Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献_第5页

The analysis and detection of synthetic cathinones in hair - state of the art, challenges, and future aspects 毛发中合成卡西酮的分析与检测研究现状、挑战及未来展望

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100267

Gail Kennedy , Joanna Czerwinska , Dilek Battal , Pascal Kintz , Vincenzo Abbate

Psychoactive and new psychoactive substance (NPS) analysis in hair has gained significant attention in clinical and forensic toxicology for assessing past and ongoing drug exposure. Synthetic cathinones (SCt), a prominent class of NPS, are widely abused globally and pose significant health risks due to their toxicity. The constant synthesis and marketing of new SCt compounds make their detection a growing challenge. This review summarises and evaluates analytical methods used for detecting SCt in human hair. It addresses (i) the background, prevalence, patterns of use, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicological effects of SCt on humans and (ii) highlights methods applied in post-mortem analysis, drug-facilitated sexual assault, and workplace drug testing.

A thorough search of PubMed and Google Scholar identified studies published since 2012, focusing on analytical methods for SCt detection. Most studies employed liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry, with attention to preanalytical steps such as decontamination, analyte extraction, and sample clean-up. SCt concentrations in hair were reported from the low pg/mg to ng/mg range. However, challenges persist, including external contamination, the absence of cut-off values for distinguishing occasional from chronic use, and interpretative difficulties.

Advances in analytical techniques are critical to address the dynamic NPS market and ensure new compounds are detected. Sensitive methods and robust extraction procedures are essential for accurate detection, enabling forensic toxicologists to determine patterns of abuse and assess SCt’s role in forensic investigations.

头发中的精神活性物质和新精神活性物质（NPS）分析在临床和法医毒理学中获得了重要的关注，用于评估过去和正在进行的药物暴露。合成卡西酮（SCt）是一类突出的NPS，在全球范围内被广泛滥用，并因其毒性造成重大健康风险。新的SCt化合物的不断合成和销售使得它们的检测越来越具有挑战性。本文综述并评价了用于检测人发SCt的分析方法。它涉及(i) SCt的背景、流行、使用模式、化学、药代动力学、药效学和对人类的毒理学影响，以及（ii）强调在死后分析、药物性侵犯和工作场所药物测试中应用的方法。通过对PubMed和b谷歌Scholar的全面搜索，我们发现了自2012年以来发表的研究，重点是SCt检测的分析方法。大多数研究采用液相色谱联用（串联）质谱法，关注分析前步骤，如去污、分析物提取和样品清理。头发中的SCt浓度从低pg/mg到ng/mg不等。然而，挑战仍然存在，包括外部污染，缺乏区分偶尔使用和长期使用的临界值，以及解释困难。分析技术的进步对于解决动态的NPS市场和确保检测到新化合物至关重要。灵敏的方法和可靠的提取程序对于准确的检测至关重要，使法医毒理学家能够确定滥用模式并评估SCt在法医调查中的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Leberagin C from Macrovipera lebetina Venom: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Aggressive Cancer 从大毒蛇蛇毒中提取的Leberagin C：一种治疗侵袭性癌症的潜在药物

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100227

K. Guizani

Introduction

Aggressive cancers, such as Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC), Glioblastoma (GBM), and Colorectal Cancer (CRC), pose significant treatment challenges due to their rapid progression and high metastatic potential. Current therapies often cause severe side effects, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The venom of the Tunisian viper, Macrovipera lebetina, has emerged as a promising source of bioactive molecules with potential anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the anti-tumor effects of Leberagin C, a novel protein derived from M. lebetina venom.

Methods

A bio-guided purification approach was employed to isolate Leberagin C from M. lebetina venom. Its pharmacological effects were evaluated using three cancer cell lines: U251 (glioblastoma), Caco-2 (colorectal cancer), and SUM 149 (inflammatory breast cancer). Functional assays assessed the impact of Leberagin C on cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation.

Results

Leberagin C demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity in all tested cell lines. It effectively inhibited cancer cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation, suggesting its potential role in disrupting tumor progression.

