Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad004
Shweta Majumder, Sharyn Katz, Despina Kontos, Leonid Roshkovan
Radiomics and artificial intelligence carry the promise of increased precision in oncologic imaging assessments due to the ability of harnessing thousands of occult digital imaging features embedded in conventional medical imaging data. While powerful, these technologies suffer from a number of sources of variability that currently impede clinical translation. In order to overcome this impediment, there is a need to control for these sources of variability through harmonization of imaging data acquisition across institutions, construction of standardized imaging protocols that maximize the acquisition of these features, harmonization of post-processing techniques, and big data resources to properly power studies for hypothesis testing. For this to be accomplished, it will be critical to have multidisciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration.
{"title":"State of the art: radiomics and radiomics-related artificial intelligence on the road to clinical translation.","authors":"Shweta Majumder, Sharyn Katz, Despina Kontos, Leonid Roshkovan","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiomics and artificial intelligence carry the promise of increased precision in oncologic imaging assessments due to the ability of harnessing thousands of occult digital imaging features embedded in conventional medical imaging data. While powerful, these technologies suffer from a number of sources of variability that currently impede clinical translation. In order to overcome this impediment, there is a need to control for these sources of variability through harmonization of imaging data acquisition across institutions, construction of standardized imaging protocols that maximize the acquisition of these features, harmonization of post-processing techniques, and big data resources to properly power studies for hypothesis testing. For this to be accomplished, it will be critical to have multidisciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad008
Chaitanya Kulkarni, Umesh Sherkhane, Vinay Jaiswar, Sneha Mithun, Dinesh Mysore Siddu, Venkatesh Rangarajan, Andre Dekker, Alberto Traverso, Ashish Jha, Leonard Wee
Objectives: Radiation therapy for lung cancer requires a gross tumour volume (GTV) to be carefully outlined by a skilled radiation oncologist (RO) to accurately pinpoint high radiation dose to a malignant mass while simultaneously minimizing radiation damage to adjacent normal tissues. This is manually intensive and tedious however, it is feasible to train a deep learning (DL) neural network that could assist ROs to delineate the GTV. However, DL trained on large openly accessible data sets might not perform well when applied to a superficially similar task but in a different clinical setting. In this work, we tested the performance of DL automatic lung GTV segmentation model trained on open-access Dutch data when used on Indian patients from a large public tertiary hospital, and hypothesized that generic DL performance could be improved for a specific local clinical context, by means of modest transfer-learning on a small representative local subset.
Methods: X-ray computed tomography (CT) series in a public data set called "NSCLC-Radiomics" from The Cancer Imaging Archive was first used to train a DL-based lung GTV segmentation model (Model 1). Its performance was assessed using a different open access data set (Interobserver1) of Dutch subjects plus a private Indian data set from a local tertiary hospital (Test Set 2). Another Indian data set (Retrain Set 1) was used to fine-tune the former DL model using a transfer learning method. The Indian data sets were taken from CT of a hybrid scanner based in nuclear medicine, but the GTV was drawn by skilled Indian ROs. The final (after fine-tuning) model (Model 2) was then re-evaluated in "Interobserver1" and "Test Set 2." Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), precision, and recall were used as geometric segmentation performance metrics.
Results: Model 1 trained exclusively on Dutch scans showed a significant fall in performance when tested on "Test Set 2." However, the DSC of Model 2 recovered by 14 percentage points when evaluated in the same test set. Precision and recall showed a similar rebound of performance after transfer learning, in spite of using a comparatively small sample size. The performance of both models, before and after the fine-tuning, did not significantly change the segmentation performance in "Interobserver1."
Conclusions: A large public open-access data set was used to train a generic DL model for lung GTV segmentation, but this did not perform well initially in the Indian clinical context. Using transfer learning methods, it was feasible to efficiently and easily fine-tune the generic model using only a small number of local examples from the Indian hospital. This led to a recovery of some of the geometric segmentation performance, but the tuning did not appear to affect the performance of the model in another open-access data set.
