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Pharmacological screening of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb in stress induced neurobehavioral changes in albino Wistar rat

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100194

Vrushali Dongare , Swati Kolhe

Stress can be brief and situational, serving as a positive motivator for performance. However, prolonged stress can lead to chronic stress, negatively impacting health and wellbeing. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. on stress-induced neurobehavioral changes in albino Wistar rats. Locomotor activity, anxiety, and memory were assessed in offspring treated with P. marsupium (200, 300, 500 mg/kg) or diazepam from postnatal day 21, including control and stress-induced groups.

Results showed that treatment with P. marsupium at 500 mg/kg significantly enhanced locomotor activity compared to the stress-induced group (p < 0.05). The elevated plus maze test showed a significant reduction in anxiety-related behaviors at 500 mg/kg of P. marsupium, with time spent in the open arms significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared to stressed controls. This study highlighted its therapeutic potential, supported by DPPH assay-proven antioxidant activity, on stress-induced neurobehavioral changes in albino Wistar rats. Notably, the P. marsupium showed significant modulatory effects on stress hormones and oxidative stress. Cortisol levels were significantly suppressed in P. marsupium treated groups compared to the stress-induced group (p < 0.01) and decreased the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the brain. These findings reveal the neuroprotective potential of P. marsupium against stress, suggesting its promise for future treatments for anxiety and depression, pending further research. This study contributes to the expanding knowledge of natural compounds for ameliorating complex neurobehavioral changes and highlights the necessity of multi-faceted approaches to address their intricate manifestation.

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引用次数: 0

Tyrosine kinase as therapeutic target of neurodegenerative disorders

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100193

Dipanjan Karati , Dileep Kumar

Classes of hereditary and sporadic illnesses known as neurodegenerative diseases are linked to gradual nervous system malfunction and neuronal death. Protein kinases are an increasingly popular class of pharmacological targets for disorders affecting peripheral tissues; nevertheless, developing kinase-targeted therapies for diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) is still difficult, mostly because of problems related to CNS drug discovery. A class of membrane-bound receptors known as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) consists of an intracellular catalytic domain, a transmembrane domain, and an extracellular ligand-binding domain. RTKs are essential for many diverse biological functions, such as motility, growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The deregulation of RTK activity aids the development of several neurodegenerative diseases. The research found that in neurological diseases, changes were made to the vascular endothelial growth factor-B TAM receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor 1. Furthermore, it is shown that two important routes for neurite expansion and neuronal survival triggered by RTKs are the Wnt/catenin and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathways. PTKs, such as non-receptor tyrosine kinases, are also important for neuronal function and the development of neurodegeneration. When aberrantly produced or activated, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Abelson kinase) c-Abl seems to have a role in both the normal development of brain tissue and the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases. The function of both RTKs and PTKs in neurodegenerative illnesses is described in this study, with special attention to their signaling pathways and prospects for treatment.

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引用次数: 0

The long-term effects of gold nanoparticles as gene vectors in a 6 hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian rat model

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100195

Siobhan van der Vyver, Musa V. Mabandla, Zama N.P. Msibi

Nanotechnology is a growing field that has widely documented the surface binding capabilities of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This makes them potentially useful gene vectors for the transfer of defective enzymes in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder resulting in neuroinflammation and neuronal cell destruction. We investigated the long-term effects of AuNPs in the striatum of a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced parkinsonian rat model. AuNP-conjugated transgene constructs (AuNP-DNA) of human aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC) mixed with GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) (1:1) was stereotaxically delivered to the striatum of either saline or 6-ODHA-lesioned Sprague Dawley rats. Long-term effects of AuNP-mediated gene therapy were evaluated on behavior, pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β expression, morphology of striatal microglia, dopamine biosynthesis and transgene expression. The 6-OHDA-induced neurobehavioral deficits were mitigated in gene therapy groups. This finding was correlated with significantly improved dopamine biosynthesis, inhibition of long-term expression of IL-1β, and suppression of sustained microglial activation. Both human AADC and GCH1 transgenes were differentially expressed in the groups that underwent gene therapy. This suggests a successful AuNP-mediated transgene expression in the striatum, allowing for effective uptake and transcription of AADC and GCH1 for DA re-synthesis. Furthermore, an IL-1β- and microglial-mediated inflammatory response was attenuated, preventing or suppressing neuroinflammation that is implicated in PD pathology. Further studies detailing the mechanism of cellular uptake and transgene expression may be useful in determining the success of AuNPs as gene vectors in PD treatment.

