Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100171
Tiago Cunha Reis
Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a transformative force in oncology, offering unprecedented capabilities in cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis. The integration of DL models with vast and complex datasets, including genomic, transcriptomic, and imaging data, has paved the way for more precise and personalized cancer care. In particular, DL's application in drug efficacy and toxicity prediction is gaining traction, addressing the critical challenge of high drug failure rates in clinical development. By leveraging large datasets and sophisticated algorithms, DL models can predict drug responses and optimize treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Additionally, DL-driven automation in medical imaging processing and report generation is revolutionizing radiology, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and consistency. This review explores the current advancements in DL applications across various aspects of oncology, emphasizing the potential of AI-driven tools to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and personalization of cancer care. Despite the significant progress, challenges such as model validation, ethical considerations, and the need for transparent AI systems remain. Addressing these challenges will be crucial in realizing the full potential of DL in transforming oncology practices.
{"title":"Deep learning in oncology: Transforming cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment","authors":"Tiago Cunha Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a transformative force in oncology, offering unprecedented capabilities in cancer diagnosis, treatment planning, and prognosis. The integration of DL models with vast and complex datasets, including genomic, transcriptomic, and imaging data, has paved the way for more precise and personalized cancer care. In particular, DL's application in drug efficacy and toxicity prediction is gaining traction, addressing the critical challenge of high drug failure rates in clinical development. By leveraging large datasets and sophisticated algorithms, DL models can predict drug responses and optimize treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Additionally, DL-driven automation in medical imaging processing and report generation is revolutionizing radiology, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and consistency. This review explores the current advancements in DL applications across various aspects of oncology, emphasizing the potential of AI-driven tools to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and personalization of cancer care. Despite the significant progress, challenges such as model validation, ethical considerations, and the need for transparent AI systems remain. Addressing these challenges will be crucial in realizing the full potential of DL in transforming oncology practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100170
Edoardo Sebastiano De Duro, Riccardo Improta, Massimo Stella
We introduce CounseLLMe as a multilingual, multi-model dataset of 400 simulated mental health counselling dialogues between two state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs). These conversations - of 20 quips each - were generated either in English (using OpenAI’s GPT 3.5 and Claude-3’s Haiku) or Italian (with Claude-3’s Haiku and LLaMAntino) and with prompts tuned with the help of a professional in psychotherapy. We investigate the resulting conversations through comparison against human mental health conversations on the same topic of depression. To compare linguistic features, knowledge structure and emotional content between LLMs and humans, we employed textual forma mentis networks, i.e. cognitive networks where nodes represent concepts and links indicate syntactic or semantic relationships between concepts in the dialogues’ quips. We find that the emotional structure of LLM-LLM English conversations matches the one of humans in terms of patient-therapist trust exchanges, i.e. 1 in 5 LLM-LLM quips contain trust along 10 conversational turns versus the rate found in humans. ChatGPT and Haiku’s simulated English patients can also reproduce human feelings of conflict and pessimism. However, human patients display non-negligible levels of anger/frustration that is missing in LLMs. Italian LLMs’ conversations are worse in reproducing human patterns. All LLM-LLM conversations reproduced human syntactic patterns of increased absolutist pronoun usage in patients and second-person, trust-inducing, pronoun usage in therapists. Our results indicate that LLMs can realistically reproduce several aspects of human patient-therapist conversations and we thusly release CounseLLMe as a public dataset for novel data-informed opportunities in mental health and machine psychology.