Conclusions

Leberagin C holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for aggressive cancers, either as a standalone treatment or in combination with existing therapies. Further studies are needed to explore its mechanism of action and clinical applications.

侵袭性癌症，如炎性乳腺癌（IBC）、胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）和结直肠癌（CRC），由于其快速进展和高转移潜力，给治疗带来了重大挑战。目前的治疗方法通常会引起严重的副作用，因此需要新的治疗策略。突尼斯毒蛇（Macrovipera lebetina）的毒液已成为具有潜在抗癌特性的生物活性分子的有前途的来源。本研究旨在分离并评价一种从麻豆毒中提取的新蛋白Leberagin C的抗肿瘤作用。方法采用生物引导纯化法从麻黄毒中分离出麻黄素C。使用三种癌细胞系：U251（胶质母细胞瘤）、Caco-2（结直肠癌）和SUM 149（炎性乳腺癌）来评估其药理作用。功能分析评估了Leberagin C对细胞迁移、粘附和增殖的影响。结果人参皂苷C在所有细胞系中均表现出明显的抗肿瘤活性。它有效地抑制了癌细胞的迁移、粘附和增殖，提示其在破坏肿瘤进展中的潜在作用。结论：无论是单独治疗还是与现有疗法联合，sleberagin C都有望成为侵袭性癌症的潜在治疗药物。其作用机制及临床应用有待进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Clinical Presentation of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use: A Case Series from a Middle Eastern Rehabilitation Facility 合成大麻素使用的临床表现：来自中东康复机构的病例系列

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100232

R.M. Kamal, V. Mohamed-Ali, J. Toufiq, K. Al Kuwari, M.G. Al-Maadheed

Introduction

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), a class of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), are potent cannabinoid receptor agonists that differ significantly from delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), often causing unpredictable and serious health effects. This study aimed to assess the presence and clinical impact of SCs among patients admitted to Naufar, Qatar.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients medical, psychiatric, and toxicological records in March–April 2024.

Results

Included 13 patients (mean age: 32 years) with mainly methamphetamine and opioids as primary substances of abuse. Psychiatric comorbidities were particularly anxiety disorders (69%), and all patients received SSRI prescriptions. Despite negative point-of-care urine screens, confirmatory forensic testing detected NPS/SCs including 5F-ADB, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, m-CPP, and DFMDA. Patients exhibited avoidant behavior, therapy disengagement. Clinically, cognitive dulling, paranoid thoughts, mood instability, restricted affect and sleep disruption were observed. Reported day fatigue, red eyes, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia and sore throat were initially misattributed to viral illness. Severe cravings were severe post-withdrawal. Notably, agitation, commonly reported internationally, was absent—possibly due to lower used doses or SSRI influence.

Conclusions

Findings confirm the emerging NPS use clinical dangerous, undetectable by routine screening, and highlight the need for enhanced toxicological diagnostics and clinical training in addiction care settings across the GCC.

合成大麻素（SCs）是一类新型精神活性物质（NPS），是一种有效的大麻素受体激动剂，与δ -9四氢大麻酚（THC）有很大不同，通常会引起不可预测的严重健康影响。本研究旨在评估在卡塔尔纳法尔住院的患者中SCs的存在和临床影响。方法回顾性分析2024年3 - 4月患者的医学、精神病学和毒理学记录。结果13例患者以甲基苯丙胺和阿片类药物为主，平均年龄32岁。精神合并症主要是焦虑症（69%），所有患者均接受SSRI处方。尽管护理点尿液筛查呈阴性，但确证法医检测检测到NPS/SCs，包括5F-ADB、5F-MDMB-PINACA、m-CPP和DFMDA。患者表现出回避行为，治疗脱离。临床表现为认知迟钝、偏执思想、情绪不稳定、情感受限和睡眠障碍。报告的日间疲劳、红眼、恶心、呕吐、消化不良和喉咙痛最初被误认为是病毒性疾病。戒断后的渴望更强烈。值得注意的是，国际上普遍报道的躁动没有出现，可能是由于使用剂量较低或SSRI的影响。研究结果证实，新出现的NPS使用具有临床危险性，常规筛查无法检测到，并强调需要加强海湾合作委员会成瘾护理机构的毒理学诊断和临床培训。