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引用次数: 0

The impact of preceding infections on the clinical presentation and prognosis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A focus on post-COVID-19 GBS

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100196

Jaisingh Rajput , Prajakta Rajput , Elan Mohanty , Gurpreet Kaur Saini

This paper aims at comparing the results of GBS patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection with those patients who have developed the condition due to other infections including Campylobacter and Zika virus. In all, 295 confirmed GBS cases following COVID-19 vaccination were evaluated and showed 93.2 % of higher hospitalisation and substantial respiratory involvement, suggesting that COVID-19 vaccinated GBS course is more severe than GBS with other infections. Although the GBS development in Campylobacter-associated cases is considered to reveal less severe symptoms and more favourable prognosis after IVIG or plasmapheresis application, only 62 percent of COVID-19-associated GBS patients demonstrated the improvement, and long-term comorbidity is more expressive. The study also emphasizes that early symptoms and its severity are the key components for establishing the prognosis of the disease; patients with higher initial symptom severity initially often experience longer stays in the hospital and statistically worse outcomes. Moreover, different immunity to pathogens, revealed by MAbs, are underlain by dissimilar prognosis depending on the cause of infection. Thus, these results emphasise the need for a highly tailored approach to clinical management of GBS patients that would involve attention to the infectious pathogen. More study is required to fine-tune medical approach and enhance people's well-being since pathogens change over the time. The findings of this scholarly work add to the current understanding of the diverse manifestations and characteristics of GBS and inform clinical practice regarding the post-infectious neurological sequelae of the disease more broadly.

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引用次数: 0

A proposal of visual assessment of serotonergic deficits in parkinsonian syndromes: An 123I-FP-CIT SPECT study

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100192

Tomoko Totsune , Toru Baba , Yoko Sugimura , Hideki Oizumi , Hiroyasu Tanaka , Toshiaki Takahashi , Masaru Yoshioka , Ken-ichi Nagamatsu , Atsushi Takeda

Background

¹²³I-FP-CIT, primarily used for imaging dopamine transporters in the nigrostriatal pathway, also shows some affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT), which is predominantly distributed in the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. Recent imaging studies have demonstrated that compared with Parkinson's disease (PD), atypical parkinsonian syndromes (PS) exhibit pronounced SERT reduction using semiquantitative methods. However, the utility of qualitative visual assessment methods for SERT has been poorly discussed to date.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to propose a visual assessment grading system of brainstem ¹²³I-FP-CIT uptake and investigate the ability of this method to differentiate PD from PS.

Methods

We analyzed the imaging data of 97 parkinsonian patients who underwent ¹²³I-FP-CIT SPECT. First, we graded ¹²³I-FP-CIT uptake in the midbrain and pons with a 4-degree scale and analyzed the interrater agreement of our grading method. Next, we compared the visual grading data of the PD (n = 59) and PS (n = 11) groups and analyzed the diagnostic utility of the qualitative visual assessment method.

Results

The interrater agreement of the visual grading of ¹²³I-FP-CIT uptake among the three raters was moderate (Fleiss’ Kappa 0.480 for midbrain, 0.488 for pons). The patterns of ¹²³I-FP-CIT uptake in the pons differed significantly between patients with PD and PS (p = 0.035). The visual assessment-based classification showed 81.8 % sensitivity, 61.0 % specificity, 28.1 % positive predictive value, and 94.7 % negative predictive value in distinguishing PS from PD.

Conclusions

Visual assessment of SERT abnormalities with ¹²³I-FP-CIT may contribute to differentiating PD and PS in clinical settings.

