Abstract The standardization of terms and definitions is fundamental to all activities in the domain of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). For decades, definitions of TCM terminology relied on conventional verbal representations to differentiate between related concepts. However, the ancient Chinese is obscure and comprises a massive volume of information, making it difficult to convey the definition accurately in other languages. This article proposes a potential solution that the definition for pulse terminology can be supplemented by modern means of non-verbal representation, i.e., using pulse waveform graphs and parameters to complete the definition of each pulse. A discussion of the challenges of obtaining reliable data is also included.
{"title":"Use of Non-Verbal Representations to Define Concept of Pulse Conditions in Traditional Chinese Medicine Standards","authors":"Chunmao Zhang, Yiqin Wang, Rui Guo, Hai-xia Yan, Jian-jun Yan, Wen-Jie Wu, Jing Li","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The standardization of terms and definitions is fundamental to all activities in the domain of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). For decades, definitions of TCM terminology relied on conventional verbal representations to differentiate between related concepts. However, the ancient Chinese is obscure and comprises a massive volume of information, making it difficult to convey the definition accurately in other languages. This article proposes a potential solution that the definition for pulse terminology can be supplemented by modern means of non-verbal representation, i.e., using pulse waveform graphs and parameters to complete the definition of each pulse. A discussion of the challenges of obtaining reliable data is also included.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"136 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42642100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/mc9.0000000000000014
Z. Zhao, E. Brand
{"title":"Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum","authors":"Z. Zhao, E. Brand","doi":"10.1097/mc9.0000000000000014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/mc9.0000000000000014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41915903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000020
S. Min
Abstract Qian Cao (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) is a perennial grass with red and yellow pigments in its roots. It has been used since ancient times for fabric dyeing and painting, and it's the oldest red dye in both Europe and China. Xi Yang Qian (Rubia tirctorum L.) spread from the East to the West, while Zhong Guo Qian (Rubia cordifolia L.) spread from the West to the East. Both were integral in the development of Chinese and Western color cultures. Nowadays, although it is no longer commonly used in dyes and paints, Qian Cao is still used in clinical medicine as a medicinal herb.
{"title":"“Eastern” Xi Yang Qian (Rubia tirctorum L.) and “Western” Zhong Guo Qian (Rubia cordifolia L.): Across the Regions","authors":"S. Min","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Qian Cao (Radix et Rhizoma Rubiae) is a perennial grass with red and yellow pigments in its roots. It has been used since ancient times for fabric dyeing and painting, and it's the oldest red dye in both Europe and China. Xi Yang Qian (Rubia tirctorum L.) spread from the East to the West, while Zhong Guo Qian (Rubia cordifolia L.) spread from the West to the East. Both were integral in the development of Chinese and Western color cultures. Nowadays, although it is no longer commonly used in dyes and paints, Qian Cao is still used in clinical medicine as a medicinal herb.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"131 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41393820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000019
Anita Bui
Abstract “Daoyin Benjing” (Art of Nourishing Life) discusses the kidney meridian in depth. It is a dense and heterogeneous text that is heavily influenced by Daoism. The text proposes rules for the maintenance of life using language that is often cryptic and understandable only to the initiated. This language is closely interwoven with the classical terms of traditional Chinese medicine. The kidney is the home of vital energy, which is a type of sexual energy and the root of life. Engagement in moderate sexual activity nourishes life and leads to a long life. This is the goal of every Daoist follower and the goal of every doctor.
{"title":"Art of Nourishing Life According to the Kidney Meridian in Zhenjiu Dacheng (The Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion)","authors":"Anita Bui","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract “Daoyin Benjing” (Art of Nourishing Life) discusses the kidney meridian in depth. It is a dense and heterogeneous text that is heavily influenced by Daoism. The text proposes rules for the maintenance of life using language that is often cryptic and understandable only to the initiated. This language is closely interwoven with the classical terms of traditional Chinese medicine. The kidney is the home of vital energy, which is a type of sexual energy and the root of life. Engagement in moderate sexual activity nourishes life and leads to a long life. This is the goal of every Daoist follower and the goal of every doctor.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"91 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45820605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000017
Lyu-Hua Chen, Li-yun Chen
Abstract In modern times, 15 missionary hospitals were established in Shanghai, including 6 Protestant hospitals and 9 Catholic hospitals. These hospitals were the products of Western missionaries in China. The establishment of missionary hospitals objectively introduced Western medicine into China and changed its original medical system. Based on documents and periodicals, Shanghai archives, Xujiahui library materials, hospital historical records, and domestic and foreign library historical materials, this paper systematically reviews the development of missionary hospitals in Shanghai, and discusses their balance between medicine and religion, to provide ideas and references for future research.
