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Ligandinuria: an indication of tubular cell necrosis. 配体尿:小管细胞坏死的表现。
D A Feinfeld, G M Fleischner, E J Goldstein, R D Levine, S D Levine, M M Avram, I M Arias

Ligandinuria is a useful index of acute tubular injury. Ligandin probably enters the urine at the time of initial necrosis and should be looked for soon after the toxic or ischemic event. Periodic examination of perfusates for this substance might yield useful information about techniques for storage of cadaver kidneys.

配体尿是急性肾小管损伤的有用指标。配体素可能在初始坏死时进入尿液,应在中毒或缺血事件后尽快寻找。定期检查灌注液中是否含有这种物质,可能会获得有关尸体肾脏储存技术的有用信息。
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引用次数: 0
Changes of urinary enzyme excretion after drug application. 用药后尿酶排泄的变化。
U Burchardt, H Krosch, G Müller, R J Haschen
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引用次数: 0
Excretion of kidney brush border antigens as a quantitative indicator of tubular damage. 肾刷缘抗原排泄作为肾小管损伤的定量指标。
J E Scherberich, W A Mondorf

The excretion of antigens and enzymes derived from the brush border region was studied in patients with kidney diseases, after kidney transplantation, during administration of potential nephrotoxic drugs, before and after operations etc. The main portion of membrane constituents was excreted in the urine at an increased rate, compared to healthy persons, and was identical with glycoproteins artificially released from the brush border membrane surface. Antisera against brush border antigens, which had been isolated from urine by affinity chromatography, were used to localise the origin of urinary kidney tissue-proteins applying immunofluorescence microscopy.

研究了肾脏疾病患者、肾移植后、潜在肾毒性药物使用期间、手术前后等时期毛囊缘区抗原和酶的排泄情况。与健康人相比,其主要成分随尿液排出的速度增加,与人工从刷状膜边缘表面释放的糖蛋白相同。用亲和层析法从尿中分离出毛刷边界抗原的抗血清,应用免疫荧光显微镜定位尿肾组织蛋白的来源。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of serum and urine fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase in the diagnosis of renal transplant rejection. 血清、尿纤维蛋白分裂产物及尿β -葡糖醛酸酶诊断肾移植排斥反应的比较。
H C Gonick, E R Stiehm, L F Saldanha

This study compares the usefulness of serum and urine fibrin split products and the urinary enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, in the diagnosis and management of renal transplant rejection. Fibrin split products, determined by a tanned human red cell agglutination inhibition immunoassay, were measured as a reflection of the secondary fibrinolysis from fibrin deposited in the renal microvasculature as a result of rejection. Urinary beta-glucuronidase, expressed as the ratio of enzyme activity to creatinine concentration, was determined by a colorimetric technique following dialysis of urine to remove endogenous activators and inhibitors. Activity of this lysosomal enzyme is thought to reflect tubular injury. Twenty-nine renal transplant recipients (15 from living donors and 14 from cadaver donors) were evaluated. Both serum and urinary fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were markedly elevated in the immediate postoperative period, probably reflecting ischemic trauma. Acute rejection occurring within the first three months was associated with elevations of fibrin split products (particularly urine) and beta-glucuronidase. Elevated values returned to normal following successful treatment with steroids and/or heparin, but remained high in the presence of continued rejection. After the first 48 hours post-transplant, in the absence of rejection, values for fibrin split products were within the normal range. Urinary beta-glucuronidase remained elevated if the transplanted kidney was recovering from acute tubular necrosis. Fibrin split products and urinary beta-glucuronidase were usually normal in chronic rejection.