{"title":"Comparing the performance of a deep learning-based lung gross tumour volume segmentation algorithm before and after transfer learning in a new hospital.","authors":"Chaitanya Kulkarni, Umesh Sherkhane, Vinay Jaiswar, Sneha Mithun, Dinesh Mysore Siddu, Venkatesh Rangarajan, Andre Dekker, Alberto Traverso, Ashish Jha, Leonard Wee","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Radiation therapy for lung cancer requires a gross tumour volume (GTV) to be carefully outlined by a skilled radiation oncologist (RO) to accurately pinpoint high radiation dose to a malignant mass while simultaneously minimizing radiation damage to adjacent normal tissues. This is manually intensive and tedious however, it is feasible to train a deep learning (DL) neural network that could assist ROs to delineate the GTV. However, DL trained on large openly accessible data sets might not perform well when applied to a superficially similar task but in a different clinical setting. In this work, we tested the performance of DL automatic lung GTV segmentation model trained on open-access Dutch data when used on Indian patients from a large public tertiary hospital, and hypothesized that <i>generic</i> DL performance could be improved for a specific <i>local</i> clinical context, by means of modest transfer-learning on a small representative local subset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>X-ray computed tomography (CT) series in a public data set called \"NSCLC-Radiomics\" from The Cancer Imaging Archive was first used to train a DL-based lung GTV segmentation model (Model 1). Its performance was assessed using a different open access data set (Interobserver1) of Dutch subjects plus a private Indian data set from a local tertiary hospital (Test Set 2). Another Indian data set (Retrain Set 1) was used to fine-tune the former DL model using a transfer learning method. The Indian data sets were taken from CT of a hybrid scanner based in nuclear medicine, but the GTV was drawn by skilled Indian ROs. The final (after fine-tuning) model (Model 2) was then re-evaluated in \"Interobserver1\" and \"Test Set 2.\" Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), precision, and recall were used as geometric segmentation performance metrics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Model 1 trained exclusively on Dutch scans showed a significant fall in performance when tested on \"Test Set 2.\" However, the DSC of Model 2 recovered by 14 percentage points when evaluated in the same test set. Precision and recall showed a similar rebound of performance after transfer learning, in spite of using a comparatively small sample size. The performance of both models, before and after the fine-tuning, did not significantly change the segmentation performance in \"Interobserver1.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A large public open-access data set was used to train a generic DL model for lung GTV segmentation, but this did not perform well initially in the Indian clinical context. Using transfer learning methods, it was feasible to efficiently and easily fine-tune the generic model using only a small number of local examples from the Indian hospital. This led to a recovery of some of the geometric segmentation performance, but the tuning did not appear to affect the performance of the model in another open-access data set.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledge: </strong>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad005
Cato Pauling, Baris Kanber, Owen J Arthurs, Susan C Shelmerdine
Missed fractures are a costly healthcare issue, not only negatively impacting patient lives, leading to potential long-term disability and time off work, but also responsible for high medicolegal disbursements that could otherwise be used to improve other healthcare services. When fractures are overlooked in children, they are particularly concerning as opportunities for safeguarding may be missed. Assistance from artificial intelligence (AI) in interpreting medical images may offer a possible solution for improving patient care, and several commercial AI tools are now available for radiology workflow implementation. However, information regarding their development, evidence for performance and validation as well as the intended target population is not always clear, but vital when evaluating a potential AI solution for implementation. In this article, we review the range of available products utilizing AI for fracture detection (in both adults and children) and summarize the evidence, or lack thereof, behind their performance. This will allow others to make better informed decisions when deciding which product to procure for their specific clinical requirements.
{"title":"Commercially available artificial intelligence tools for fracture detection: the evidence.","authors":"Cato Pauling, Baris Kanber, Owen J Arthurs, Susan C Shelmerdine","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Missed fractures are a costly healthcare issue, not only negatively impacting patient lives, leading to potential long-term disability and time off work, but also responsible for high medicolegal disbursements that could otherwise be used to improve other healthcare services. When fractures are overlooked in children, they are particularly concerning as opportunities for safeguarding may be missed. Assistance from artificial intelligence (AI) in interpreting medical images may offer a possible solution for improving patient care, and several commercial AI tools are now available for radiology workflow implementation. However, information regarding their development, evidence for performance and validation as well as the intended target population is not always clear, but vital when evaluating a potential AI solution for implementation. In this article, we review the range of available products utilizing AI for fracture detection (in both adults and children) and summarize the evidence, or lack thereof, behind their performance. This will allow others to make better informed decisions when deciding which product to procure for their specific clinical requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad002
Jason Diljohn, Fidel Rampersad, Paramanand Maharaj, Kristyn Parmesar
Objectives: This article seeks to determine the prevalence of a complete circle of Willis (CoW) and its common morphological variations in a south Trinidad population, while also investigating the influence of gender, age, and ethnicity on CoW morphology.