{"title":"Discussion of Medicine and Religion: Study of Missionary Hospitals in Modern Shanghai, China","authors":"Lyu-Hua Chen, Li-yun Chen","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In modern times, 15 missionary hospitals were established in Shanghai, including 6 Protestant hospitals and 9 Catholic hospitals. These hospitals were the products of Western missionaries in China. The establishment of missionary hospitals objectively introduced Western medicine into China and changed its original medical system. Based on documents and periodicals, Shanghai archives, Xujiahui library materials, hospital historical records, and domestic and foreign library historical materials, this paper systematically reviews the development of missionary hospitals in Shanghai, and discusses their balance between medicine and religion, to provide ideas and references for future research.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"77 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42458015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000012
Liyang Zhang, Xinggang Wang
Abstract Aṣtāṅgahṛdaya Saṃhitā (Compendium of the Essence of the Eight Branches)is one of the most important works on Ayurvedic medicine from ancient India. It provides a comprehensive overview and synthesis of Ayurvedic theories from different schools of thought. With concise and clear contents, it was an essential textbook for Ayurvedic medicine in India and many other regions at the time it was written. This article summarizes the main contents of the book, reviews the current status of research, and finds that the modern research on Aṣtāṅgahṛdaya Saṃhitā focuses on religious philosophy, the theory of bodily humors, discussion of drug use, and its relationship with Chinese medicine. The book was widely disseminated in the areas surrounding India and influenced Tibetan and Arabic medicine, as well as multiethnic medicine along the Silk Road.
{"title":"Progress of Research on Aṣtāṅgahṛdaya Saṃhitā","authors":"Liyang Zhang, Xinggang Wang","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aṣtāṅgahṛdaya Saṃhitā (Compendium of the Essence of the Eight Branches)is one of the most important works on Ayurvedic medicine from ancient India. It provides a comprehensive overview and synthesis of Ayurvedic theories from different schools of thought. With concise and clear contents, it was an essential textbook for Ayurvedic medicine in India and many other regions at the time it was written. This article summarizes the main contents of the book, reviews the current status of research, and finds that the modern research on Aṣtāṅgahṛdaya Saṃhitā focuses on religious philosophy, the theory of bodily humors, discussion of drug use, and its relationship with Chinese medicine. The book was widely disseminated in the areas surrounding India and influenced Tibetan and Arabic medicine, as well as multiethnic medicine along the Silk Road.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"119 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42135703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000015
Jingbin Niu, Xiao Gai, De-Cai Yang, Yixin Zheng, Yang Cao, Chun-mei Zhu, Peng Qian, Hai-xia Yan, Hua-Ling Song, Guo-ping Liu
Abstract Objective: Shugan Hewei therapy (SHT) acts to soothe the liver and harmonize the stomach. It is a classical traditional Chinese medicine method widely used in China to treat chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) due to liver qi invading the stomach. However, the clinical effects of SHT remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the overall clinical effective rate and safety of SHT in treating CAG. Methods: We used the Jadad scale and Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool to evaluate the methodological quality of studies investigating SHT. Eight medical databases were searched to identify relevant studies. After data extraction and quality evaluation, 27 randomized controlled trials, including 2,441 patients, were considered eligible for analysis. No serious heterogeneity or publication bias was observed across the included studies. We used Revman 5.3 statistical software to evaluate the general clinical effective rate and safety of SHT. Results: The results showed that SHT was more effective (RR=1.25; 95% CI [1.20, 1.29]; P<0.01) and safer (MD=0.24, 95% CI [0.08, 0.75]; P<0.01) than control interventions comprising western medicine, Chinese patent medicine, and/or western medicine + Chinese patent medicine. Compared with the control interventions, SHT resulted in greater improvements in the symptom scores for stomach distension and stomachache, serum gastrin level, histopathologic changes, Helicobacter pylori (HP) inhibition rate, and gastric mucosal inflammation. Conclusion: SHT was more effective and safer than control interventions for CAG.