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引用次数: 0

Achiral LC-MS/MS and Chiral SFC-MS Methods for Quantification of Methoxphenidine and O-Desmethyl-Methoxphenidine Metabolite in Rat Serum and Brain 非手性LC-MS/MS和手性SFC-MS方法定量大鼠血清和脑中甲氧苯胺和o -去甲基-甲氧苯胺代谢物

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100234

M. Kuchar

Introduction

Methoxphenidine (MXP) is a dissociative anaesthetic increasingly used recreationally and associated with toxicity. However, data on its metabolism, especially in terms of enantiomer-specific distribution, remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate analytical methods for the quantification of MXP and its primary metabolite, O-desmethyl-methoxphenidine (dmMXP), in rat serum and brain tissue.

Methods

Two analytical techniques were developed: an achiral LC-MS/MS method for quantifying racemic MXP and dmMXP, and a chiral SFC-MS method for analyzing individual MXP enantiomers. Serum was prepared by protein precipitation using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, while brain tissue was processed via SALLE. Both methods were validated according to EMA guidelines.

Results

The LC-MS/MS method achieved LOQ of 1.00 ng/mL (serum) and 6.00 ng/g (brain) for MXP, and 1.00 ng/mL and 1.50 ng/g for dmMXP. The SFC-MS method quantified MXP enantiomers down to 12.5 ng/mL (serum) and 30.0 ng/g (brain). Pharmacokinetic profiling showed that MXP peaked in serum at 1600 ng/mL (0.5 h) and declined to 5.87 ng/mL at 24 h. In brain tissue, it peaked at 13200 ng/g (0.5 h) and decreased to 36.1 ng/g. dmMXP peaked at 11.8 ng/mL in serum (1 h) and 67.1 ng/g in brain (1 h). Notably, (S)-MXP concentrations in the brain were higher than those of (R)-MXP.

Conclusions

The validated LC-MS/MS and SFC-MS methods enable precise quantification of MXP and its metabolite in biological matrices. These tools facilitate pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies, offering insights into the distribution and metabolism of MXP in clinical and forensic contexts.

甲氧苯定（MXP）是一种解离性麻醉剂，越来越多地用于娱乐，并与毒性有关。然而，关于其代谢的数据，特别是在对映体特异性分布方面，仍然有限。本研究旨在建立和验证大鼠血清和脑组织中MXP及其主要代谢物o -去甲基-甲氧苯胺（dmMXP）的定量分析方法。方法建立了两种分析方法：非手性LC-MS/MS法定量外消旋MXP和dmMXP，手性SFC-MS法分析MXP对映体。血清用0.1%甲酸乙腈沉淀蛋白制备，脑组织经SALLE处理。两种方法均根据EMA指南进行了验证。结果LC-MS/MS法测定MXP的LOQ分别为1.00 ng/mL（血清）和6.00 ng/g（脑），dmMXP的LOQ分别为1.00 ng/mL和1.50 ng/g。SFC-MS法将MXP对映体定量至12.5 ng/mL（血清）和30.0 ng/g（脑）。药代动力学分析显示，MXP在血清中峰值为1600 ng/mL (0.5 h)， 24 h时降至5.87 ng/mL，脑组织中峰值为13200 ng/g (0.5 h)，降至36.1 ng/g。dmMXP在血清中的峰值为11.8 ng/mL (1 h)，在脑中的峰值为67.1 ng/g （1 h）。值得注意的是，(S)-MXP在大脑中的浓度高于(R)-MXP。结论经验证的LC-MS/MS和SFC-MS方法能够准确定量生物基质中MXP及其代谢物。这些工具促进了药代动力学和毒理学研究，为MXP在临床和法医环境中的分布和代谢提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing under pressure: risk profile of IPED users 在压力下加强：IPED使用者的风险概况

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100202

J. Burkauskas, A. Stanyte, L. Lazuras, A. Pranckeviciene, A.R. Dores, I.P. Carvalho, T. Zandonai, P. Simonato, I. De Luca, A. Carollo, K.E. Ábel, A. Szabo, H. Fujiwara, M. Shibata, A. Girleanu, A.R. Melero Ventola, R.M. Santos-Labrador, N.A. Cunha, F. Castro, G. Esposito, O. Corazza

Introduction

Image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) include a wide range of substances used to alter physical performance or appearance. They are a growing public health concern linked to body-image disturbances and maladaptive exercise behaviours. The present study examined the role of exercise addiction, appearance anxiety, and self-compassion in predicting IPED use in a cross-cultural sample of individuals engaged in sports, both professional and non-professional.

