmed that <i>Drosophila</i> models harboring <i>TBPH</i> knockdown develop locomotive deficits and degeneration of motoneurons (MNs) due to loss of its nuclear functions, recapitulating the human ALS phenotypes. We previously suggested that <i>ter94</i>, the <i>Drosophila</i> ortholog of human <i>Valosin-containing protein</i> (<i>VCP</i>), is a modulator of degeneration in MNs induced by knockdown of <i>Caz</i>, the <i>Drosophila</i> ortholog of human <i>FUS</i>. In this study, to determine the effects of VCP on TDP-43-assosiated ALS pathogenic processes, we examined genetic interactions between <i>TBPH</i> and <i>ter94</i>. Overexpression of <i>ter94</i> suppressed the compound eye degeneration caused by <i>TBPH</i> knockdown and suppressed the morbid phenotypes caused by neuron-specific <i>TBPH</i> knockdown, such as locomotive dysfunction and degeneration of MN terminals. Further immunocytochemical analyses revealed that the suppression is caused by restoring the cytoplasmically mislocalized TBPH back to the nucleus. In consistent with these observations, a loss-of-function mutation of <i>ter94</i> enhanced the compound eye degeneration caused by <i>TBPH</i> knockdown, and partially enhanced the locomotive dysfunction caused by <i>TBPH</i> knockdown. Our data demonstrated that expression levels of <i>ter94</i> influenced the phenotypes caused by <i>TBPH</i> knockdown, and indicate that reagents that up-regulate the function of human VCP could modify MN degeneration in ALS caused by TDP-43 mislocalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840287/pdf/ajnd0007-0011.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35907599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flavonoids have been used in traditional medicine to promote human health. Crocin has been proposed to be effective in the management of the various diseases including the neurodegenerative diseases. Antiepileptic and anti-Alzheimer effects of crocin have also been indicated. The efficacy of crocis in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury was also confirmed by using animal models. Crocin treatment increased dopamine levels in the brain of experimental model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, crocin modulates the opioid system to decrease the withdrawal syndrome. Thus, the present study highlighted the effects of crocin on the nervous system and the underling mechanisms. This review also indicated that crocins can be considered as an effective candidate in the management of nervous system diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects.
{"title":"The protective effects of crocin in the management of neurodegenerative diseases: a review.","authors":"Tahereh Farkhondeh, Saeed Samarghandian, Hanieh Shaterzadeh Yazdi, Fariborz Samini","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavonoids have been used in traditional medicine to promote human health. Crocin has been proposed to be effective in the management of the various diseases including the neurodegenerative diseases. Antiepileptic and anti-Alzheimer effects of crocin have also been indicated. The efficacy of crocis in the treatment of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury was also confirmed by using animal models. Crocin treatment increased dopamine levels in the brain of experimental model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, crocin modulates the opioid system to decrease the withdrawal syndrome. Thus, the present study highlighted the effects of crocin on the nervous system and the underling mechanisms. This review also indicated that crocins can be considered as an effective candidate in the management of nervous system diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840286/pdf/ajnd0007-0001.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35907598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dong-Ji Han, Zhi-Gang He, Zhi-Qiang Zhou, Li Feng, Cheng Liu, Yan Xiang, Hong-Bing Xiang
A 56-year-old epileptic patient underwent right hemicolectomy and cholecystectomy surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane, and sufentanil, rocuronium, and dexmedetomidine infusions. After the operation and confirmation of neuromuscular recovery, the patient woke from anesthesia within 15 min and successfully extubated. After the vital signs of patient were stable, the patient was transported to post anesthesia care unit (PACU). 6 h after the surgery, he fell into a stuporous state for lasting 14 h and EEG showed no epileptiform discharges. Stupor did re-occur in 2 days after operation. 36 hours after operation, all signs of the stuporous state resolved spontaneously. Apparent dexmedetomidine-induced stuporous state has not been reported in the human literature.