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引用次数: 0

The significance of focal pattern in hypsarrhythmia

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100188

Anna Wiedemann, Birgit Stark, Gudrun Gröppel

Introduction

Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS) presents a therapeutic challenge and is frequently associated with developmental delay. It is characterized by seizures and hypsarrhythmia on the EEG and has multiple etiologies that influence therapeutic decisions. Severity of hypsarrhythmia serves as an indicator for evaluating treatment efficacy. However, the correlation between clinical symptoms, EEG patterns, and cerebral lesions requires further investigation.

Methods

Eighteen infants diagnosed with IESS underwent video-EEG monitoring and MRI. Hypsarrhythmia severity was assessed using the Kramer et al. scoring system. Clinical semiology was evaluated for lateralizing features. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine correlations between EEG findings, clinical symptoms, and cerebral lesions.

Results

All infants exhibited hypsarrhythmia and 72.3 % presented with cerebral lesions, predominantly bilateral. Clinical symptoms frequently indicated lateralization, whereas EEG findings demonstrated lateralization in only 22.2 % of cases. No significant correlation was identified between hypsarrhythmia patterns and clinical symptoms or lesions. The severity of hypsarrhythmia was not a reliable predictor of the underlying etiology.

Conclusion

This study found no association between hypsarrhythmic patterns and focal semiology or lesions. Given the heterogeneity of IESS, individualized diagnostic approaches remain essential. While the hypsarrhythmia score enhances the comparability of EEG patterns, its utility in determining the underlying etiology appears to be limited.

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引用次数: 0

Cognitive enhancing effect of an extract of Swertia chirata against memory impairment induced by aluminum chloride

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100190

Reena Deshmukh , Manisha Jaiswal , Anshita Shukla , Umesh Patil , Mukesh Sharma

Background

The most advanced type of neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), significantly reduces cognitive performance. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiological pathways of several neurodegenerative illnesses. Aluminum is one of the most potent neurotoxins known to cause oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. Since there are currently few therapy options for AD, more alternatives are required. The current investigation aimed to assess the nootropic potential of Swertia chirata in rats.

Materials and Method

AlCl3 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used to induce amnesia, piracetam (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was employed as a standard, and an ethanolic extract of Swertia chirata (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) was utilized to assess nootropic activity. The Novel Object Recognition test and the elevated plus maze in AlCl3-induced amnesia models were used to evaluate the effects of medications on learning and memory in rats. This impairment is likely due to the increased vulnerability of brain cells to oxidative stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated that certain flavonoid antioxidants reduce oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.

Results

Swertia chirata ethanolic extract exhibited longer exploration times for unfamiliar objects compared to familiar ones. Additionally, the ethanolic extract demonstrated a reduction in transfer latency in the elevated plus maze (EPM) in the AlCl3-induced amnesia paradigm, indicating an improvement in cognitive function.

Conclusion

In experimental models, the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirata significantly (p < 0.05) reversed AlCl3-induced amnesia and improved learning and memory. The study demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of the extract. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may contribute to its potential in treating cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

{"title":"Cognitive enhancing effect of an extract of Swertia chirata against memory impairment induced by aluminum chloride","authors":"Reena Deshmukh , Manisha Jaiswal , Anshita Shukla , Umesh Patil , Mukesh Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The most advanced type of neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), significantly reduces cognitive performance. Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiological pathways of several neurodegenerative illnesses. Aluminum is one of the most potent neurotoxins known to cause oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders. Since there are currently few therapy options for AD, more alternatives are required. The current investigation aimed to assess the nootropic potential of <em>Swertia chirata</em> in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Method</h3><div>AlCl3 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used to induce amnesia, piracetam (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was employed as a standard, and an ethanolic extract of <em>Swertia chirata</em> (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) was utilized to assess nootropic activity. The Novel Object Recognition test and the elevated plus maze in AlCl3-induced amnesia models were used to evaluate the effects of medications on learning and memory in rats. This impairment is likely due to the increased vulnerability of brain cells to oxidative stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated that certain flavonoid antioxidants reduce oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Swertia chirata</em> ethanolic extract exhibited longer exploration times for unfamiliar objects compared to familiar ones. Additionally, the ethanolic extract demonstrated a reduction in transfer latency in the elevated plus maze (EPM) in the AlCl3-induced amnesia paradigm, indicating an improvement in cognitive function.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In experimental models, the ethanolic extract of Swertia chirata significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) reversed AlCl3-induced amnesia and improved learning and memory. The study demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of the extract. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may contribute to its potential in treating cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer's disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72447,"journal":{"name":"Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Protective effects of apigenin in neurodegeneration: An update on the potential mechanisms