{"title":"Efficacy of Shugan Hewei Therapy for Chronic Atrophic Gastritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Jingbin Niu, Xiao Gai, De-Cai Yang, Yixin Zheng, Yang Cao, Chun-mei Zhu, Peng Qian, Hai-xia Yan, Hua-Ling Song, Guo-ping Liu","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: Shugan Hewei therapy (SHT) acts to soothe the liver and harmonize the stomach. It is a classical traditional Chinese medicine method widely used in China to treat chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) due to liver qi invading the stomach. However, the clinical effects of SHT remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the overall clinical effective rate and safety of SHT in treating CAG. Methods: We used the Jadad scale and Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool to evaluate the methodological quality of studies investigating SHT. Eight medical databases were searched to identify relevant studies. After data extraction and quality evaluation, 27 randomized controlled trials, including 2,441 patients, were considered eligible for analysis. No serious heterogeneity or publication bias was observed across the included studies. We used Revman 5.3 statistical software to evaluate the general clinical effective rate and safety of SHT. Results: The results showed that SHT was more effective (RR=1.25; 95% CI [1.20, 1.29]; P<0.01) and safer (MD=0.24, 95% CI [0.08, 0.75]; P<0.01) than control interventions comprising western medicine, Chinese patent medicine, and/or western medicine + Chinese patent medicine. Compared with the control interventions, SHT resulted in greater improvements in the symptom scores for stomach distension and stomachache, serum gastrin level, histopathologic changes, Helicobacter pylori (HP) inhibition rate, and gastric mucosal inflammation. Conclusion: SHT was more effective and safer than control interventions for CAG.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"97 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006
Motahareh Asgari, Qun Yu, M. Abdi, Guangpeng Du, Yun-hui Shen
Abstract Fan Hong Hua (李时珍 saffron) is a natural product that has long been used in food and dye industries and fortreating various disorders. Saffron has a long history of applications in traditional Chinese medicine, following its introduction to China in 1979. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, saffron is sweet, slightly cold in nature and enters heart and liver meridians. Moreover, this spice can invigorate blood circulation, eliminate blood stasis, cool blood and eliminate heat toxins. Saffron has been used to treat asthma, phlegm, insomnia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, fright, shock, hemoptysis, heartburn, and pain. Among the almost 70 bioactive ingredients of saffron, major constituents of this herb include safranal, crocin, and crocetin, which are responsible for the unique taste and color of saffron. These ingredients have been investigated using modern pharmaceutical research methods as potential therapeutics to treat disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, digestive system disorders, ocular issues, and COVID-19 infections. However, focus and emphasis on understanding the pharmacological effects of saffron in treating diseases are required. This article briefly reviews the history, cultivation processes, different qualities properties, and traditional and modern applications of this unique herb.
{"title":"Survey of the History and Applications of Saffron","authors":"Motahareh Asgari, Qun Yu, M. Abdi, Guangpeng Du, Yun-hui Shen","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fan Hong Hua (李时珍 saffron) is a natural product that has long been used in food and dye industries and fortreating various disorders. Saffron has a long history of applications in traditional Chinese medicine, following its introduction to China in 1979. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, saffron is sweet, slightly cold in nature and enters heart and liver meridians. Moreover, this spice can invigorate blood circulation, eliminate blood stasis, cool blood and eliminate heat toxins. Saffron has been used to treat asthma, phlegm, insomnia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, fright, shock, hemoptysis, heartburn, and pain. Among the almost 70 bioactive ingredients of saffron, major constituents of this herb include safranal, crocin, and crocetin, which are responsible for the unique taste and color of saffron. These ingredients have been investigated using modern pharmaceutical research methods as potential therapeutics to treat disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, digestive system disorders, ocular issues, and COVID-19 infections. However, focus and emphasis on understanding the pharmacological effects of saffron in treating diseases are required. This article briefly reviews the history, cultivation processes, different qualities properties, and traditional and modern applications of this unique herb.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"31 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45878356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000010
Marta Hanson
Abstract This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges. Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the history of medicine in early modern China. The following covers the concept of epistemic genres that Pomata first developed out of her research on the history of the genres historia, observationes, recipes, medical cases, and the commentary in Europe. She connected these genres variously to empiricism, erudition, scientific observation, norm-making, and recording practice. The paper then evaluates how Pomata and Hanson used epistemic genres as a method for doing cross-cultural research on 17th–18th-century Sino-European medical exchanges. Pomata then wrote a comparative history of the medical case in Europe and China. The article concludes with how Hanson applied the distinction of epistemic genres to analyze the history of Chinese medicine from a new perspective.