{"title":"One case with dexmedetomidine-induced stuporous state in epileptic patient undergoing abdominal surgery.","authors":"Dong-Ji Han, Zhi-Gang He, Zhi-Qiang Zhou, Li Feng, Cheng Liu, Yan Xiang, Hong-Bing Xiang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 56-year-old epileptic patient underwent right hemicolectomy and cholecystectomy surgery under general endotracheal anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane, and sufentanil, rocuronium, and dexmedetomidine infusions. After the operation and confirmation of neuromuscular recovery, the patient woke from anesthesia within 15 min and successfully extubated. After the vital signs of patient were stable, the patient was transported to post anesthesia care unit (PACU). 6 h after the surgery, he fell into a stuporous state for lasting 14 h and EEG showed no epileptiform discharges. Stupor did re-occur in 2 days after operation. 36 hours after operation, all signs of the stuporous state resolved spontaneously. Apparent dexmedetomidine-induced stuporous state has not been reported in the human literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5545215/pdf/ajnd0006-0026.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35320040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) will become more important since the number of elderly patients with PD is increasing. We prospectively studied non-demented patients with PD over the course of 3 years to identify factors associated with PD that contribute to a decline in cognitive function. From among 100 consecutive patients, we registered 79 patients with PD. A total of 55 patients completed the study during 3 years and were divided to two groups: patients with a decline in cognitive function and those without a decline in cognitive function after 3 years. Seventeen independent variables were evaluated with the use of logistic regression models. The increase in the daily levodopa dose was related to a decline in cognitive function on univariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 0.279, p = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.092-0.848). Other variables were not related to a decline in cognitive function. The increase in the daily dose of levodopa was greater in patients without a decline in cognitive function than those with a decline in cognitive function; on the other hand, the cognitive function unchanged. Our results suggest that the treatment with levodopa might prevent a decline in cognitive function in PD.
随着老年帕金森病患者数量的不断增加,帕金森病患者的认知功能障碍将变得越来越重要。我们前瞻性地研究了3年的非痴呆PD患者,以确定与PD相关的导致认知功能下降的因素。在100例连续患者中,我们登记了79例PD患者。共有55名患者在3年内完成了研究,并分为两组:认知功能下降的患者和3年后认知功能未下降的患者。使用逻辑回归模型对17个自变量进行评估。单因素logistic回归分析显示,左旋多巴日剂量增加与认知功能下降相关(OR = 0.279, p = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.092 ~ 0.848)。其他变量与认知功能的下降无关。无认知功能下降的患者左旋多巴日剂量的增加大于认知功能下降的患者;另一方面,认知功能不变。我们的研究结果表明,左旋多巴治疗可以预防帕金森病的认知功能下降。
{"title":"Can levodopa prevent cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease?","authors":"Masahiro Ikeda, Hiroshi Kataoka, Satoshi Ueno","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) will become more important since the number of elderly patients with PD is increasing. We prospectively studied non-demented patients with PD over the course of 3 years to identify factors associated with PD that contribute to a decline in cognitive function. From among 100 consecutive patients, we registered 79 patients with PD. A total of 55 patients completed the study during 3 years and were divided to two groups: patients with a decline in cognitive function and those without a decline in cognitive function after 3 years. Seventeen independent variables were evaluated with the use of logistic regression models. The increase in the daily levodopa dose was related to a decline in cognitive function on univariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 0.279, p = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.092-0.848). Other variables were not related to a decline in cognitive function. The increase in the daily dose of levodopa was greater in patients without a decline in cognitive function than those with a decline in cognitive function; on the other hand, the cognitive function unchanged. Our results suggest that the treatment with levodopa might prevent a decline in cognitive function in PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498848/pdf/ajnd0006-0009.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35157595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paula Garcia-Esparcia, Georgios Sideris-Lampretsas, Karina Hernandez-Ortega, Oriol Grau-Rivera, Theodoros Sklaviadis, Ellen Gelpi, Isidro Ferrer
Expression of the nucleolar chaperones nucleolin (NCL) and nucleophosmin (NPM1), upstream binding transcription factor (UBTF), rRNA18S, rRNA28S, and several genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RPs) is decreased in frontal cortex area 8 at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is accompanied by reduced protein levels of elongation factors eEF1A and eEF2. Changes are more marked in AD cases with rapid course (rpAD), as initiation factor eIF3η is significantly down-regulated and several RP genes up-regulated in rpAD when compared with typical AD. These changes contrast with those seen in APP/PS1 transgenic mice used as a model of AD-like β-amyloidopathy; Ncl mRNA, rRNA18S, rRNA28S and seven out of fifteen assessed RP genes are up-regulated in APP/PS1 mice aged 20 months; only eEF2 protein levels are reduced in transgenic mice. Our findings show marked altered expression of molecules linked to the protein synthesis machinery from the nucleolus to the ribosome in frontal cortex at terminal stages of AD which differs from that seen in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, thus further suggesting that molecular signals in mouse models do not apply to real human disease counterparts.