Methods: A prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was done on the magnetic resonance images for consecutive patients who had a brain MRI/magnetic resonance angiography at a tertiary health institution in south Trinidad between October 2019 and September 2020. Patients with significant cerebrovascular disease and/or a history of prior neurosurgical intervention were excluded.
Results: A complete CoW was seen in 24.3%, with more complete circles observed in younger participants (≤45 years) and Afro-Trinidadians. No gender predilection for a complete CoW was demonstrated. The most common variations in the anterior and posterior parts of the circle were a hypoplastic anterior communicating artery (8.6%, n = 13) and bilateral aplastic posterior communicating arteries (18.4%, n = 28), respectively.
Conclusions: Significant variations exist in the CoW of a south Trinidad population with a frequency of complete in 24.3%, and more complete circles in younger patients and Afro-Trinidadians. Gender did not influence CoW morphology.
Advances in knowledge: Structural abnormalities in the CoW may be linked to future incidence of cerebrovascular diseases and should therefore be communicated to the referring physician in the written radiology report. Knowledge of variant anatomy and its frequency for a particular populations is also required by neurosurgeons and neuro-interventional radiologists to help with preprocedural planning and to minimize complications.
{"title":"Anatomical variations in the circle of Willis on magnetic resonance angiography in a south Trinidad population.","authors":"Jason Diljohn, Fidel Rampersad, Paramanand Maharaj, Kristyn Parmesar","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This article seeks to determine the prevalence of a complete circle of Willis (CoW) and its common morphological variations in a south Trinidad population, while also investigating the influence of gender, age, and ethnicity on CoW morphology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was done on the magnetic resonance images for consecutive patients who had a brain MRI/magnetic resonance angiography at a tertiary health institution in south Trinidad between October 2019 and September 2020. Patients with significant cerebrovascular disease and/or a history of prior neurosurgical intervention were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A complete CoW was seen in 24.3%, with more complete circles observed in younger participants (≤45 years) and Afro-Trinidadians. No gender predilection for a complete CoW was demonstrated. The most common variations in the anterior and posterior parts of the circle were a hypoplastic anterior communicating artery (8.6%, <i>n</i> = 13) and bilateral aplastic posterior communicating arteries (18.4%, <i>n</i> = 28), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant variations exist in the CoW of a south Trinidad population with a frequency of complete in 24.3%, and more complete circles in younger patients and Afro-Trinidadians. Gender did not influence CoW morphology.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledge: </strong>Structural abnormalities in the CoW may be linked to future incidence of cerebrovascular diseases and should therefore be communicated to the referring physician in the written radiology report. Knowledge of variant anatomy and its frequency for a particular populations is also required by neurosurgeons and neuro-interventional radiologists to help with preprocedural planning and to minimize complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: In a clinical study, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has been used to visualize and distinguish white matter (WM) structures' details. The purpose of our study is to evaluate and compare the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and DKI parameter values to obtain WM structure differences of healthy subjects.
Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25.2 years) were examined in this study. On a 3-T MRI system, diffusion dataset for DKI was acquired using an echo-planner imaging sequence, and T1-weghted (T1w) images were acquired. Imaging analysis was performed using Functional MRI of the brain Software Library (FSL). First, registration analysis was performed using the T1w of each subject to MNI152. Second, DTI (eg, fractional anisotropy [FA] and each diffusivity) and DKI (eg, mean kurtosis [MK], radial kurtosis [RK], and axial kurtosis [AK]) datasets were applied to above computed spline coefficients and affine matrices. Each DTI and DKI parameter value for WM areas was compared. Finally, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis was performed using each parameter.