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100189

Ali Mohammadkhanizadeh , Mohammad Sheibani , Soroush Taherkhani , Davood Nourabadi , Seyed Mahdi Mohamadi-Zarch , Farnaz Nikbakht , Yaser Azizi

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and neuronal connections, leading to cognitive decline, memory impairment, and motor dysfunction. Apigenin, a flavonoid found in various herbs and plants, has garnered significant attention for its neuroprotective properties. This review aims to provide an update on the potential mechanisms by which apigenin exerts its protective effects in neurodegeneration. Apigenin has been shown to possess potent antioxidant activity, which is thought to play a crucial role in its neuroprotective effects. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses, is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Apigenin has been demonstrated to scavenge ROS, thereby reducing oxidative stress and mitigating the damage to neurons. Inflammation is another key feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and apigenin has been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Apigenin has been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, which are elevated in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, apigenin has been demonstrated to suppress the activation of microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, which are thought to contribute to neuroinflammation. In addition, apigenin has been shown to activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which is involved in promoting neuronal survival and preventing apoptosis. In this review, we focus on the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the diverse beneficial effects of apigenin within these pathways. The literature surveyed spans from 1980 to 2024. Also, systematic search was performed in Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar for relevant references. Our findings highlight the potential mechanisms associated with the neuroprotective effects of apigenin.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the role of neuromodulation in neurodegenerative disorders: Insights from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100187

Mega Obukohwo Oyovwi , Kehinde Henrietta Babawale , Ejayeta Jeroh , Benneth Ben-Azu

Background

Recent studies suggest neuromodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), despite their complex pathophysiology and limited treatments' efficacy, requiring further investigation.

Objective

This study aims to explore the impact of neuromodulation techniques on the symptoms and progression of AD and PD, focusing on their underlying mechanisms and therapeutic benefits.

Method

A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, encompassing published articles, results of clinical trials, animal studies, and meta-analyses regarding various neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Data on cognitive function, motor control, and quality of life were extracted and analyzed.

Results

Neuromodulation techniques demonstrated promising outcomes in both AD and PD. TMS showed significant improvement in cognitive functions in AD patients, while DBS resulted in substantial relief of motor symptoms and improved quality of life in PD patients. Additionally, mechanisms such as enhanced neuroplasticity, modulation of neurotransmitter systems, and the potential for neuroprotective effects were identified as key contributors to these benefits.

Conclusion

Neuromodulation offers potential therapeutic solutions for managing symptoms and slowing neurodegenerative disorders like AD and PD, but further research is needed to understand long-term effects and optimal protocols.

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引用次数: 0

Imitation and dyspraxia in autism: Clinical and therapeutic implications

Brain disorders (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Pub Date : 2025-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100191

Leonardo Massoni

It is known that ASD is often associated with defects in imitating other speech and behaviors as well as with self-other mapping problems, not simply referable to general factors such as memory, spatial reasoning, motor control, or attention. It has also been suggested that disturbances of posture, also known as dyspraxia, as well as impairments in locomotion, facial expression, interests and affect, and inattention to other people's expressions, could be early markers of ASD. Meanwhile, by employing intense interaction, imitation, or “expressive art” therapies, which respond intimately to motor activities, some improvements could be made for these symptoms of ASD.

Starting from these premises, the aim of this short communication is to discuss some works on the clinical basis and therapeutic perspectives of imitation defects and dyspraxia in autism spectrum disorder.

引用次数: 0