{"title":"Altered mechanisms of protein synthesis in frontal cortex in Alzheimer disease and a mouse model.","authors":"Paula Garcia-Esparcia, Georgios Sideris-Lampretsas, Karina Hernandez-Ortega, Oriol Grau-Rivera, Theodoros Sklaviadis, Ellen Gelpi, Isidro Ferrer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Expression of the nucleolar chaperones nucleolin (<i>NCL</i>) and nucleophosmin (<i>NPM1</i>), upstream binding transcription factor (<i>UBTF</i>), rRNA18S, rRNA28S, and several genes encoding ribosomal proteins (RPs) is decreased in frontal cortex area 8 at advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is accompanied by reduced protein levels of elongation factors eEF1A and eEF2. Changes are more marked in AD cases with rapid course (rpAD), as initiation factor eIF3η is significantly down-regulated and several RP genes up-regulated in rpAD when compared with typical AD. These changes contrast with those seen in APP/PS1 transgenic mice used as a model of AD-like β-amyloidopathy; <i>Ncl</i> mRNA, rRNA18S, rRNA28S and seven out of fifteen assessed RP genes are up-regulated in APP/PS1 mice aged 20 months; only eEF2 protein levels are reduced in transgenic mice. Our findings show marked altered expression of molecules linked to the protein synthesis machinery from the nucleolus to the ribosome in frontal cortex at terminal stages of AD which differs from that seen in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, thus further suggesting that molecular signals in mouse models do not apply to real human disease counterparts.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498849/pdf/ajnd0006-0015.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35157596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hernando Rafael, Juan Oscar David, Antonio Santiago Vilca
Background: To date all researchers conclude that the etiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. On the contrary, since August 2009, we believe that disease is of ischemic origin in the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata.
Material and method: We present our surgical experience into 45 patients with ALS (bulbar form in 36 cases and spinal form in 9). Preoperative MRI scans revealed microinfarcts in the medulla oblongata and/or cervical cord. During surgery we found: 1) poor quality of omentum in most cases; 2) degenerative changes in the cervical spine; 3) anatomical anomalies at the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries; 4) moderate to severe atherosclerosis at both V4 segments; 5) unilateral absence or stenosis in the anterior-ventral spinal arteries (AVSAs). All patients received omentum on the anterior, lateral and posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, and in 9 cases, an additional segment at the C5-C6 level.
Results: Neurological improvement was better during the first days or weeks after surgery than in the following months or years, in all patients. However, 13 patients suffered neurological impairment in about 4 months later, due to greater deterioration of the cervical spine, by contrast, 7 patients with mild ALS have experienced neurological improvement by 80 to 100% during a follow-up of 4 and 6 years.
Conclusions: These results confirm that ALS is of ischemic origin in the intraparenchymal territory of the AVSAs and/or in anterior spinal artery caused by atherosclerosis and associated to anatomical variants in the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries. Because in contrast to this, its revascularization by means of omentum can cure (mild degree) or improve this disease.
{"title":"Etiology and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.","authors":"Hernando Rafael, Juan Oscar David, Antonio Santiago Vilca","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To date all researchers conclude that the etiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. On the contrary, since August 2009, we believe that disease is of ischemic origin in the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>We present our surgical experience into 45 patients with ALS (bulbar form in 36 cases and spinal form in 9). Preoperative MRI scans revealed microinfarcts in the medulla oblongata and/or cervical cord. During surgery we found: 1) poor quality of omentum in most cases; 2) degenerative changes in the cervical spine; 3) anatomical anomalies at the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries; 4) moderate to severe atherosclerosis at both V4 segments; 5) unilateral absence or stenosis in the anterior-ventral spinal arteries (AVSAs). All patients received omentum on the anterior, lateral and posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, and in 9 cases, an additional segment at the C5-C6 level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neurological improvement was better during the first days or weeks after surgery than in the following months or years, in all patients. However, 13 patients suffered neurological impairment in about 4 months later, due to greater deterioration of the cervical spine, by contrast, 7 patients with mild ALS have experienced neurological improvement by 80 to 100% during a follow-up of 4 and 6 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results confirm that ALS is of ischemic origin in the intraparenchymal territory of the AVSAs and/or in anterior spinal artery caused by atherosclerosis and associated to anatomical variants in the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries. Because in contrast to this, its revascularization by means of omentum can cure (mild degree) or improve this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435608/pdf/ajnd0006-0001.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35018541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
[This retracts the article on p. 1 in vol. 5, PMID: 27073740.].