{"title":"Introducing CounseLLMe: A dataset of simulated mental health dialogues for comparing LLMs like Haiku, LLaMAntino and ChatGPT against humans","authors":"Edoardo Sebastiano De Duro, Riccardo Improta, Massimo Stella","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce CounseLLMe as a multilingual, multi-model dataset of 400 simulated mental health counselling dialogues between two state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs). These conversations - of 20 quips each - were generated either in English (using OpenAI’s GPT 3.5 and Claude-3’s Haiku) or Italian (with Claude-3’s Haiku and LLaMAntino) and with prompts tuned with the help of a professional in psychotherapy. We investigate the resulting conversations through comparison against human mental health conversations on the same topic of depression. To compare linguistic features, knowledge structure and emotional content between LLMs and humans, we employed textual forma mentis networks, i.e. cognitive networks where nodes represent concepts and links indicate syntactic or semantic relationships between concepts in the dialogues’ quips. We find that the emotional structure of LLM-LLM English conversations matches the one of humans in terms of patient-therapist trust exchanges, i.e. 1 in 5 LLM-LLM quips contain trust along 10 conversational turns versus the <span><math><mrow><mn>24</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math></span> rate found in humans. ChatGPT and Haiku’s simulated English patients can also reproduce human feelings of conflict and pessimism. However, human patients display non-negligible levels of anger/frustration that is missing in LLMs. Italian LLMs’ conversations are worse in reproducing human patterns. All LLM-LLM conversations reproduced human syntactic patterns of increased absolutist pronoun usage in patients and second-person, trust-inducing, pronoun usage in therapists. Our results indicate that LLMs can realistically reproduce several aspects of human patient-therapist conversations and we thusly release CounseLLMe as a public dataset for novel data-informed opportunities in mental health and machine psychology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100168
Adam R. Nicholls , Lambros Lazuras , Michael Petrou , Ornella Corazza , Carlos Santos , António Júlio Nunes , Michał Rynkowski , João F. Martins , Thomas Zandonai , Uta Kühn , Łukasz Tota
Background
Doping poses a threat to the integrity of sport and the health of athletes who dope, including university students. In this systematic review, we identified the content of anti-doping education that universities provide, the disciplines mainly targeted by such education (e.g., sports science, medicine, physiotherapy, etc.), and the effectiveness of anti-doping education on university students’ anti-doping knowledge, attitudes, and other related constructs.
Method
We systematically searched the literature using nine different search engines, manually searched relevant journals, and used pearl growing.
Results
This review included four studies comprising 1,410 university students. The content of the education programmes varied, although information about prohibited substances and rules was included in all interventions. Two studies targeted a specific cohort of students (e.g., medical and sports science students), whereas the other two recruited university students without specifying the subject discipline. All intervention programmes had a positive impact on doping knowledge, two studies had a positive effect on anti-doping attitudes, and one study impacted morality.
Conclusions
These four studies are essential, but methodological limitations mean that better-designed education interventions for university students are required. Researchers could assess the effectiveness of education interventions on anti-doping knowledge and key psycho-social variables among this population.
{"title":"A systematic review on the effectiveness of anti-doping education for university students","authors":"Adam R. Nicholls , Lambros Lazuras , Michael Petrou , Ornella Corazza , Carlos Santos , António Júlio Nunes , Michał Rynkowski , João F. Martins , Thomas Zandonai , Uta Kühn , Łukasz Tota","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Doping poses a threat to the integrity of sport and the health of athletes who dope, including university students. In this systematic review, we identified the content of anti-doping education that universities provide, the disciplines mainly targeted by such education (e.g., sports science, medicine, physiotherapy, etc.), and the effectiveness of anti-doping education on university students’ anti-doping knowledge, attitudes, and other related constructs.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We systematically searched the literature using nine different search engines, manually searched relevant journals, and used pearl growing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This review included four studies comprising 1,410 university students. The content of the education programmes varied, although information about prohibited substances and rules was included in all interventions. Two studies targeted a specific cohort of students (e.g., medical and sports science students), whereas the other two recruited university students without specifying the subject discipline. All intervention programmes had a positive impact on doping knowledge, two studies had a positive effect on anti-doping attitudes, and one study impacted morality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These four studies are essential, but methodological limitations mean that better-designed education interventions for university students are required. Researchers could assess the effectiveness of education interventions on anti-doping knowledge and key psycho-social variables among this population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100164
Bram Kok , Joris Holkenborg , Alba van der Have , Brigitte van de Kerkhof – van Bon , Joris Datema , Pieter Veenstra , Djoke Douma-den Hamer , Cornelis Kramers
Background
The number of opioid users in the Netherlands has doubled in the last two decades. To assess if the rise in use also means a rise in severe opioid intoxications, we studied the number of opioid intoxications necessitating naloxone administration in Dutch emergency departments during the last 10 years.