{"title":"Epistemic Genres as a Conceptual Tool in the History of Chinese Medicine","authors":"Marta Hanson","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges. Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the history of medicine in early modern China. The following covers the concept of epistemic genres that Pomata first developed out of her research on the history of the genres historia, observationes, recipes, medical cases, and the commentary in Europe. She connected these genres variously to empiricism, erudition, scientific observation, norm-making, and recording practice. The paper then evaluates how Pomata and Hanson used epistemic genres as a method for doing cross-cultural research on 17th–18th-century Sino-European medical exchanges. Pomata then wrote a comparative history of the medical case in Europe and China. The article concludes with how Hanson applied the distinction of epistemic genres to analyze the history of Chinese medicine from a new perspective.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41588262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1097/MC9.0000000000000004
Min-Min Shao
Black walnut is a Juglans tree native to the North America plains. It features a tall and dense canopy up to 20 or 30 m high. The timber is dense and hard, making it suitable for woodworks. The natural dark color and beautiful grain are usually preserved in woodworks to reveal its unique chocolate hue. Black walnut was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. Since then, it has become a very precious wood in traditional furniture-making. It commands a prominent position in antique furniture, and is often used as a building material in churches and castles, as well as an interior decorative material in luxury automobiles (Fig. 1). Black walnut is also the traditional wood used for gun stocks. During the Age of Industrialization, it was used as temporary utility poles when laying railways. An iron nail or ironware on the trunk of a black walnut or walnut will darken the color of the wood. Therefore, iron products are often found in black walnut logs. This is an interesting phenomenon that will be discussed later in section 5 regarding mordant. Black walnut is a fine tree species with high economic value. Its fruit is edible, and its trunk can be used for making wooden wares. Western artisans have found an additional use of black walnut, i.e. its green hulls can be processed into brown ink. As the oxidation time increases, the ink color gradually darkens. This makes black walnut become a raw material in the early production of ink.
{"title":"Juglans: Tannin Ink and Magic Formula for Hair Dyeing","authors":"Min-Min Shao","doi":"10.1097/MC9.0000000000000004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MC9.0000000000000004","url":null,"abstract":"Black walnut is a Juglans tree native to the North America plains. It features a tall and dense canopy up to 20 or 30 m high. The timber is dense and hard, making it suitable for woodworks. The natural dark color and beautiful grain are usually preserved in woodworks to reveal its unique chocolate hue. Black walnut was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. Since then, it has become a very precious wood in traditional furniture-making. It commands a prominent position in antique furniture, and is often used as a building material in churches and castles, as well as an interior decorative material in luxury automobiles (Fig. 1). Black walnut is also the traditional wood used for gun stocks. During the Age of Industrialization, it was used as temporary utility poles when laying railways. An iron nail or ironware on the trunk of a black walnut or walnut will darken the color of the wood. Therefore, iron products are often found in black walnut logs. This is an interesting phenomenon that will be discussed later in section 5 regarding mordant. Black walnut is a fine tree species with high economic value. Its fruit is edible, and its trunk can be used for making wooden wares. Western artisans have found an additional use of black walnut, i.e. its green hulls can be processed into brown ink. As the oxidation time increases, the ink color gradually darkens. This makes black walnut become a raw material in the early production of ink.","PeriodicalId":72584,"journal":{"name":"Chinese medicine and culture : official publication of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"72 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46922682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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