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Clinical laboratory networks contribute to strengthening disease surveillance: The RESAOLAB Project in West Africa. 临床实验室网络有助于加强疾病监测:西非RESAOLAB项目。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-01-25 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19960
Josette Najjar-Pellet, Jean-Louis Machuron, Flabou Bougoudogo, Jean Sakandé, Iyane Sow, Christophe Paquet, Christophe Longuet
Sufficient laboratory capacity is essential to effective infectious disease surveillance and control. This is recognized in the current International Health Regulations (IHR), which identify laboratory services as a category of core capacities that all the World Health Organization (WHO) Member States are expected to develop and maintain ( 1 ). IHR Core Capacity 8 requires laboratory services for every phase of real-time event management (i.e., detection, investigation, and response), with sample analysis being performed either domestically or through collaboration centers ( 2 ). (Published: 25 January 2013) Citation: Emerg Health Threats J 2013, 6 : 19960 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19960
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引用次数: 10
Creating a global dialogue on infectious disease surveillance: connecting organizations for regional disease surveillance (CORDS). 建立关于传染病监测的全球对话:连接区域疾病监测组织。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-01-25 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19912
Louise S Gresham, Mark S Smolinski, Rapeepong Suphanchaimat, Ann Marie Kimball, Suwit Wibulpolprasert

Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS) is an international non-governmental organization focused on information exchange between disease surveillance networks in different areas of the world. By linking regional disease surveillance networks, CORDS builds a trust-based social fabric of experts who share best practices, surveillance tools and strategies, training courses, and innovations. CORDS exemplifies the shifting patterns of international collaboration needed to prevent, detect, and counter all types of biological dangers - not just naturally occurring infectious diseases, but also terrorist threats. Representing a network-of-networks approach, the mission of CORDS is to link regional disease surveillance networks to improve global capacity to respond to infectious diseases. CORDS is an informal governance cooperative with six founding regional disease surveillance networks, with plans to expand; it works in complement and cooperatively with the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Food and Animal Organization of the United Nations (FAO). As described in detail elsewhere in this special issue of Emerging Health Threats, each regional network is an alliance of a small number of neighboring countries working across national borders to tackle emerging infectious diseases that require unified regional efforts. Here we describe the history, culture and commitment of CORDS; and the novel and necessary role that CORDS serves in the existing international infectious disease surveillance framework.

区域疾病监测连接组织是一个国际非政府组织,其重点是在世界不同地区的疾病监测网络之间交换信息。通过连接区域疾病监测网络,cord建立了一个以信任为基础的社会结构,由专家分享最佳做法、监测工具和战略、培训课程和创新。cord体现了预防、发现和应对各种生物危险所需的国际合作模式的转变——不仅是自然发生的传染病,还有恐怖主义威胁。cord的任务是将区域疾病监测网络联系起来,以提高全球应对传染病的能力,这是一种网络中的网络方法。cord是一个非正式的治理合作社,与六个创始区域疾病监测网络合作,并计划扩大;它与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、世界动物卫生组织(兽疫局)和联合国粮食及动物组织(粮农组织)相互补充和合作。正如本期《新出现的健康威胁》特刊其他地方详细描述的那样,每个区域网络都是少数邻国跨国界合作的联盟,以应对需要区域统一努力的新出现的传染病。在这里,我们描述了cord的历史、文化和承诺;以及cord在现有国际传染病监测框架中发挥的新颖和必要的作用。
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引用次数: 17
Regional initiatives in support of surveillance in East Africa: The East Africa Integrated Disease Surveillance Network (EAIDSNet) Experience. 支持东非监测的区域举措:东非综合疾病监测网络(EAIDSNet)经验。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-01-25 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19948
Maurice Ope, Stanley Sonoiya, James Kariuki, Leonard E G Mboera, Ramana N V Gandham, Miriam Schneidman, Mwihaki Kimura

The East African Integrated Disease Surveillance Network (EAIDSNet) was formed in response to a growing frequency of cross-border malaria outbreaks in the 1990s and a growing recognition that fragmented disease interventions, coupled with weak laboratory capacity, were making it difficult to respond in a timely manner to the outbreaks of malaria and other infectious diseases. The East Africa Community (EAC) partner states, with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation, established EAIDSNet in 2000 to develop and strengthen the communication channels necessary for integrated cross-border disease surveillance and control efforts. The objective of this paper is to review the regional EAIDSNet initiative and highlight achievements and challenges in its implementation. Major accomplishments of EAIDSNet include influencing the establishment of a Department of Health within the EAC Secretariat to support a regional health agenda; successfully completing a regional field simulation exercise in pandemic influenza preparedness; and piloting a web-based portal for linking animal and human health disease surveillance. The strategic direction of EAIDSNet was shaped, in part, by lessons learned following a visit to the more established Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance (MBDS) regional network. Looking to the future, EAIDSNet is collaborating with the East, Central and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC), EAC partner states, and the World Health Organization to implement the World Bank-funded East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project (EAPHLNP). The network has also begun lobbying East African countries for funding to support EAIDSNet activities.