Results: The relationship between FA and kurtosis parameters (MK, RK, and AK) for WM areas had a strong positive correlation (FA-MK, R2 = 0.93; FA-RK, R2 = 0.89) and a strong negative correlation (FA-AK, R2 = 0.92). When comparing a TBSS connection, we found that this could be observed more clearly in MK than in RK and FA.
Conclusions: WM analysis with DKI enable us to obtain more detailed information for connectivity between nerve structures.
Advances in knowledge: Quantitative indices of neurological diseases were determined using segmenting WM regions using voxel-based morphometry processing of DKI images.
目的:在临床研究中,弥散峰度成像(DKI)被用于观察和区分白质(WM)结构的细节。我们的研究旨在评估和比较弥散张量成像(DTI)和 DKI 参数值,以获得健康受试者白质结构的差异:本研究对 13 名健康志愿者(平均年龄 25.2 岁)进行了检查。在 3-T 磁共振成像系统上,使用回声扫描仪成像序列获取 DKI 扩散数据集,并获取 T1 加权(T1w)图像。使用大脑功能磁共振成像软件库(FSL)进行成像分析。首先,使用每个受试者的 T1w 与 MNI152 进行配准分析。其次,将 DTI(如分数各向异性[FA]和各扩散率)和 DKI(如平均峰度[MK]、径向峰度[RK]和轴向峰度[AK])数据集应用于上述计算出的样条系数和仿射矩阵。对 WM 区域的每个 DTI 和 DKI 参数值进行了比较。最后,利用每个参数进行了基于束的空间统计(TBSS)分析:结果:WM 区域的 FA 和峰度参数(MK、RK 和 AK)之间的关系具有很强的正相关性(FA-MK,R2 = 0.93;FA-RK,R2 = 0.89)和很强的负相关性(FA-AK,R2 = 0.92)。在比较 TBSS 连接时,我们发现在 MK 中比在 RK 和 FA 中能更清楚地观察到这一点:结论:通过 DKI 进行 WM 分析,我们可以获得神经结构之间连接的更详细信息:通过对 DKI 图像进行基于体素的形态计量学处理,对 WM 区域进行分割,从而确定神经系统疾病的定量指标。
{"title":"Differences of white matter structure for diffusion kurtosis imaging using voxel-based morphometry and connectivity analysis.","authors":"Yuki Kanazawa, Natsuki Ikemitsu, Yuki Kinjo, Masafumi Harada, Hiroaki Hayashi, Yo Taniguchi, Kosuke Ito, Yoshitaka Bito, Yuki Matsumoto, Akihiro Haga","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In a clinical study, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has been used to visualize and distinguish white matter (WM) structures' details. The purpose of our study is to evaluate and compare the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and DKI parameter values to obtain WM structure differences of healthy subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen healthy volunteers (mean age, 25.2 years) were examined in this study. On a 3-T MRI system, diffusion dataset for DKI was acquired using an echo-planner imaging sequence, and T<sub>1</sub>-weghted (T<sub>1</sub>w) images were acquired. Imaging analysis was performed using Functional MRI of the brain Software Library (FSL). First, registration analysis was performed using the T<sub>1</sub>w of each subject to MNI152. Second, DTI (eg, fractional anisotropy [FA] and each diffusivity) and DKI (eg, mean kurtosis [MK], radial kurtosis [RK], and axial kurtosis [AK]) datasets were applied to above computed spline coefficients and affine matrices. Each DTI and DKI parameter value for WM areas was compared. Finally, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis was performed using each parameter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The relationship between FA and kurtosis parameters (MK, RK, and AK) for WM areas had a strong positive correlation (FA-MK, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.93; FA-RK, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.89) and a strong negative correlation (FA-AK, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.92). When comparing a TBSS connection, we found that this could be observed more clearly in MK than in RK and FA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>WM analysis with DKI enable us to obtain more detailed information for connectivity between nerve structures.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledge: </strong>Quantitative indices of neurological diseases were determined using segmenting WM regions using voxel-based morphometry processing of DKI images.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad007
Priyank Chatra
The CT arthrogram is an underrated diagnostic study of the joint. Although MRI is considered superior to CT in joint imaging due to its higher resolution, CT arthrograms provide unique insights into the knee joint, with simultaneous dynamic assessment and an option for management in some conditions. In this pictorial essay, I will discuss the standard techniques and various pathologies affecting the knee joint and their CT arthrography appearance.