本研究比较了血清和尿纤维蛋白分离产物与尿酶-葡萄糖醛酸酶在肾移植排斥反应诊断和治疗中的作用。纤维蛋白分裂产物,通过鞣人红细胞凝集抑制免疫分析法测定,被测量为反映由于排斥反应而沉积在肾微血管中的纤维蛋白的继发性纤维蛋白溶解。尿β -葡萄糖醛酸酶,以酶活性与肌酐浓度之比表示,通过透析尿液以去除内源性激活剂和抑制剂后的比色技术测定。这种溶酶体酶的活性被认为反映了小管损伤。对29例肾移植受者(15例来自活体供体,14例来自尸体供体)进行了评估。术后即刻血清和尿纤维蛋白分裂产物及尿β -葡糖醛酸酶均明显升高,可能反映了缺血性创伤。前三个月内发生的急性排斥反应与纤维蛋白分裂产物(特别是尿液)和β -葡糖苷酸酶升高有关。在类固醇和/或肝素治疗成功后,升高的数值恢复正常,但在持续的排斥反应中仍然很高。移植后48小时后,在没有排斥反应的情况下,纤维蛋白分裂产物的值在正常范围内。如果移植肾从急性肾小管坏死恢复,尿β -葡萄糖醛酸酶保持升高。纤维蛋白分裂产物和尿β -葡萄糖醛酸酶在慢性排斥反应中通常是正常的。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation of urine for enzyme determinations by gel filtration. 凝胶过滤法测定酶的尿液制备。
D Maruhn

The activities of several enzymes in urine are masked by the presence of interfering substances in native urine. From several methods proposed for the removal of low molecular mass interferences dilution, dialysis, gel filtration, and ultrafiltration have been successfully applied. Gel filtration seems to be of these most suitable. I is effective, accurate, precise and economical. Scale-down procedures provide for acceptable speed. By this method the complete separation of lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulphatase A, alpha-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, trehalase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and leucine arylamidase from low molecular mass substances, e.g. a heat-stable, competitive inhibitor of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase was possible. The preparation and determination of urinary enzymes should be thoroughly standardized and controlled. Acceptable precision (coefficient of variation less than 10% between-day) can be achieved with manual spectrophotometric methods.

尿液中几种酶的活性被天然尿液中干扰物质的存在所掩盖。从几种去除低分子质量干扰的方法中,稀释、透析、凝胶过滤和超滤已成功应用。凝胶过滤似乎是其中最合适的。有效、准确、精密、经济。缩小程序提供可接受的速度。通过这种方法,乳酸脱氢酶、γ -谷氨酰基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸化酶A、α -葡萄糖苷酶、β -半乳糖糖苷酶、海藻化酶、n -乙酰- β -葡萄糖苷酶、β -葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸芳基酰胺酶从低分子质量物质中完全分离出来,例如,一种热稳定的、竞争性的n -乙酰- β -葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂。尿酶的制备和测定应彻底规范和控制。手动分光光度法可以达到可接受的精度(日间变异系数小于10%)。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnostic significance of enzymes and proteins in urine. Introduction to the Symposium and Review. 尿中酶和蛋白的诊断意义。研讨会简介及回顾。
U C Dubach
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引用次数: 0
The sensitivity of urinary enzyme measurements for detecting renal injury. 尿酶检测肾损伤的敏感性。
D T Plummer, E O Ngaha, P J Wright, P D Leathwood, M E Blake

The relative sensitivity of urinary enzyme measurements for detecting renal damage was determined for two nephrotoxins. Injection of a single dose of sodium phosphate (10 mmoles/kg) caused damage to the proximal tubules and led to a 15 fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity excreted into the urine. In contrast to this change the serum LDH remained normal. Similar results were obtained following the injection of cephaloridine (2 g/kg) with an 18 fold increase in urinary LDH and a marginal increase in urinary glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). By contrast the serum LDH was unchanged. Urinary enzymes are therefore more sensitive for detecting renal injury than enzymes. The four enzymes investigated are located in specific regions of the cell so that the involvement of the organelles and regions of the cell can be followed. Damage to the organelles does not appear to occur as the excretion of the lysosomal enzymes remained normal and only in the case of cephaloridine were marginal changes in the mitochondrial GDH excretion seen. The average alkaline phosphatase was also normal suggesting no gross damage to the plasma membrane although a few individual rats excreted abnormal activities of alkaline phosphatase. These rats however, also excreted high activities of LDH. This suggests that damage to the membrane causes leakage of LDH and in severe cases release of the plasma membrane enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The administration of cephaloridine at various doses showed that urinary enzyme measurements were as sensitive as histology for demonstrating renal damage and that of these enzymes, LDH was by far the most useful.