Methods
a multi-center retrospective cohort study that uses information of Dutch emergency department visits between 2011 and 2020 was conducted. Information on type of opioid, reason for use, and duration of use was collected. A severe opioid intoxication was defined as a patient with an opioid toxidrome in whom a rapid improvement of symptoms occurred after administration of naloxone.
Results
Five emergency departments participated in this study. The number of episodes of naloxone administrations was 311 in 292 unique patients. 187 cases were considered a severe opioid intoxication. Mean annual incidence was 19.5 cases with a maximum annual incidence of 28 cases. The opioid mostly involved was oxycodone in 69 cases (37 %); followed by methadone in 41 cases (22 %) and fentanyl in 26 cases (14 %). 127 cases (68 %) were using opioids since >3 months. 176 cases (94 %) were admitted of whom 96 to the intensive care unit. Twenty three cases died within 30 days (12 %).
Conclusion
There is no clear increase in naloxone administration in Dutch emergency departments to treat opioid intoxication between 2011 and 2020. The almost twofold increase in prescription opioids in the Netherlands during the study period is not accompanied by an increase in opioid intoxications in the emergency department.
{"title":"Opioid use and opioid overdose in the Netherlands – a 10 years retrospective study of naloxone administration in Dutch emergency departments","authors":"Bram Kok , Joris Holkenborg , Alba van der Have , Brigitte van de Kerkhof – van Bon , Joris Datema , Pieter Veenstra , Djoke Douma-den Hamer , Cornelis Kramers","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The number of opioid users in the Netherlands has doubled in the last two decades. To assess if the rise in use also means a rise in severe opioid intoxications, we studied the number of opioid intoxications necessitating naloxone administration in Dutch emergency departments during the last 10 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>a multi-center retrospective cohort study that uses information of Dutch emergency department visits between 2011 and 2020 was conducted. Information on type of opioid, reason for use, and duration of use was collected. A severe opioid intoxication was defined as a patient with an opioid toxidrome in whom a rapid improvement of symptoms occurred after administration of naloxone.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Five emergency departments participated in this study. The number of episodes of naloxone administrations was 311 in 292 unique patients. 187 cases were considered a severe opioid intoxication. Mean annual incidence was 19.5 cases with a maximum annual incidence of 28 cases. The opioid mostly involved was oxycodone in 69 cases (37 %); followed by methadone in 41 cases (22 %) and fentanyl in 26 cases (14 %). 127 cases (68 %) were using opioids since >3 months. 176 cases (94 %) were admitted of whom 96 to the intensive care unit. Twenty three cases died within 30 days (12 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is no clear increase in naloxone administration in Dutch emergency departments to treat opioid intoxication between 2011 and 2020. The almost twofold increase in prescription opioids in the Netherlands during the study period is not accompanied by an increase in opioid intoxications in the emergency department.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100169
Luke A. Turnock , Evelyn Hearne , Lambros Lazuras
Background
The use of GLP-1 medicines for weight-loss purposes is increasingly widespread. While these drugs are available as prescription medicines in the UK, there is an expansive illicit market for their supply operating online. This study investigates the scope and impact of illicit weight-loss medicines supplied online through a scoping review of an e-commerce platform – Made-in-China.com – where a large number of Chinese-based sellers are advertising GLP-1 medicines and related weight-loss drugs to European consumers.
Methods
The researchers undertook a preliminary examination of available product and supplier pages on Made-in-China.com through a search of 10 key terms relating to weight-loss medicines, and qualitative analysis of product and seller pages for the first 30 results returned for each term. Data from these pages was analysed thematically. All searches were conducted in a single month in 2024.