{"title":"The CT knee arthrogram revisited.","authors":"Priyank Chatra","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The CT arthrogram is an underrated diagnostic study of the joint. Although MRI is considered superior to CT in joint imaging due to its higher resolution, CT arthrograms provide unique insights into the knee joint, with simultaneous dynamic assessment and an option for management in some conditions. In this pictorial essay, I will discuss the standard techniques and various pathologies affecting the knee joint and their CT arthrography appearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad001
Nathan Hearn, Alexandria Leppien, Patrick O'Connor, Katelyn Cahill, Daisy Atwell, Dinesh Vignarajah, Myo Min
Objectives: Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) may provide biologically relevant target volumes for dose-escalated radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This planning study assessed the dosimetric feasibility of delivering hypofractionated boost treatment to intra-tumoural regions of restricted diffusion prior to conventional long-course radiotherapy.
Methods: Ten patients previously treated with curative-intent standard long-course radiotherapy (50 Gy/25#) were re-planned. Boost target volumes (BTVs) were delineated semi-automatically using 40th centile intra-tumoural apparent diffusion coefficient value with expansions (anteroposterior 11 mm, transverse 7 mm, craniocaudal 13 mm). Biased-dosed combined plans consisted of a single-fraction volumetric modulated arc therapy flattening-filter-free (VMAT-FFF) boost (phase 1) of 5, 7, or 10 Gy before long-course VMAT (phase 2). Phase 1 plans were assessed with reference to stereotactic conformality and deliverability measures. Combined plans were evaluated with reference to standard long-course therapy dose constraints.
Results: Phase 1 BTV dose targets at 5/7/10 Gy were met in all instances. Conformality constraints were met with only 1 minor violation at 5 and 7 Gy. All phase 1 and combined phase 1 + 2 plans passed patient-specific quality assurance. Combined phase 1 + 2 plans generally met organ-at-risk dose constraints. Exceptions included high-dose spillage to bladder and large bowel, predominantly in cases where previously administered, clinically acceptable non-boosted plans also could not meet constraints.
Conclusions: Targeted upfront LARC radiotherapy dose escalation to DWI-defined is feasible with appropriate patient selection and preparation.
Advances in knowledge: This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility of DWI-targeted upfront radiotherapy boost in LARC. This work will inform an upcoming clinical feasibility study.
{"title":"Radiotherapy dose escalation using pre-treatment diffusion-weighted imaging in locally advanced rectal cancer: a planning study.","authors":"Nathan Hearn, Alexandria Leppien, Patrick O'Connor, Katelyn Cahill, Daisy Atwell, Dinesh Vignarajah, Myo Min","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) may provide biologically relevant target volumes for dose-escalated radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This planning study assessed the dosimetric feasibility of delivering hypofractionated boost treatment to intra-tumoural regions of restricted diffusion prior to conventional long-course radiotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten patients previously treated with curative-intent standard long-course radiotherapy (50 Gy/25#) were re-planned. Boost target volumes (<i>BTVs</i>) were delineated semi-automatically using 40th centile intra-tumoural apparent diffusion coefficient value with expansions (anteroposterior 11 mm, transverse 7 mm, craniocaudal 13 mm). Biased-dosed combined plans consisted of a single-fraction volumetric modulated arc therapy flattening-filter-free (VMAT-FFF) boost (phase 1) of 5, 7, or 10 Gy before long-course VMAT (phase 2). Phase 1 plans were assessed with reference to stereotactic conformality and deliverability measures. Combined plans were evaluated with reference to standard long-course therapy dose constraints.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phase 1 BTV dose targets at 5/7/10 Gy were met in all instances. Conformality constraints were met with only 1 minor violation at 5 and 7 Gy. All phase 1 and combined phase 1 + 2 plans passed patient-specific quality assurance. Combined phase 1 + 2 plans generally met organ-at-risk dose constraints. Exceptions included high-dose spillage to bladder and large bowel, predominantly in cases where previously administered, clinically acceptable non-boosted plans also could not meet constraints.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Targeted upfront LARC radiotherapy dose escalation to DWI-defined is feasible with appropriate patient selection and preparation.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledge: </strong>This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility of DWI-targeted upfront radiotherapy boost in LARC. This work will inform an upcoming clinical feasibility study.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad006
Ian C Simcock, Susan C Shelmerdine, John Ciaran Hutchinson, Neil J Sebire, Owen J Arthurs
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of time required to achieve full iodination using potassium tri-iodide as a contrast agent, prior to human fetal postmortem microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.