[本文撤回了第5卷第1页的文章,PMID: 27073740]。
{"title":"Fundamental role of pan-inflammation and oxidative-nitrosative pathways in neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease [Retraction].","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article on p. 1 in vol. 5, PMID: 27073740.]. </p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4965615/pdf/ajnd0005-0152.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34743491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To demonstrate that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not a neurodegenerative disease. The patient, a 33-year-old man began with symptoms of the bulbar form of ALS, characterized by burning pain in both feet during two months and then, he presented right crural monoparesis, fasciculations, slight dysarthria and he walked with help of orthopedic devices. A preoperative MRI scans showed atherosclerosis at the V4 segment of the left vertebral artery. On May 2012, he received an omental transplantation on the anterior, left lateral and posterior surface of the medulla oblongata. About 48 hours after surgery, the dysarthria disappeared and the voluntary movement of the right foot improved. Three days later, he walked without aid of orthopedic device. At present, four years after operation he present complete reversal of symptoms. In conclusión, this patient confirms that bulbar ALS is of ischemic origin and therefore, mild ALS can be cured.
{"title":"Omental transplantation in a patient with mild ALS.","authors":"Hernando Rafael","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To demonstrate that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not a neurodegenerative disease. The patient, a 33-year-old man began with symptoms of the bulbar form of ALS, characterized by burning pain in both feet during two months and then, he presented right crural monoparesis, fasciculations, slight dysarthria and he walked with help of orthopedic devices. A preoperative MRI scans showed atherosclerosis at the V4 segment of the left vertebral artery. On May 2012, he received an omental transplantation on the anterior, left lateral and posterior surface of the medulla oblongata. About 48 hours after surgery, the dysarthria disappeared and the voluntary movement of the right foot improved. Three days later, he walked without aid of orthopedic device. At present, four years after operation he present complete reversal of symptoms. In conclusión, this patient confirms that bulbar ALS is of ischemic origin and therefore, mild ALS can be cured. </p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4965616/pdf/ajnd0005-0153.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34743492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative condition of the brain, and it is the most common cause of dementia. Several neurobiological etiologies of AD are described in the literature. These include vascular, infectious, toxic, nutritional, metabolic, and inflammatory. However, these heterogeneous etiologies have a common denominator - viz. Inflammation and oxidative stress. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elevates the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; chronically, together they trigger various pathological responses in the periphery and the CNS including dysfunctional memory consolidation and memory decline. Aging - the main risk factor for AD is inherently associated with inflammation. There are several age-related comorbidities that are also associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Such co-prevailing aggravating factors, therefore, persist against a background of underlying aging-related pathology. They may converge, and their synergistic propagation may modify the disease course. A critical balance exists between homeostasis/repair and inflammatory factors; chronic, unrelenting inflammatory milieu succeeds in promoting a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative outcome. Extensive evidence is available that CNS inflammation is associated with neurodegeneration. LPS, proinflammatory cytokines, several mediators secreted by microglia, and oxidative-nitrosative stress in concert play a pivotal role in triggering neuroinflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. The persistent uncontrolled activity of the above factors can potentiate cognitive decline in tandem enhancing vulnerability to AD. Despite significant progress during the past twenty years, the prevention and treatment of AD have been tantalizingly elusive. Current studies strongly suggest that amelioration/prevention of the deleterious effects of inflammation may prove beneficial in preventing AD onset and retarding cognitive dysfunction in aging and AD. A concerted multi-focal therapeutic effort around the inflammation-oxidative-nitrosative stress paradigm may be crucial in preventing and treating AD. This paper informs on such relevant polypharmacy approach.