Findings
document how the platform operates, including ease of access, the extent of weight-loss medicine listings offered, and how product is promoted by sellers, including warnings of product being ‘for research use’, as well as physique-related promotional imagery. We explore the potential harms of counterfeit semaglutide being sold in branded packaging that suggests it may be ‘legitimate’, as well as how sellers advertise their ‘legitimacy’ to potential buyers through details of shipping practices, images of lab equipment, and claims of lab tests to verify product quality.
Discussion
We consider how public health policy should address the potential harms arising from this website, with particular focus on the easy access to counterfeit prescription-only medicines provided by platforms such as made-in-china.com, which are likely to be substandard and pose a potential risk to users. We also consider the difficulties of regulating international drug supply in the context of differing legal jurisdictions, and the need to educate the public on the risks of illicit market GLP-1 medicines.
{"title":"Made in China: The international supply of illicit Semaglutide and weight-loss medicines online","authors":"Luke A. Turnock , Evelyn Hearne , Lambros Lazuras","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The use of GLP-1 medicines for weight-loss purposes is increasingly widespread. While these drugs are available as prescription medicines in the UK, there is an expansive illicit market for their supply operating online. This study investigates the scope and impact of illicit weight-loss medicines supplied online through a scoping review of an e-commerce platform – Made-in-China.com – where a large number of Chinese-based sellers are advertising GLP-1 medicines and related weight-loss drugs to European consumers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The researchers undertook a preliminary examination of available product and supplier pages on Made-in-China.com through a search of 10 key terms relating to weight-loss medicines, and qualitative analysis of product and seller pages for the first 30 results returned for each term. Data from these pages was analysed thematically. All searches were conducted in a single month in 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>document how the platform operates, including ease of access, the extent of weight-loss medicine listings offered, and how product is promoted by sellers, including warnings of product being ‘for research use’, as well as physique-related promotional imagery. We explore the potential harms of counterfeit semaglutide being sold in branded packaging that suggests it may be ‘legitimate’, as well as how sellers advertise their ‘legitimacy’ to potential buyers through details of shipping practices, images of lab equipment, and claims of lab tests to verify product quality.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>We consider how public health policy should address the potential harms arising from this website, with particular focus on the easy access to counterfeit prescription-only medicines provided by platforms such as made-in-china.com, which are likely to be substandard and pose a potential risk to users. We also consider the difficulties of regulating international drug supply in the context of differing legal jurisdictions, and the need to educate the public on the risks of illicit market GLP-1 medicines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100167
Dong Liu , Roy F. Baumeister , Chia-chen Yang
{"title":"Corrigendum to “A meta-analysis on the relationship between the use of electronic media and psychological well-being” [Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health, 4 (2024) Article 100162]","authors":"Dong Liu , Roy F. Baumeister , Chia-chen Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-14DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100166
Elisabeth Prevete , Natasha L. Mason , Kim P． C． Kuypers , Eef L. Theunissen , Pablo Mallaroni , Massimo Pasquini , Johannes G. Ramaekers
Background
Data on use patterns and psychological and physical effects of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) and herbal opioids like kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) lags behind that of classic opioids.
Aims
This study aimed to describe use patterns, adverse events, subjective experience and motivation of use with classic, novel and herbal opioids.
Methods
A two-part survey was used. The first part examined the prevalence, use patterns (dosage, administration route, duration of effects), and associated adverse events of classic, novel and herbal opioids. The second part delved into detailed retrospective experiences of survey responders with an opioid of preferred choice, mostly kratom.
Results
Between May 2020 and February 2023, 467 respondents started the survey, of which 310 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 52 % (N = 161) completed the first part, 65.6 % (N = 105) started the second part of which 72 completed. Most respondents were male, highly educated, based in North America or Europe, often using multiple opioids. A total of twenty-seven different compounds were reported, of which hydrocodone/dihydrocodeine, kratom, acetylfentanyl, and U-47700 were used the most. A wide range of doses was reported for each compound. Median effect durations ranged between 3 and 4 h for most of the compounds. Administration routes varied, with oral intake being most prevalent. Fentanyl analogues were often administered intravenously. Physical/psychological adverse events were frequently reported by users of oxycodone, kratom, acetylfentanyl, and U-47700. User reports revealed that both kratom and classic opioids were used for recreational and medical purposes, including ameliorating pain, addiction/withdrawal, anxiety, and mood enhancement.