Methods: Prospective assessment of optimal contrast iodination was conducted across 157 human fetuses (postmortem weight range 2-298 g; gestational age range 12-37 weeks), following micro-CT imaging. Simple linear regression was conducted to analyse which fetal demographic factors could produce the most accurate estimate for optimal iodination time.
Results: Postmortem body weight (r2 = 0.6435) was better correlated with iodination time than gestational age (r2 = 0.1384), producing a line of best fit, y = [0.0304 × body weight (g)] - 2.2103. This can be simplified for clinical use whereby immersion time (days) = [0.03 × body weight (g)] - 2.2. Using this formula, for example, a 100-g fetus would take 5.2 days to reach optimal contrast enhancement.
Conclusions: The simplified equation can now be used to provide estimation times for fetal contrast preparation time prior to micro-CT imaging and can be used to manage service throughput and parental expectation for return of their fetus.
Advances in knowledge: A simple equation from empirical data can now be used to estimate preparation time for human fetal postmortem micro-CT imaging.
{"title":"Body weight-based iodinated contrast immersion timing for human fetal postmortem microfocus computed tomography.","authors":"Ian C Simcock, Susan C Shelmerdine, John Ciaran Hutchinson, Neil J Sebire, Owen J Arthurs","doi":"10.1093/bjro/tzad006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/bjro/tzad006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of time required to achieve full iodination using potassium tri-iodide as a contrast agent, prior to human fetal postmortem microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective assessment of optimal contrast iodination was conducted across 157 human fetuses (postmortem weight range 2-298 g; gestational age range 12-37 weeks), following micro-CT imaging. Simple linear regression was conducted to analyse which fetal demographic factors could produce the most accurate estimate for optimal iodination time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Postmortem body weight (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.6435) was better correlated with iodination time than gestational age (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.1384), producing a line of best fit, <i>y</i> = [0.0304 × body weight (g)] - 2.2103. This can be simplified for clinical use whereby immersion time (days) = [0.03 × body weight (g)] - 2.2. Using this formula, for example, a 100-g fetus would take 5.2 days to reach optimal contrast enhancement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The simplified equation can now be used to provide estimation times for fetal contrast preparation time prior to micro-CT imaging and can be used to manage service throughput and parental expectation for return of their fetus.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledge: </strong>A simple equation from empirical data can now be used to estimate preparation time for human fetal postmortem micro-CT imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10860501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139731177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19eCollection Date: 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1259/bjro.20230003
Emmanuel Fiagbedzi, Francis Hasford, Samuel Nii Tagoe
There have been many applications and influences of Artificial intelligence (AI) in many sectors and its professionals, that of radiotherapy and the medical physicist is no different. AI and technological advances have necessitated changing roles of medical physicists due to the development of modernized technology with image-guided accessories for the radiotherapy treatment of cancer patients. Given the changing role of medical physicists in ensuring patient safety and optimal care, AI can reshape radiotherapy practice now and in some years to come. Medical physicists' roles in radiotherapy practice have evolved to meet technology for the management of better patient care in the age of modern radiotherapy. This short review provides an insight into the influence of AI on the changing role of medical physicists in each specific chain of the workflow in radiotherapy in which they are involved.