建立东非疾病综合监测网的原因是,1990年代跨境疟疾爆发日益频繁,人们日益认识到,不连贯的疾病干预措施加上实验室能力薄弱,使人们难以及时应对疟疾和其他传染病的爆发。东非共同体(EAC)伙伴国家在洛克菲勒基金会的财政支持下,于2000年建立了eaids网络,以发展和加强跨境疾病综合监测和控制工作所需的沟通渠道。本文的目的是回顾区域eaids网倡议,并强调其实施中的成就和挑战。东非艾滋病信息网的主要成就包括影响在东非共同体秘书处内设立一个卫生部,以支持区域卫生议程;成功地完成了大流行性流感防范的区域实地模拟演习;试点建立一个基于网络的门户网站,将动物和人类健康疾病监测联系起来。eaids网络的战略方向在一定程度上是在访问更成熟的湄公河流域疾病监测(MBDS)区域网络后吸取的经验教训形成的。展望未来,东非艾滋病网络正在与东非、中非和南部非洲卫生共同体(ECSA-HC)、东非共同体伙伴国家和世界卫生组织合作,实施世界银行资助的东非公共卫生实验室联网项目(EAPHLNP)。该网络还开始游说东非国家为支持该网络的活动提供资金。
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引用次数: 31
Sustaining a regional emerging infectious disease research network: a trust-based approach. 维持区域新发传染病研究网络:基于信任的方法。
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 Epub Date: 2013-01-25 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19957
Pornpit Silkavute, Dinh Xuan Tung, Pongpisut Jongudomsuk

The Asia Partnership on Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (APEIR) was initiated in 2006 to promote regional collaboration in avian influenza research. In 2009, the partnership expanded its scope to include all emerging infectious diseases. APEIR partners include public health and animal researchers, officials and practitioners from Cambodia, China, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. APEIR has accomplished several major achievements in three key areas of activity: (i) knowledge generation (i.e., through research); (ii) research capacity building (e.g., by developing high-quality research proposals, by planning and conducting joint research projects, by adopting a broader Ecohealth/OneHealth approach); and (iii) policy advocacy (e.g., by disseminating research results to policy makers). This paper describes these achievements, with a focus on the partnership's five major areas of emerging infectious disease research: wild migratory birds, backyard poultry systems, socio-economic impact, policy analysis, and control measures. We highlight two case studies illustrating how the partnership's research results are being used to inform policy. We also highlight lessons learned after five years of working hard to build our partnership and the value added by a multi-country, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary research partnership like APEIR.

亚洲新发传染病研究伙伴关系于2006年启动,目的是促进禽流感研究方面的区域合作。2009年,该伙伴关系扩大了其范围,包括所有新出现的传染病。APEIR伙伴包括来自柬埔寨、中国、老挝人民民主共和国、印度尼西亚、泰国和越南的公共卫生和动物研究人员、官员和从业人员。APEIR在三个关键活动领域取得了几项重大成就:(i)知识生成(即通过研究);(二)研究能力建设(例如,通过制定高质量的研究提案,通过规划和开展联合研究项目,通过采用更广泛的生态健康/OneHealth方法);(iii)政策倡导(例如,通过向决策者传播研究结果)。本文描述了这些成就,重点介绍了该伙伴关系在新兴传染病研究方面的五个主要领域:野生候鸟、后院家禽系统、社会经济影响、政策分析和控制措施。我们重点介绍了两个案例研究,说明如何利用该伙伴关系的研究成果为政策提供信息。我们还强调了经过5年努力建立伙伴关系所获得的经验教训,以及亚太经合组织这样一个多国、多部门、多学科研究伙伴关系所带来的附加值。
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引用次数: 16
Dead or alive: animal sampling during Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans. 死或活:埃博拉出血热在人类中爆发期间的动物抽样。
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-04-30 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.9134
Sarah H Olson, Patricia Reed, Kenneth N Cameron, Benard J Ssebide, Christine K Johnson, Stephen S Morse, William B Karesh, Jonna A K Mazet, Damien O Joly

