Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine最新文献

Leontopithecus chrysopygus (black lion tamarin) is a platyrrhine primate found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This species is threatened by human activities that encroach on its habitat. Studies on Leontopithecus myology provide insights into ecological variables and support primate medicine. This study aimed to analyze the anatomy of the forearm muscles of L. chrysopygus. For this purpose, six thoracic limbs from five adult male L. chrysopygus specimens were dissected. The muscles were described by their attachment points (origin and insertion), and their masses were measured using a precision scale. Functional muscle groups were established for comparison purposes. The positioning and skeletal attachments of the muscles resembled existing descriptions for primates. However, intraspecific variations were noted, such as a recess for the radial nerve between the origin of the tendon of the brachioradial muscle in one-third of the samples. The deep digital flexor muscle had the highest mean mass (2.34 ± 0.43 g), whereas the extensor muscle of the second digit had the lowest mean mass (0.03 ± 0.01 g). The carpal and digital flexor muscles showed a significantly higher mean percentage mass (p < 0.05) than the others (58.4 ± 2.7%), possibly due to the strength required for hand grip during locomotion on branches and climbing trees. Further studies on the muscles of other regions of the thoracic limb and other Leontopithecus species could enhance our understanding of how these muscles adapt to their lifestyles.

Breast tumors are common in female dogs, and in most cases, unilateral mastectomy is the surgical technique. This procedure poses a considerable risk for the development of post-surgical chronic pain. Therefore, the animal must have a good analgesic plan during the intraoperative period. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic potential of the serratus plane (SP) block when combined with the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block during the intraoperative and postoperative periods in female dogs undergoing mastectomy. Eighteen female dogs, aged 5-15 years and weighing 4-77 lbs, with mammary tumors staged I-III, were referred for total unilateral mastectomy. These dogs were pre-medicated with 0.03 mg/kg intramuscular acepromazine, an anesthetic was induced with propofol, and maintained with isoflurane. The dogs were divided into two groups: in 10 dogs, TAP blocks were performed with a volume of 0.4 mL/kg, combined with SP blocks with a volume of 0.4 mL/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine intraoperatively, before starting surgery, and in another eight dogs, tumescent anesthesia was performed with a cold solution containing lactated Ringer's, 2% lidocaine without vasoconstrictor, and adrenaline in 15 mL/kg intraoperatively. During data collection, analysis, interpretation of results, and subject follow-up, no group exhibited a response to nociceptive stimuli during the intraoperative period. In the postoperative period, only one dog from group 1 presented with a score greater than 5, and a slight delay in anesthetic recovery was observed in dogs from group 2. The evaluation of parameters during and after surgery, combined with the low need for analgesics in most female dogs, indicated that the combination of TAP and SP blocks was effective for analgesic control. In conclusion, this combination is an alternative to promote analgesia and favor recovery in female dogs undergoing mastectomy.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are a type of cutaneous neoplasm prevalent in canines. Although less frequent, such neoplasms can involve other anatomical sites with no skin involvement, such as the trachea. The objective of the present case report is to describe the clinical, surgical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of a tracheal MCT in a dog. An 8-y-old, mixed-breed, male dog showed signs of dyspnea, coughing and choking. Tracheobronchoscopy revealed a mass in the cervical part of the trachea, almost completely obstructing its lumen. Surgery was performed for removal of the mass and part of the tracheal rings. Histologically, the trachea showed transmural thickening with a round cell neoplastic proliferation. Extracutaneous mast cell tumor was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed for c-KIT with KIT-staining II and Ki67 >23 cells/grid (and 73.2% positive cells). The dog exhibited no postoperative complications. A local recurrence occurred four months after surgery and the animal's general condition deteriorated, which led to the patient's euthanasia. Although rare, mast cell tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with extracutaneous nodules and masses.