{"title":"The influence of artificial intelligence on the work of the medical physicist in radiotherapy practice: a short review.","authors":"Emmanuel Fiagbedzi, Francis Hasford, Samuel Nii Tagoe","doi":"10.1259/bjro.20230003","DOIUrl":"10.1259/bjro.20230003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There have been many applications and influences of Artificial intelligence (AI) in many sectors and its professionals, that of radiotherapy and the medical physicist is no different. AI and technological advances have necessitated changing roles of medical physicists due to the development of modernized technology with image-guided accessories for the radiotherapy treatment of cancer patients. Given the changing role of medical physicists in ensuring patient safety and optimal care, AI can reshape radiotherapy practice now and in some years to come. Medical physicists' roles in radiotherapy practice have evolved to meet technology for the management of better patient care in the age of modern radiotherapy. This short review provides an insight into the influence of AI on the changing role of medical physicists in each specific chain of the workflow in radiotherapy in which they are involved.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a convolutional neural network model that yields pseudo high-energy CT (CTpseudo_high) from simple image processed low-energy CT (CTlow) images, and (2) to create a pseudo iodine map (IMpseudo) and pseudo virtual non-contrast (VNCpseudo) images for thoracic and abdominal regions.
Methods: Eighty patients who underwent dual-energy CT (DECT) examinations were enrolled. The data obtained from 55, 5, and 20 patients were used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. The ResUnet model was used for image generation model and was trained using CTlow and high-energy CT (CThigh) images. The proposed model performance was evaluated by calculating the CT values, image noise, mean absolute errors (MAEs), and histogram intersections (HIs).
Results: The mean difference in the CT values between CTpseudo_high and CThigh images were less than 6 Hounsfield unit (HU) for all evaluating patients. The image noise of CTpseudo_high was significantly lower than that of CThigh. The mean MAEs was less than 15 HU, and HIs were almost 1.000 for all the patients. The evaluation metrics of IM and VNC exhibited the same tendency as that of the comparison between CTpseudo_high and CThigh images.
Conclusions: Our results indicated that the proposed model enables to obtain the DECT images and material-specific images from only single-energy CT images.
Advances in knowledges: We constructed the CNN-based model which can generate pseudo DECT image and DECT-derived material-specific image using only simple image-processed CTlow images for the thoracic and abdominal regions.
{"title":"Pseudo dual-energy CT-derived iodine mapping using single-energy CT data based on a convolution neural network.","authors":"Yuki Yuasa, Takehiro Shiinoki, Koya Fujimoto, Hidekazu Tanaka","doi":"10.1259/bjro.20220059","DOIUrl":"10.1259/bjro.20220059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a convolutional neural network model that yields pseudo high-energy CT (CT<sub>pseudo_high</sub>) from simple image processed low-energy CT (CT<sub>low</sub>) images, and (2) to create a pseudo iodine map (IM<sub>pseudo</sub>) and pseudo virtual non-contrast (VNC<sub>pseudo</sub>) images for thoracic and abdominal regions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty patients who underwent dual-energy CT (DECT) examinations were enrolled. The data obtained from 55, 5, and 20 patients were used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. The ResUnet model was used for image generation model and was trained using CT<sub>low</sub> and high-energy CT (CT<sub>high</sub>) images. The proposed model performance was evaluated by calculating the CT values, image noise, mean absolute errors (MAEs), and histogram intersections (HIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean difference in the CT values between CT<sub>pseudo_high</sub> and CT<sub>high</sub> images were less than 6 Hounsfield unit (HU) for all evaluating patients. The image noise of CT<sub>pseudo_high</sub> was significantly lower than that of CT<sub>high</sub>. The mean MAEs was less than 15 HU, and HIs were almost 1.000 for all the patients. The evaluation metrics of IM and VNC exhibited the same tendency as that of the comparison between CT<sub>pseudo_high</sub> and CT<sub>high</sub> images.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicated that the proposed model enables to obtain the DECT images and material-specific images from only single-energy CT images.</p><p><strong>Advances in knowledges: </strong>We constructed the CNN-based model which can generate pseudo DECT image and DECT-derived material-specific image using only simple image-processed CT<sub>low</sub> images for the thoracic and abdominal regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72419,"journal":{"name":"BJR open","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10630979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}