Conclusion
Psychological and physical adverse events were widely present among classic, novel and herbal opioids suggesting a need for risk monitoring worldwide. Similarities between classic opioids and kratom include medical utility as well as addictive potential.
{"title":"Use patterns of classic, novel, and herbal opioids","authors":"Elisabeth Prevete , Natasha L. Mason , Kim P． C． Kuypers , Eef L. Theunissen , Pablo Mallaroni , Massimo Pasquini , Johannes G. Ramaekers","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Data on use patterns and psychological and physical effects of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) and herbal opioids like kratom <em>(Mitragyna speciosa)</em> lags behind that of classic opioids.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study aimed to describe use patterns, adverse events, subjective experience and motivation of use with classic, novel and herbal opioids.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A two-part survey was used. The first part examined the prevalence, use patterns (dosage, administration route, duration of effects), and associated adverse events of classic, novel and herbal opioids. The second part delved into detailed retrospective experiences of survey responders with an opioid of preferred choice, mostly kratom.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between May 2020 and February 2023, 467 respondents started the survey, of which 310 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 52 % (<em>N</em> = 161) completed the first part, 65.6 % (<em>N</em> = 105) started the second part of which 72 completed. Most respondents were male, highly educated, based in North America or Europe, often using multiple opioids. A total of twenty-seven different compounds were reported, of which hydrocodone/dihydrocodeine, kratom, acetylfentanyl, and U-47700 were used the most. A wide range of doses was reported for each compound. Median effect durations ranged between 3 and 4 h for most of the compounds. Administration routes varied, with oral intake being most prevalent. Fentanyl analogues were often administered intravenously. Physical/psychological adverse events were frequently reported by users of oxycodone, kratom, acetylfentanyl, and U-47700. User reports revealed that both kratom and classic opioids were used for recreational and medical purposes, including ameliorating pain, addiction/withdrawal, anxiety, and mood enhancement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Psychological and physical adverse events were widely present among classic, novel and herbal opioids suggesting a need for risk monitoring worldwide. Similarities between classic opioids and kratom include medical utility as well as addictive potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The opioid pandemic has contributed to deaths globally, and prescription opioids have played a crucial role in these deaths. Addressing overdose requires understanding the reasons behind prescription, especially in cases of chronic diseases. Several factors play a role in the increased prescription of opioids, relating to patients’ lifestyle, characteristics, and disease. As these factors are complex in nature, understanding them requires machine learning approach. This study explored overprescribing opioids among nephrologists in the US using unsupervised machine learning algorithms.
Design
Two types of unsupervised clustering were applied to the Medicare Provider Utilisation and Payment Data Part-D Prescriber Summary.
Setting
The dataset had 50,134 records with 85 features relating to opioids prescription per US state. Univariate and bivariate analysis were applied first to gain understanding of the data followed by K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models.
Findings
Unsupervised clustering showed that prescription issued to males were three times higher than those issued to females. Moreover, male nephrologists were higher prescribers than female nephrologists, and a third of male nephrologists were high prescribers of opioids. The highest rates of prescriptions were seen in California.
Conclusions
Unsupervised machine learning algorithms enabled understanding of high opioid prescription across gender and US state by analysing multiple features. Both K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models achieved the same outcomes. Future work will benefit from applying deep learning in order to understand in-depth patterns in prescription and contributing factors related to over-prescribing.