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种慢性进行性脑神经变性疾病,也是最常见的痴呆症病因。文献中描述了几种阿尔茨海默病的神经生物学病因。这些病因包括血管性、感染性、毒性、营养性、代谢性和炎症性。然而,这些不同的病因有一个共同点,即炎症和氧化应激。脂多糖(LPS)会促进促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的合成;长期如此,它们会在外周和中枢神经系统中引发各种病理反应,包括记忆巩固功能障碍和记忆力衰退。衰老--注意力缺失症的主要风险因素,本质上与炎症有关。一些与年龄相关的合并症也与炎症和氧化应激有关。因此,在与衰老相关的潜在病理背景下,这些共同存在的加重因素会持续存在。它们可能会交汇在一起,协同传播可能会改变疾病的进程。稳态/修复和炎症因素之间存在着关键的平衡;长期、无休止的炎症环境会促进神经炎症和神经退行性病变的发生。大量证据表明,中枢神经系统炎症与神经退行性病变有关。LPS、促炎细胞因子、小胶质细胞分泌的多种介质以及氧化-亚硝基应激在引发神经炎症过程和神经退行性变方面共同发挥着关键作用。上述因素的持续失控会加剧认知能力的衰退,同时也会增加罹患注意力缺失症的风险。尽管在过去二十年中取得了重大进展,但预防和治疗注意力缺失症的方法一直令人难以捉摸。目前的研究有力地表明,改善/预防炎症的有害影响可能有利于预防老年痴呆症的发生,延缓衰老和老年痴呆症的认知功能障碍。围绕炎症-氧化-亚硝基应激范式的多焦点协同治疗努力可能对预防和治疗 AD 至关重要。本文介绍了这种相关的多药治疗方法。
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Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) which is responsible for disabling motor abnormalities in more than 6.5 million people worldwide. Polysaccharides are the main active constituents from Ganoderma lucidum which is characterized with anti-oxidant, antitumor and immunostimulant properties. In the present study, primary dopaminergic cell cultures prepared from embryonic mouse mesencephala were used to investigate the neuroprotective effects and the potential mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) on the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by the neurotoxins methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+)) and rotenone. Results revealed that GLP can protect dopamine neurons against MPP(+) and rotenone at the concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml in primary mesencephalic cultures in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, either with or without neurotoxin treatment, GLP treatment elevated the survival of THir neurons, and increased the length of neurites of dopaminergic neurons. The Trolox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) of GLP was determined to be 199.53 μmol Trolox/g extract, and the decrease of mitochondrial complex I activity induced by MPP(+) and rotenone was elevated by GLP treatment (100, 50, 25 and 12.5 μg/ml) in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP dramatically decreased the relative number of apoptotic cells and increased the declining mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) induced by MPP(+) and rotenone in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GLP treatment reduced the ROS formation induced by MPP(+) and rotenone at the concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. Our study indicates that GLP possesses neuroprotective properties against MPP(+) and rotenone neurotoxicity through suppressing oxidative stress in primary mesencephalic dopaminergic cell culture owning to its antioxidant activities.
{"title":"Ganoderma Lucidum polysaccharides protect against MPP(+) and rotenone-induced apoptosis in primary dopaminergic cell cultures through inhibiting oxidative stress.","authors":"Shan-Shan Guo, Xiao-Lan Cui, Wolf-Dieter Rausch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) which is responsible for disabling motor abnormalities in more than 6.5 million people worldwide. Polysaccharides are the main active constituents from Ganoderma lucidum which is characterized with anti-oxidant, antitumor and immunostimulant properties. In the present study, primary dopaminergic cell cultures prepared from embryonic mouse mesencephala were used to investigate the neuroprotective effects and the potential mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) on the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by the neurotoxins methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP(+)) and rotenone. Results revealed that GLP can protect dopamine neurons against MPP(+) and rotenone at the concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml in primary mesencephalic cultures in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, either with or without neurotoxin treatment, GLP treatment elevated the survival of THir neurons, and increased the length of neurites of dopaminergic neurons. The Trolox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC) of GLP was determined to be 199.53 μmol Trolox/g extract, and the decrease of mitochondrial complex I activity induced by MPP(+) and rotenone was elevated by GLP treatment (100, 50, 25 and 12.5 μg/ml) in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, GLP dramatically decreased the relative number of apoptotic cells and increased the declining mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) induced by MPP(+) and rotenone in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GLP treatment reduced the ROS formation induced by MPP(+) and rotenone at the concentrations of 100, 50 and 25 μg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. Our study indicates that GLP possesses neuroprotective properties against MPP(+) and rotenone neurotoxicity through suppressing oxidative stress in primary mesencephalic dopaminergic cell culture owning to its antioxidant activities. </p>","PeriodicalId":72170,"journal":{"name":"American journal of neurodegenerative disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4913221/pdf/ajnd0005-0131.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34604493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}