Degenerative mitral valve disease is the most prevalent heart disease in dogs. Research on biomarkers of heart diseases has increased recently owing to their value in providing complementary information to gold standard diagnostic methods and enhancing the understanding of pathophysiology. Novel biomarkers, such as Galectin-3 (Gal-3), soluble interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 protein (sST2), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), have demonstrated prognostic value in human medicine but are poorly studied in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the serum concentrations of these novel inflammatory biomarkers, along with traditional biomarkers, in dogs at different stages of degenerative mitral valve disease. Thirty-eight dogs were included: 14 in stage A, 10 in stage B2, and 14 in stage C. Serum concentrations of five biomarkers (Gal-3, sST2, GDF-15, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein), echocardiography, thoracic radiography, clinical chemistry, and blood cell counts were assessed for each dog. Differences in biomarker concentrations between groups were analyzed. Fibrinogen and C-reactive protein concentrations were higher in group C than in group A. Galectin-3 concentrations were higher in group B2 compared to those in group C. GDF 15 concentrations were higher in group B2 than in group A. No significant differences were found between groups B2 and C. sST2 concentrations did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, the novel inflammatory biomarker GDF-15 was measurable in dogs and was elevated in stage B2, similar to Gal-3, suggesting that inflammation and fibrosis begin with cardiac remodeling before clinical signs appear. Classical biomarkers showed the expected behavior. Further studies are needed to determine whether treatment affects the behavior of novel biomarkers.

A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu presented with intermittent vomiting, diarrhea, and inappetence lasting 6 months. Physical examination revealed a mildly reduced body condition score (2/5), with no other significant abnormalities. Laboratory tests, imaging studies, and endoscopic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory enteropathy. Strain elastography of the duodenum showed a semiquantitative strain ratio (SR) of 1.19 and a heterogeneous color pattern (blue-green with red areas), indicating increased tissue stiffness. Histopathological analysis revealed duodenitis and gastritis. This case highlights the potential of strain elastography as a non-invasive imaging tool for evaluating intestinal stiffness, correlating with inflammation, and supporting the diagnosis and management of canine enteropathies.

The margay (Leopardus wiedii) is a neotropical, arboreal wildcat widely distributed in Brazil. Since 2014, it has been classified as Vulnerable on the National List of Endangered Species (ICMBio) and listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Morphological studies of wild felids are essential for understanding their ecological and functional adaptations to their environment. Anatomy is a fundamental tool for investigating aspects related to species biology and evolution, particularly interactions with the environment, diet, and reproduction. This report describes the renal morphology and vascularization of Leopardus wiedii, with a focus on potential clinical and surgical applications, including vascular anastomoses, imaging studies, nephrectomies, and preoperative planning to minimize complications. The animals were formalin-fixed at the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Morphology of Domestic and Wild Animals at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, injected with colored latex, and dissected. The right kidney measured 4.68 × 2.55 × 2.34 cm and the left kidney measured 4.47 × 2.73 × 2.59 cm in animal 01, and the right kidney measured 3.32 × 2.10 × 2.34 cm and the left kidney measured 3.69 × 2.26 × 2.20 cm in animal 02. Single renal arteries were observed bilaterally, with a single renal vein on the left and double veins on the right. These findings enhance the anatomical knowledge of the species and support its clinical and conservation management.

This study aimed to analyze the use of drones for behavioral monitoring of Murrah buffaloes in extensive and intensive production systems in Amapá, Brazil, contributing to the implementation of more accurate and sustainable breeding practices and reducing the need for labor. Ethograms were constructed at a height of 15 m, allowing safe and noninvasive identification of behaviors. The distribution of the data was analyzed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test (W = 0.803; p < 0.05) and homoscedasticity (F = 0.345; p = 0.558), which was shown to be homogeneous. Animal reactivity was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient, and the environmental effects on the response variables were evaluated using PERMANOVA. PCoA was used to explore the spatial distribution of the data. After 104 h of image storage, 17 behavioral types were identified. These results validated the use of the DJI Mini 2 drone for minimally invasive, effective, and low-cost aerial monitoring. The reactivity of the buffaloes to the drone decreased with increasing altitude, with 15 m being ideal for monitoring because it minimized stress and behavioral changes. Confined buffaloes (area 2) showed greater reactivity and spent more time in alert and tense states than buffaloes in pasture (area 1), which showed less reactivity due to more environmental stimuli. Multivariate analysis and PERMANOVA confirmed significant differences between the areas, with area 1 showing greater behavioral diversity (12 types) than area 2 (eight types).

Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is widely distributed throughout South America, being the most common wild canid in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. It is considered a host for several parasites and contributes to the maintenance of its biological cycle due to its generalist and synanthropic habits. Due to the importance of the disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, knowing its distribution in wild animals is essential to understand the transmission cycle of the protozoan. Therefore, the objective of the study was to report the molecular identification of T. gondii DNA in a sample of cardiac muscle tissue from C. thous in southern Brazil. For this purpose, a specimen of C. thous, found dead after being run over, was collected on the highways of Cerrito, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and sent to the laboratory for necropsy. Tissue fragments (spleen, liver, kidney, heart, lung, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood) were collected and its genomic DNA was extracted. The samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the 18S rRNA gene, and T. gondii DNA was amplified in cardiac muscle samples. The presence of the protozoan was confirmed by genetic sequencing. This study reports the molecular detection of T. gondii DNA in cardiac muscle of C. thous in southern Brazil, demonstrating the presence of the protozoan in the studied region. In addition, a new molecular sequence is being provided, contributing to the knowledge and epidemiology of the parasite.

Leishmania infantum is a parasite that causes leishmaniasis in its visceral clinical manifestations, which is considered a zoonosis and can infect both humans and animals. Currently, there is no highly effective treatment available, and many animals that exhibit symptoms ultimately die as a result of the disease and its complications. The clinical signs of leishmaniasis are varied and nonspecific. The main symptoms are severe anemia and thrombocytopenia, weight loss, splenomegaly, lymphadenomegaly, liver disease, kidney failure, and skin lesions, among others. Due to the chronic inflammatory state caused by the parasite, an oxidative environment is created, leading to potential cell injury and damage to the infected animals' genetic material. To investigate DNA damage, we conducted the micronucleus test and comet assay, as well as measured serum LDH levels in infected and non-infected dogs. Our results indicate that infected dogs present significantly higher levels of serum LDH (461.4 ± 204.5 U/L, n=36) compared to healthy dogs (142.38 ± 37.94 U/L, n=5). Additionally, the DNA of infected dogs is more damaged than that of the control group, as demonstrated by the micronucleus test (p=0.01) and comet assay (p=0.002). These findings suggest that Leishmania infantum infection can lead to clastogenic events, highlighting the need for further research on this process. It is important to consider the potential mutagenic properties of Leishmania infantum, given its ability to cause DNA damage in infected animals.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of antimicrobials in horses, focusing on administration practices, adherence to veterinary prescriptions, and the impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance. The research was based on a questionnaire completed by 220 horse owners in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The data collected covered aspects including antibiotic use, prescription sources, the performance of culture and susceptibility tests, and the disposal of veterinary drug waste. The results indicated that 98.63% of horse owners administered antibiotics mainly to treat respiratory diseases. However, adherence to veterinary prescriptions was limited, with only 47.72% of horse owners correctly following the guidelines regarding dosage and treatment duration. Additionally, 68.18% of horse owners did not perform culture tests prior to antimicrobial treatment, and many obtained antibiotic recommendations from non-professional sources, such as friends or staff at veterinary product stores. These findings suggest that inappropriate antibiotic use practices, such as empirical and non-prescribed use, are contributing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. The need for educational campaigns targeting horse owners is critical to raise awareness about the importance of rational antimicrobial use, risks of indiscriminate use, and necessity of performing laboratory tests to select appropriate treatment options.