Methods

This cross-sectional study, based on an online questionnaire and volunteer participation, is part of the Keep Fit 3 survey conducted in nine countries (UK, Spain, Lithuania, Hungary, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Singapore, and Mexico) between May 2023 and June 2024. The survey included the Exercise Addiction Inventory, the Appearance Anxiety Inventory, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Based on IPED use, individuals were classified as non-users, non-harmful users, or potentially risky users. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between IPED use and potential predictors.

Results

Of the 3,514 participants, 71.7% (n = 2,521) reported not using any supplements, 8.1% (n = 286) reported using non-harmful IPEDs, and 20.1% (n = 707) reported using potentially risky IPEDs. We found that non-harmful and potentially risky IPED use were associated with age, sex, appearance anxiety, and exercise addiction in the overall sample and among non-professional athletes, whereas only potentially risky IPED use was related to sex, appearance anxiety, and exercise addiction among professional athletes.

Conclusions

Our results highlight risk factors associated with IPED use and the specific characteristics of use among professional athlete populations. Clinicians, trainers, and mental health professionals should be more aware of the risks associated with IPED consumption and possible related psychopathologies and dysfunctional behaviours.

形象和表现增强药物（iped）包括一系列用于改变身体表现或外表的物质。它们与身体形象障碍和不适应运动行为有关，是一个日益受到关注的公共健康问题。本研究考察了运动成瘾、外表焦虑和自我同情在预测职业和非职业体育运动员的跨文化样本中IPED使用中的作用。这项横断面研究基于在线问卷和志愿者参与，是“保持健康3”调查的一部分，该调查于2023年5月至2024年6月在9个国家（英国、西班牙、立陶宛、匈牙利、日本、意大利、葡萄牙、新加坡和墨西哥）进行。这项调查包括运动成瘾量表、外表焦虑量表和自我同情量表。根据IPED的使用情况，个人被分为非使用者、无害使用者和有潜在风险的使用者。使用多项逻辑回归来检验IPED使用与潜在预测因子之间的关系。结果在3,514名参与者中，71.7% （n = 2,521）报告未使用任何补充剂，8.1% （n = 286）报告使用无害的iped， 20.1% （n = 707）报告使用潜在风险的iped。我们发现，在整个样本和非专业运动员中，无害和潜在风险的IPED使用与年龄、性别、外表焦虑和运动成瘾有关，而在专业运动员中，只有潜在风险的IPED使用与性别、外表焦虑和运动成瘾有关。结论我们的研究结果突出了与IPED使用相关的危险因素以及职业运动员人群使用IPED的具体特征。临床医生、培训师和精神卫生专业人员应该更多地意识到与IPED消费和可能相关的精神病理和功能障碍行为相关的风险。