There are currently no widely accepted animal surveillance guidelines for human Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak investigations to identify potential sources of Ebolavirus (EBOV) spillover into humans and other animals. Animal field surveillance during and following an outbreak has several purposes, from helping identify the specific animal source of a human case to guiding control activities by describing the spatial and temporal distribution of wild circulating EBOV, informing public health efforts, and contributing to broader EHF research questions. Since 1976, researchers have sampled over 10,000 individual vertebrates from areas associated with human EHF outbreaks and tested for EBOV or antibodies. Using field surveillance data associated with EHF outbreaks, this review provides guidance on animal sampling for resource-limited outbreak situations, target species, and in some cases which diagnostics should be prioritized to rapidly assess the presence of EBOV in animal reservoirs. In brief, EBOV detection was 32.7% (18/55) for carcasses (animals found dead) and 0.2% (13/5309) for live captured animals. Our review indicates that for the purposes of identifying potential sources of transmission from animals to humans and isolating suspected virus in an animal in outbreak situations, (1) surveillance of free-ranging non-human primate mortality and morbidity should be a priority, (2) any wildlife morbidity or mortality events should be investigated and may hold the most promise for locating virus or viral genome sequences, (3) surveillance of some bat species is worthwhile to isolate and detect evidence of exposure, and (4) morbidity, mortality, and serology studies of domestic animals should prioritize dogs and pigs and include testing for virus and previous exposure.

目前尚无广泛接受的用于调查人类埃博拉出血热疫情的动物监测指南,以确定埃博拉病毒(EBOV)向人类和其他动物扩散的潜在来源。疫情期间和之后的动物现场监测有几个目的,从帮助确定人类病例的特定动物来源,到通过描述野生传播的EBOV的空间和时间分布来指导控制活动,为公共卫生工作提供信息,并有助于解决更广泛的EHF研究问题。自1976年以来,研究人员从与人类EHF暴发有关的地区取样了1万多只脊椎动物,并检测了EBOV或抗体。利用与EHF暴发相关的现场监测数据,本综述为资源有限的暴发情况、目标物种以及在某些情况下应优先进行诊断以快速评估动物宿主中是否存在EBOV提供了指导。总之,EBOV在尸体(发现死亡的动物)中检出率为32.7%(18/55),在活的捕获动物中检出率为0.2%(13/5309)。我们的综述表明,为了确定从动物到人类的潜在传播源并在爆发情况下从动物中分离可疑病毒,(1)应优先监测自由放养的非人灵长类动物的死亡率和发病率,(2)应调查任何野生动物的发病率或死亡率事件,这可能最有希望定位病毒或病毒基因组序列。(3)对一些蝙蝠物种的监测是有价值的,可以隔离和发现暴露的证据;(4)家畜的发病率、死亡率和血清学研究应优先考虑狗和猪,并包括病毒和以前暴露的检测。
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引用次数: 59
Tetanus seropositive prevalence and perceived protection from emergency admissions. 破伤风血清学阳性流行率和预防急诊入院的感知保护。
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-02-09 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.7718
Marcus A Moore, Kimberly R Barber, Todd Britt

Background: Emergency physicians see many people who present to the emergency department stating that they are immunized against tetanus, when in fact, they are not. The patient history is not dependable for determining true tetanus status and simple patient surveys do not provide actual prevalence. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of tetanus status by antibody titer seropositivity and quantify such status among patients reporting tetanus protection.

Methods: This study is a single center prospective convenience sample of patients presenting to the emergency department 12 years of age or older. Patients deemed study candidates and willing to be in the study filled out an eight-question questionnaire that included the question 'is your tetanus shot up to date'. A blood sample was then drawn for tetanus antibody titer and quantified according to a pre-determined cutoff for protection.

Results: A total of 163 patients were enrolled. Of patients responding yes to the query 'is your tetanus shot up to date' 12.8% (N=5) of them were not seropositive. Of the 26 people who were seronegative in the study all had been to a doctor in the past year and 88.5% (N=23) had been to their family physician.

Conclusion: The study suggests that it may be difficult to trust the tetanus immunization history given by patients presenting to the emergency room. The study also observed that a large percentage of patients who were serenegative were seen by a primary care physician and not had a necessary tetanus immunization.