测定了尿酶检测两种肾毒素对肾脏损害的相对敏感性。注射单剂量磷酸钠(10毫摩尔/千克)对近端小管造成损伤,导致排泄到尿液中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性增加15倍。与此相反,血清LDH保持正常。注射头孢利定(2 g/kg)后,尿LDH升高18倍,尿谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)略有升高,结果相似。而血清LDH无明显变化。因此,尿酶在检测肾损伤方面比酶更敏感。所研究的四种酶位于细胞的特定区域,因此可以跟踪细胞器和细胞区域的参与。由于溶酶体酶的排泄保持正常,细胞器似乎没有发生损伤,只有在头孢啶的情况下,线粒体GDH排泄才出现轻微变化。碱性磷酸酶的平均值也正常,提示质膜无明显损伤,但个别大鼠分泌的碱性磷酸酶活性异常。然而,这些大鼠也排泄出高活性的LDH。这表明,对细胞膜的损伤导致乳酸脱氢酶渗漏,在严重的情况下释放质膜酶碱性磷酸酶。不同剂量头孢利定的给药表明尿酶测量与组织学一样敏感,以显示肾损害,LDH是迄今为止最有用的这些酶。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnostic significance of SDS-PAA-electrophoresis of urinary proteins: different forms of proteinuria and their correlation to renal diseases. 尿蛋白sds - paa电泳的诊断意义:不同形式的蛋白尿及其与肾脏疾病的关系
W H Boesken

Different types of urinary protein excretion may be recognized by determination of the proteins molecular weight. Beside chromatography different electrophoretic procedures have been applied to urinary proteins to study the underlying renal disease. The various zone electrophoreses separate merely by surface charge, proteins however covered by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) migrate according to their molecular radius. So by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAe) macromolecular proteinurias (Mr 60,000- greater than 300,000 daltons) due to glomerular damage may be distinguished from micromolecular forms (Mr 10,000-70,000 d) due to tubular dysfunction. By densitometric quantitation of the separated Ig and transferrin an index of the glomerular selectivity is obtained, i.e. the capacity of the glomerular system, to retain serum proteins of a Mr above 150,000 d. By this procedure proliferative and degenerative glomerulopathies may be distinguished from minimal change disease, focal glomerular sclerosis and early membranous nephropathy; serial determinations of this selectivity index in the latter two disease entities show a gradual deterioration of glomerular protein handling with time. A glomerular proteinuria of even "physiological" quantity has been proved as early sign of renal involvment in systemic diseases; it may be detected earlier as for example the retinopathy in juvenile diabetics. Micromolecular proteinurias also occur at least in two forms: the typical tubular proteinuria (MW 10,000-70,000 d) is associated with acute or chronic severe tubular dysfunction as in interstitial nephritis and acute kidney failure; rejection episodes of kidney transplants lead to transient tubular proteinurias, too. The second form of micromolecular proteinuria (Mr 40,000-70,000 d) has been found frequently in association with a glomerular in diabetic and hypertensive glomerulosclerosis. By measuring clearances of the microproteins, the proteinuria with this pattern could be established as form independant from glomerular and tubular proteinurias. The constancy of the two micromolecular proteinurias led to the hypothesis of at least two selective mechanism of tubular protein resorption. SDS-PAe additionally allows the differentiation of extrarenal proteinurias, as caused by overflow, paraproteins, postrenal Ig-secretion or bleeding etc. In comparing clinical and in part histological data of about 2,000 patients suffering from kidney diseases the analysis of urinary proteins by this method has been proved as valuable non-invasive tool for diagnosis and follow-up.