{"title":"Enhancing under pressure: risk profile of IPED users","authors":"J. Burkauskas, A. Stanyte, L. Lazuras, A. Pranckeviciene, A.R. Dores, I.P. Carvalho, T. Zandonai, P. Simonato, I. De Luca, A. Carollo, K.E. Ábel, A. Szabo, H. Fujiwara, M. Shibata, A. Girleanu, A.R. Melero Ventola, R.M. Santos-Labrador, N.A. Cunha, F. Castro, G. Esposito, O. Corazza","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) include a wide range of substances used to alter physical performance or appearance. They are a growing public health concern linked to body-image disturbances and maladaptive exercise behaviours. The present study examined the role of exercise addiction, appearance anxiety, and self-compassion in predicting IPED use in a cross-cultural sample of individuals engaged in sports, both professional and non-professional.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study, based on an online questionnaire and volunteer participation, is part of the Keep Fit 3 survey conducted in nine countries (UK, Spain, Lithuania, Hungary, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Singapore, and Mexico) between May 2023 and June 2024. The survey included the Exercise Addiction Inventory, the Appearance Anxiety Inventory, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Based on IPED use, individuals were classified as non-users, non-harmful users, or potentially risky users. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between IPED use and potential predictors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 3,514 participants, 71.7% (n = 2,521) reported not using any supplements, 8.1% (n = 286) reported using non-harmful IPEDs, and 20.1% (n = 707) reported using potentially risky IPEDs. We found that non-harmful and potentially risky IPED use were associated with age, sex, appearance anxiety, and exercise addiction in the overall sample and among non-professional athletes, whereas only potentially risky IPED use was related to sex, appearance anxiety, and exercise addiction among professional athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results highlight risk factors associated with IPED use and the specific characteristics of use among professional athlete populations. Clinicians, trainers, and mental health professionals should be more aware of the risks associated with IPED consumption and possible related psychopathologies and dysfunctional behaviours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psilocybin and Neuroplasticity: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions 裸盖菇素和神经可塑性：机制、治疗潜力和未来方向

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100215

S. Fereydouni

Introduction

Mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), remain a significant global health concern, requiring novel therapeutic approaches. Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, has shown potential in modulating neuroplasticity, a critical process for cognitive flexibility and mental well-being. This review explores psilocybin’s role in enhancing neuroplasticity and its therapeutic implications for mental disorders.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted (2015–2024) using PubMed, PsycINFO, and other databases. Search terms included “Mental Health,” “Psilocybin,” “Neuroplasticity,” and “Mental Disorders.” Studies on psilocybin’s effects on neuroplasticity in human and animal models were included. Extracted data were synthesized chronologically to identify key findings and trends.

Results

Psilocybin acts primarily via 5-HT2A receptor activation, increasing synaptic connectivity, dendritogenesis, and neurogenesis. It enhances neuroplasticity through the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, contributing to antidepressant and pro-social effects. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports improvements in mood regulation, fear extinction, and cognitive function. Some inconsistencies in neuroplastic outcomes highlight the need for standardized protocols and further investigation.

Conclusions

Psilocybin-induced neuroplasticity is a promising avenue for treating neuropsychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to clarify long-term effects, optimal dosing, and molecular mechanisms to ensure safe and effective clinical applications.

心理健康障碍，包括抑郁、焦虑和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD），仍然是一个重要的全球健康问题，需要新的治疗方法。裸盖菇素是在某些蘑菇中发现的一种迷幻化合物，在调节神经可塑性方面具有潜力，而神经可塑性是认知灵活性和心理健康的关键过程。本文综述了裸盖菇素在增强神经可塑性方面的作用及其对精神障碍的治疗意义。方法利用PubMed、PsycINFO等数据库对2015-2024年的相关文献进行综述。搜索词包括“心理健康”、“裸盖菇素”、“神经可塑性”和“精神障碍”。包括裸盖菇素对人类和动物神经可塑性影响的研究。提取的数据按时间顺序合成，以确定关键发现和趋势。结果裸盖菇素主要通过激活5-HT2A受体，增加突触连接、树突发生和神经发生起作用。它通过BDNF-TrkB信号通路增强神经可塑性，有助于抗抑郁和亲社会作用。临床和临床前证据支持情绪调节、恐惧消除和认知功能的改善。神经可塑性结果的一些不一致突出了标准化方案和进一步研究的必要性。结论裸盖菇碱诱导的神经可塑性是治疗神经精神疾病的有效途径。需要进一步的研究来阐明长期效应、最佳剂量和分子机制，以确保安全有效的临床应用。

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引用次数: 0

The Relative Impact of UK and Chinese Drug Controls on NPS Detections in Deaths in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 英国和中国药物管制对英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰死亡病例中NPS检测的相对影响

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100208

C. Copeland

Introduction

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are typically controlled as evidence of their harms emerge. While individual countries implement their own drug controls, broader restrictions can be introduced by the United Nations (UN). This study assessed the impact of UK, Chinese and UN controls on NPS availability in the UK.