背景:急诊医生看到许多到急诊科就诊的人说他们接种了破伤风疫苗,而事实上他们并没有。患者病史不能可靠地确定真正的破伤风状况,简单的患者调查也不能提供实际的流行率。本研究的目的是通过抗体滴度血清阳性来确定破伤风状态的流行率,并量化报告破伤风保护的患者的破伤风状态。方法:本研究是一个单中心前瞻性方便样本,样本为12岁或12岁以上急诊科就诊的患者。被视为研究候选人并愿意参与研究的患者填写了一份由八个问题组成的问卷,其中包括“你的破伤风疫苗是最新的吗”。然后抽取血样进行破伤风抗体滴度测定,并根据预先确定的保护临界值进行定量。结果:共有163名患者入选。在回答“你的破伤风疫苗是最新的吗”的患者中,12.8%(N=5)的患者没有血清阳性。在研究中血清阴性的26人中,所有人在过去一年都看过医生,88.5%(N=23)看过他们的家庭医生。结论:研究表明,可能很难相信急诊室患者提供的破伤风免疫史。该研究还观察到,很大比例的阴性患者由初级保健医生就诊,并且没有进行必要的破伤风免疫接种。
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引用次数: 0
Human resources issues and Australian Disaster Medical Assistance Teams: results of a national survey of team members. 人力资源问题与澳大利亚灾害医疗援助队:对医疗队成员的全国性调查结果。
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-05-31 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.18147
Peter Aitken, Peter Leggat, Hazel Harley, Richard Speare, Muriel Leclercq

Background: Calls for disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) are likely to continue in response to international disasters. As part of a national survey, this study was designed to evaluate Australian DMAT experience in relation to the human resources issues associated with deployment.

Methods: Data was collected via an anonymous mailed survey distributed via State and Territory representatives on the Australian Health Protection Committee, who identified team members associated with Australian DMAT deployments from the 2004 South East Asian Tsunami disaster.

Results: The response rate for this survey was 50% (59/118). Most personnel had deployed to the Asian Tsunami affected areas with DMAT members having significant clinical and international experience. While all except one respondent stated they received a full orientation prior to deployment, only 34% of respondents (20/59) felt their role was clearly defined pre deployment. Approximately 56% (33/59) felt their actual role matched their intended role and that their clinical background was well suited to their tasks. Most respondents were prepared to be available for deployment for 1 month (34%, 20/59). The most common period of notice needed to deploy was 6-12 hours for 29% (17/59) followed by 12-24 hours for 24% (14/59). The preferred period of overseas deployment was 14-21 days (46%, 27/59) followed by 1 month (25%, 15/59) and the optimum shift period was felt to be 12 hours by 66% (39/59). The majority felt that there was both adequate pay (71%, 42/59) and adequate indemnity (66%, 39/59). Almost half (49%, 29/59) stated it was better to work with people from the same hospital and, while most felt their deployment could be easily covered by staff from their workplace (56%, 33/59) and caused an inconvenience to their colleagues (51%, 30/59), it was less likely to interrupt service delivery in their workplace (10%, 6/59) or cause an inconvenience to patients (9%, 5/59). Deployment was felt to benefit the affected community by nearly all (95%, 56/59) while less (42%, 25/59) felt that there was a benefit for their own local community. Nearly all felt their role was recognised on return (93%, 55/59) and an identical number (93%, 55/59) enjoyed the experience. All stated they would volunteer again, with 88% strongly agreeing with this statement.

Conclusions: This study of Australian DMAT members provides significant insights into a number of human resources issues and should help guide future deployments. The preferred 'on call' arrangements, notice to deploy, period of overseas deployment and shift length are all identified. This extended period of operations needs to be supported by planning and provision of rest cycles, food, temporary accommodation and rest areas for staff. The study also suggests that more emphasis should be placed on team selection and clarification of roles. While the majority felt