不同类型的尿蛋白排泄可以通过蛋白质分子量的测定来识别。除色谱法外,不同的电泳方法已被应用于尿蛋白以研究潜在的肾脏疾病。不同的区域电泳仅通过表面电荷分离,而十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)覆盖的蛋白质根据其分子半径迁移。因此,通过sds -聚丙烯酰胺电泳(SDS-PAe),可以将肾小球损伤引起的大分子蛋白尿(Mr为60,000-大于300,000道尔顿)与小管功能障碍引起的小分子蛋白尿(Mr为10,000-70,000 d)区分出来。通过对分离的Ig和转铁蛋白进行密度定量,可以获得肾小球选择性指数,即肾小球系统保留Mr≥150d血清蛋白的能力。通过这种方法可以将增生性和退行性肾小球病变与微小病变、局灶性肾小球硬化和早期膜性肾病区分开来;对后两种疾病的选择性指数的一系列测定表明,随着时间的推移,肾小球蛋白处理逐渐恶化。即使是“生理”量的肾小球蛋白尿已被证明是全身性疾病中肾脏受累的早期征兆;它可以被早期发现,例如青少年糖尿病患者的视网膜病变。微分子蛋白尿也至少以两种形式发生:典型的管状蛋白尿(MW 10000 - 70000 d)与急性或慢性严重肾小管功能障碍有关,如间质性肾炎和急性肾衰竭;肾移植的排斥反应也会导致短暂的小管性蛋白尿。第二种形式的微分子蛋白尿(Mr 40,000-70,000 d)常与糖尿病和高血压肾小球硬化的肾小球有关。通过测定微量蛋白的清除率,可以确定这种类型的蛋白尿独立于肾小球和小管性蛋白尿。两种微分子蛋白尿的稳定性导致了至少两种选择性管状蛋白吸收机制的假设。此外,SDS-PAe还可以区分由外溢、副蛋白、肾后igg分泌或出血等引起的肾外蛋白尿。通过对约2000例肾脏疾病患者的临床和部分组织学资料的比较,证明了该方法对尿蛋白的分析是一种有价值的无创诊断和随访工具。
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引用次数: 0
Immunotitration of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in normal and pathological urine. 正常和病理尿液中碱性磷酸酶同工酶的免疫滴定。
G Pfleiderer, M Baier, M Boll, A W Mondorf, J E Scherberich

Isoenzyme patterns of alkaline phosphatase are determined quantitatively in extracts of human kidney as well as in human urine by means of immunotitration technique. Both media contain two types of AP isoenzymes: liver and intestinal like AP. Intestinal AP is located as a minor component of total AP activity (1-4%) in particle-free fraction of the kidney. Urinary AP activity is found after high speed centrifugation in supernatant (100,000 Xg) as well as in the 100,000 Xg sediment and can only be made soluble from the latter by n-butanol treatment. Intestinal AP in urine is concentrated in the supernatant while in sediment the isoenzyme pattern resembles to that of kidney. Urine of normal persons contains most of AP activity in the sediment and consists mainly of liver type AP. Urinary AP of patients with renal diseases or after application of cytotoxins contains little sedimentable activity, mainly intestinal AP.

用免疫滴定法定量测定了人肾提取物和尿中碱性磷酸酶的同工酶谱。两种培养基均含有两种类型的AP同工酶:肝脏类AP和肠道类AP。肠道类AP在肾脏无颗粒部分中仅占总AP活性的一小部分(1-4%)。在上清(100,000 Xg)和沉积物(100,000 Xg)中高速离心后发现尿AP活性,并且只能通过正丁醇处理从后者中溶解。尿液中的肠道AP集中在上清中,而沉积物中的同工酶模式类似于肾脏。正常人尿液中沉淀型AP的活性大部分为肝型AP。肾脏疾病患者或应用细胞毒素后尿液中沉淀型AP的活性很少,主要为肠型AP。
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引用次数: 0
The powerful urinary procoagulant and its relation to renal diseases. 强效尿促凝剂及其与肾脏疾病的关系。
K N von Kaulla, E von Kaulla

Human urine and urine of various animals contains a powerful procoagulant which converts prothrombin in presence of factors V, VII, X, and phospholipids or thrombocytes into thrombin. In human beings its content of the urine is markedly reduced or totally absent in kidney diseases, but normal in hemophilic patients. Only 0.2 ml urine are required for its assessment. In experimental kidney diseases in rabbits and rats there is an inverse relationship between procoagulant and protein excretion. In the test tube 1 part of urine corrects the clotting of 5-10 parts of hemophilic plasma, even in the presence of very strong coagulation inhibitors.

人的尿液和各种动物的尿液中含有一种强效的促凝剂,它在有V、VII、X因子和磷脂或血小板存在时将凝血酶原转化为凝血酶。在人类尿液中,肾脏病患者尿中其含量明显减少或完全不存在,但在血友病患者中正常。仅需要0.2毫升尿液进行评估。在兔和大鼠的实验性肾脏疾病中,促凝剂和蛋白质排泄呈反比关系。在试管中,1份尿液纠正5-10份血友病血浆的凝血,即使存在非常强的凝血抑制剂。
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引用次数: 0
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Current problems in clinical biochemistry
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