{"title":"Exploring high opioid prescriptions among nephrologists in the United States using machine learning algorithms","authors":"Shivashankar Basapura Chandrashekarappa , Sulaf Assi , Manoj Jayabalan , Abdullah Al-Hamid , Dhiya Al-Jumeily","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2024.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>The opioid pandemic has contributed to deaths globally, and prescription opioids have played a crucial role in these deaths. Addressing overdose requires understanding the reasons behind prescription, especially in cases of chronic diseases. Several factors play a role in the increased prescription of opioids, relating to patients’ lifestyle, characteristics, and disease. As these factors are complex in nature, understanding them requires machine learning approach. This study explored overprescribing opioids among nephrologists in the US using unsupervised machine learning algorithms.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Two types of unsupervised clustering were applied to the Medicare Provider Utilisation and Payment Data Part-D Prescriber Summary.</div></div><div><h3>Setting</h3><div>The dataset had 50,134 records with 85 features relating to opioids prescription per US state. Univariate and bivariate analysis were applied first to gain understanding of the data followed by K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Unsupervised clustering showed that prescription issued to males were three times higher than those issued to females. Moreover, male nephrologists were higher prescribers than female nephrologists, and a third of male nephrologists were high prescribers of opioids. The highest rates of prescriptions were seen in California.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Unsupervised machine learning algorithms enabled understanding of high opioid prescription across gender and US state by analysing multiple features. Both K-mean clustering and Gaussian Mixture Models achieved the same outcomes. Future work will benefit from applying deep learning in order to understand in-depth patterns in prescription and contributing factors related to over-prescribing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100086
M.H. Deventer, C. Norman, R. Reid, C. McKenzie, N.N. Daeid, C.P. Stove
Introduction
Pyrazole-carrying “FUPPYCA” synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have made short-lived appearances on the market since 2015. However, 5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA have recently been detected in Scottish prisons. This re-emergence is believed to be triggered by the Chinese generic SCRA ban (2021).
Methods
Infused paper samples, seized from different Scottish prisons were analyzed to assess the prevalence of FUPPYCA SCRAs. Six structurally related analogs were then functionally characterized using live cell receptor-based assays, based on the functional complementation of a nanoluciferase enzyme.
Results
5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA mixtures were detected 9 times in Scottish prisons since July 2021. Most FUPPYCA SCRAs were found to be inactive at both CB1 and CB2, with only 3 analogs showing some (minor) CB1 activation potential (3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA, 5,3-AB-CHMFUPPYCA and 5,3-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA). Interestingly, the 5,3 regioisomers (covered by the ban) were more active than their 3,5 counterparts. Furthermore, all analogs had antagonistic properties, potentially related to their structural resemblance to cannabinoid antagonists.
Conclusions
Given their weak CB activity, FUPPYCA SCRAs are not expected to pose a serious health hazard, despite their ability to evade the generic ban. This may also explain their only transient re-emergence in Scottish prisons.
{"title":"In Vitro Characterization of the Pyrazole-Carrying Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist 5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and its Structural Analogs","authors":"M.H. Deventer, C. Norman, R. Reid, C. McKenzie, N.N. Daeid, C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Pyrazole-carrying “FUPPYCA” synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) have made short-lived appearances on the market since 2015. However, 5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA have recently been detected in Scottish prisons. This re-emergence is believed to be triggered by the Chinese generic SCRA ban (2021).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Infused paper samples, seized from different Scottish prisons were analyzed to assess the prevalence of FUPPYCA SCRAs. Six structurally related analogs were then functionally characterized using live cell receptor-based assays, based on the functional complementation of a nanoluciferase enzyme.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>5F-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA and 3,5-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA mixtures were detected 9 times in Scottish prisons since July 2021. Most FUPPYCA SCRAs were found to be inactive at both CB1 and CB2, with only 3 analogs showing some (minor) CB1 activation potential (3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA, 5,3-AB-CHMFUPPYCA and 5,3-ADB-4en-PFUPPYCA). Interestingly, the 5,3 regioisomers (covered by the ban) were more active than their 3,5 counterparts. Furthermore, all analogs had antagonistic properties, potentially related to their structural resemblance to cannabinoid antagonists.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Given their weak CB activity, FUPPYCA SCRAs are not expected to pose a serious health hazard, despite their ability to evade the generic ban. This may also explain their only transient re-emergence in Scottish prisons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100126
K. Tkaczyk-Rymanowska
Introduction
According to a polish law, NPS is a natural or synthetic substance acting on the central nervous system, other than a psychotropic substance or a narcotic drug, posing health or social risks comparable to the risks posed by them, or which mimic the effects of these substances. Whoever possesses NPS, is subject to a fine. If there is a significant amount of NPS, the perpetrator is subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to 3 years. If there is a NPS in insignificant amounts, intended for personal use, the proceedings may be discontinued, if the ruling against the perpetrator would be ineffective due to the circumstances. NPS use is very widespread in Poland, specially some of their types.