背景:灾难医疗援助队(DMAT)可能会在应对国际灾难的过程中继续发挥作用。作为全国性调查的一部分,本研究旨在评估澳大利亚灾难医疗援助队在与部署相关的人力资源问题方面的经验:方法:通过匿名邮寄调查表的方式收集数据,调查表通过澳大利亚健康保护委员会的州和地区代表分发,这些代表确认了与澳大利亚在 2004 年东南亚海啸灾难中部署的 DMAT 相关的团队成员:本次调查的回复率为 50%(59/118)。大多数人员都曾被派往亚洲海啸灾区,DMAT 成员拥有丰富的临床和国际经验。除一名受访者外,所有受访者都表示他们在部署前接受了全面的情况介绍,但只有 34% 的受访者(20/59)认为他们的职责在部署前得到了明确界定。约 56%的受访者(33/59)认为他们的实际角色与预期角色相符,他们的临床背景非常适合他们的任务。大多数受访者准备接受为期 1 个月的部署(34%,20/59)。29%的受访者(17/59)最常需要提前 6-12 个小时通知,24%的受访者(14/59)需要提前 12-24 个小时通知。海外部署的首选时间是 14-21 天(46%,27/59),其次是 1 个月(25%,15/59),66%(39/59)的人认为最佳轮班时间是 12 小时。大多数人认为有足够的工资(71%,42/59)和足够的补偿金(66%,39/59)。几乎有一半(49%,29/59)的人表示,与来自同一家医院的人一起工作会更好,虽然大多数人认为他们的工作可以很容易地由他们工作单位的员工来承担(56%,33/59),并且会给他们的同事带来不便(51%,30/59),但这不太可能中断他们工作单位的服务提供(10%,6/59)或给病人带来不便(9%,5/59)。几乎所有的人 (95%, 56/59)都认为部署工作有利于受影响的社区,而较少的人 (42%, 25/59)认为部署工作有利于他们自己所在的社区。几乎所有人都认为他们的作用在回国后得到了认可(93%,55/59),同样多的人(93%,55/59)享受这段经历。所有人都表示他们会再次成为志愿者,其中 88% 的人非常同意这一说法:对澳大利亚 DMAT 成员进行的这项研究为一些人力资源问题提供了重要启示,应有助于指导今后的部署工作。首选的 "随叫随到 "安排、部署通知、海外部署期限和轮班时间长度均已确定。在延长行动时间的同时,还需要为工作人员规划和提供休息周期、食物、临时住宿和休息区。研究还建议,应更加重视团队的选择和角色的明确。虽然大多数人认为有足够的薪酬和赔偿,但澳大利亚各州的小组目前应该而且正在根据国家服务条件进一步开展澄清工作。重要的是,团队成员对此次部署给予了积极评价,他们都表示会再次自愿参加,这使得团队中一批经验丰富的成员得到了发展。
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引用次数: 0
Nano-technology and nano-toxicology. 纳米技术和纳米毒理学。
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-05-29 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.17508
Robert L Maynard

Rapid developments in nano-technology are likely to confer significant benefits on mankind. But, as with perhaps all new technologies, these benefits are likely to be accompanied by risks, perhaps by new risks. Nano-toxicology is developing in parallel with nano-technology and seeks to define the hazards and risks associated with nano-materials: only when risks have been identified they can be controlled. This article discusses the reasons for concern about the potential effects on health of exposure to nano-materials and relates these to the evidence of the effects on health of the ambient aerosol. A number of hypotheses are proposed and the dangers of adopting unsubstantiated hypotheses are stressed. Nano-toxicology presents many challenges and will need substantial financial support if it is to develop at a rate sufficient to cope with developments in nano-technology.

纳米技术的迅速发展可能会给人类带来巨大的利益。但是,就像所有新技术一样,这些好处可能伴随着风险,也许是新的风险。纳米毒理学正在与纳米技术并行发展,并试图确定与纳米材料相关的危害和风险:只有当风险被确定时,它们才能得到控制。本文讨论了关注纳米材料暴露对健康的潜在影响的原因,并将这些原因与环境气溶胶对健康影响的证据联系起来。提出了一些假设,并强调了采用未经证实的假设的危险。纳米毒理学提出了许多挑战,如果要以足以应付纳米技术发展的速度发展,将需要大量的财政支持。
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引用次数: 25
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in a tertiary care hospital in Madrid: epidemiology, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. 马德里一家三级医院的广谱β -内酰胺酶产生细菌:流行病学、危险因素和抗菌药物敏感性模式
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-07-18 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.11589
Ines Rubio-Perez, Elena Martin-Perez, Diego Domingo Garcia, Manuel Lopez-Brea Calvo, Eduardo Larrañaga Barrera

Introduction: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria have been increasingly reported as causal agents of nosocomial infection worldwide. Resistance patterns vary internationally, and even locally, from one institution to the other. We investigated the clinical isolates positive for ESBL-producing bacteria in our institution, a tertiary care hospital in Madrid (Spain), during a 2-year period (2007-2008).

Methods: Clinical and microbiological data were retrospectively reviewed. Two hundred and nineteen patients were included in the study.

Results: Advanced age, diabetes, use of catheters, previous hospitalization and previous antibiotic treatment were some of the risk factors found among patients. Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolate, and urinary tract the most common site of isolation. Internal Medicine, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and General Surgery presented the highest number of isolates. There were no outbreaks during the study period. Antibiotic patterns showed high resistance rates to quinolones in all isolates. There was 100% sensitivity to carbapenems.

Conclusion: Carbapenems continue to be the treatment of choice for ESBL-producing bacteria. Infection control measures are of great importance to avoid the spread of these nosocomial infections.

广谱β -内酰胺酶(ESBL)产生细菌越来越多地被报道为世界范围内医院感染的病原体。从一个机构到另一个机构,抵抗模式在国际上甚至在地方上都有所不同。我们调查了本机构(西班牙马德里的一家三级保健医院)在2年期间(2007-2008年)对产esbls细菌阳性的临床分离株。方法:回顾性分析临床及微生物学资料。这项研究包括了219名患者。结果:高龄、糖尿病、使用导尿管、既往住院和既往抗生素治疗是患者的危险因素。大肠杆菌是最常见的分离物,泌尿道是最常见的分离部位。内科、重症监护病房(ICU)和普外科的分离株数量最多。在研究期间没有发生疫情。抗生素类型显示所有分离株对喹诺酮类药物的高耐药率。对碳青霉烯类药物100%敏感。结论:碳青霉烯类药物仍是治疗产esbl细菌的首选药物。感染控制措施对避免院内感染的传播具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 29
Effects of power frequency electromagnetic fields on melatonin and sleep in the rat. 工频电磁场对大鼠褪黑素和睡眠的影响。
Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-04-20 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.10904
Jeff Dyche, A Michael Anch, Kethera A J Fogler, David W Barnett, Cecil Thomas

Background: Studies investigating the effect of power frequency (50-60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) on melatonin synthesis in rats have been inconsistent with several showing suppression of melatonin synthesis, others showing no effect and a few actually demonstrating small increases. Scant research has focused on the ensuing sleep patterns of EMF exposed rats. The present study was designed to examine the effects of extremely low power frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the production of melatonin and the subsequent sleep structure in rats.

Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1000 milligauss (mG) magnetic field for 1 month. Urine was collected for the final 3 days of the exposure period for analysis of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, the major catabolic product of melatonin found in urine. Subsequent sleep was analyzed over a 24-hour period.

Results: Melatonin production was mildly increased in exposed animals. Although there were no statistically significant changes in sleep structure, exposed animals showed slight decreases in REM (rapid eye movement) sleep as compared to sham (non-exposed) animals.

Conclusions: Power frequency magnetic fields induced a marginally statistically significant increase in melatonin levels in exposed rats compared to control. Subsequent sleep analysis indicated little effect on the sleep architecture of rats, at least not within the first day after 1 month's continuous exposure. Varying results in the literature are discussed and future research suggested.

背景:研究工频(50-60 Hz)电磁场(EMF)对大鼠褪黑素合成影响的研究结果不一致,有几项研究显示褪黑素合成受到抑制,其他研究显示没有影响,还有几项研究实际上显示出少量增加。很少有研究关注暴露于电磁场的大鼠随后的睡眠模式。本研究旨在研究极低功率频率电磁场(EMF)对大鼠褪黑激素的产生和随后的睡眠结构的影响。方法:18只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠暴露于1000 mG的磁场下1个月。在暴露期的最后3天收集尿液以分析6-硫氧褪黑素,这是尿液中发现的褪黑素的主要分解代谢产物。随后的睡眠在24小时内进行分析。结果:在暴露的动物中褪黑素的产生轻度增加。虽然在睡眠结构上没有统计学上的显著变化,但与假(未暴露)动物相比,暴露的动物的REM(快速眼动)睡眠略有减少。结论:与对照组相比,工频磁场诱导暴露大鼠的褪黑激素水平有统计学上的显著增加。随后的睡眠分析表明,对大鼠的睡眠结构几乎没有影响,至少在连续暴露1个月后的第一天没有影响。讨论了文献中不同的结果,并提出了未来的研究建议。
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引用次数: 25
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Emerging health threats journal
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