Purpose
NPS use as a phenomenon: Multidimensional - as to the factors necessary for its occurrence (drug-emotions-repeatability), Multifactorial - as to the sources (social impact of specific groups, the scale of supply, social status, cultural factors, life perspectives). Scope: NPS use as a problem: Social - a manifestation of social pathology Medical - addiction as a disease entity Legal - criminal liability for the crime of NPS possession. Social problems: Loss of the ability to live in a family, in society, to perform professional duties, Disappearance of social relations, Codependency, Development of other social pathologies (e.g., prostitution), Stigmatization of NPS addicts in society, marginalization and rejection consumer in social contacts, The problem of the so-called recreational use. Medical problems: Gradual destruction of health, sometimes up to the complete degradation of the person, the development of other diseases, including mental disorders, the phenomenon of tolerance, Politoxicomania, Risky behavior, loss of control over the behawior, Addiction treatment costs, the need to expand NPS treatment facilities (and methods), Difficulties in treating people after taking NPS (unknown ingredients). Legal problems: Development of drug-related crime and other forms of crime (e.g. theft, robbery), Criminalization, stigmatization of perpetrators, preventing them from returning to life in society (e.g. recording a conviction in the National Criminal Register makes it difficult to navigate the labor market), Legislative problems, constitutional doubts what really means “NPS”. Solving problems related to NPS addiction: Development of harm reduction system Addiction treatment centers Therapies/psychotherapies Prevention (e.g. phone apps) Supervision and control over NPS Criminalizing NPS possession (good idea?).
{"title":"NPS in Poland: Problems and Solutions","authors":"K. Tkaczyk-Rymanowska","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>According to a polish law, NPS is a natural or synthetic substance acting on the central nervous system, other than a psychotropic substance or a narcotic drug, posing health or social risks comparable to the risks posed by them, or which mimic the effects of these substances. Whoever possesses NPS, is subject to a fine. If there is a significant amount of NPS, the perpetrator is subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to 3 years. If there is a NPS in insignificant amounts, intended for personal use, the proceedings may be discontinued, if the ruling against the perpetrator would be ineffective due to the circumstances. NPS use is very widespread in Poland, specially some of their types.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>NPS use as a phenomenon: Multidimensional - as to the factors necessary for its occurrence (drug-emotions-repeatability), Multifactorial - as to the sources (social impact of specific groups, the scale of supply, social status, cultural factors, life perspectives). Scope: NPS use as a problem: Social - a manifestation of social pathology Medical - addiction as a disease entity Legal - criminal liability for the crime of NPS possession. Social problems: Loss of the ability to live in a family, in society, to perform professional duties, Disappearance of social relations, Codependency, Development of other social pathologies (e.g., prostitution), Stigmatization of NPS addicts in society, marginalization and rejection consumer in social contacts, The problem of the so-called recreational use. Medical problems: Gradual destruction of health, sometimes up to the complete degradation of the person, the development of other diseases, including mental disorders, the phenomenon of tolerance, Politoxicomania, Risky behavior, loss of control over the behawior, Addiction treatment costs, the need to expand NPS treatment facilities (and methods), Difficulties in treating people after taking NPS (unknown ingredients). Legal problems: Development of drug-related crime and other forms of crime (e.g. theft, robbery), Criminalization, stigmatization of perpetrators, preventing them from returning to life in society (e.g. recording a conviction in the National Criminal Register makes it difficult to navigate the labor market), Legislative problems, constitutional doubts what really means “NPS”. Solving problems related to NPS addiction: Development of harm reduction system Addiction treatment centers Therapies/psychotherapies Prevention (e.g. phone apps) Supervision and control over NPS Criminalizing NPS possession (good idea?).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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