Methods

Deaths occurring 2007-2022 were extracted from the National Programme on Substance Use Mortality and analysed.

Results

Analysis focussed on opioids, stimulants and cannabinoids – the main drug classes targeted by recent Chinese and UN controls. Among 1,669 NPS detections, 254 were NPS opioids, 927 NPS stimulants, 488 NPS cannabinoids. Of the 115 distinct NPS identified, 87.8% (n=101) were first controlled in the UK. However, marked reductions in NPS detections only occurred following the introduction of Chinese controls. For example, following the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) generic ban in the UK under the Psychoactive Substances Act (2016), SCRA detections continued to increase (2016 n=19, 2017 n=69) whereas a significant drop was observed upon their generic control in China in 2021 (2021 n=112, 2022 n=14).

Conclusions

Despite earlier UK controls, reductions in NPS availability in the UK were primarily associated with later Chinese restrictions, suggesting that international supplier controls may be more effective than domestic legislation.

新型精神活性物质（NPS）通常在其危害证据出现时受到控制。虽然个别国家实施自己的药物管制，但联合国可以采取更广泛的限制措施。本研究评估了英国、中国和联合国控制对英国NPS可用性的影响。方法从国家药物使用死亡率规划中提取2007-2022年发生的死亡病例并进行分析。结果分析的重点是阿片类药物、兴奋剂和大麻素，这是中国和联合国最近管制的主要药物类别。在1,669例NPS检测中，NPS阿片类药物254例，NPS兴奋剂927例，大麻素488例。在确定的115种不同的NPS中，87.8% （n=101）首先在英国得到控制。然而，NPS检测的显著减少仅发生在中国引入控制措施之后。例如，在英国《精神活性物质法案》（2016年）下的合成大麻素受体激动剂（SCRA）通用禁令之后，SCRA的检测继续增加（2016年n=19, 2017年n=69），而在2021年中国的通用控制中，SCRA的检测数量显著下降（2021年n=112, 2022年n=14）。尽管英国早期实施了管制，但英国NPS可用性的减少主要与后来中国的限制有关，这表明国际供应商管制可能比国内立法更有效。

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引用次数: 0

Amanita Muscaria and Pantherina – Benefit or Danger? Danger Isoxazole Containing Amanita, Present Situation and Prospects for the Legality of It in Europe 毒伞菌和黑豹菌——有利还是危险？含毒伞异恶唑的危险性、现状及欧洲对其合法性的展望

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100191

E. Alexandrova, M. Vishnevskii

Introduction

The popularity of the red fly agaric in the past 10 years has led not only to a positive impact on the inhabitants of Europe and Asia, but also to a number of hospitalizations and even deaths. Independent macrodosing and combination with other entheogens is especially dangerous.

Methods

Based on the available literature, as well as independent field studies on volunteers, as well as police and hospitals data.

Results

Tables of the most dangerous combinations of Red and Panther fly agaric with other plant and chemical entheogens were compiled. A graph of the frequency of hospitalization of patients with poisoning with substances of red and panther fly agaric for 2023-2025 is presented. A list of side effects of red and panther fly agaric during microdosing has been compiled.

Conclusions

Despite the enormous benefits of red and panther fly agarics in the treatment of somatic and mental diseases, the uncontrolled use of fly agaric macrodoses, and especially their combination with various other entheogens, can lead to a dangerous outcome.

在过去的10年里，红蝇木耳的流行不仅给欧洲和亚洲的居民带来了积极的影响，而且也导致了一些住院治疗甚至死亡。单独大剂量服用和与其他增氧剂合用尤其危险。方法基于现有文献，以及对志愿者的独立实地研究，以及警方和医院的数据。结果编制了黑木耳和黑木耳与其他植物增氧剂和化学增氧剂最危险组合的稳定表。给出了2023-2025年红黑木耳和黑木耳物质中毒患者住院的频率曲线图。编制了一份微剂量服用红黑木耳和黑木耳的副作用清单。结论：尽管红黑木耳和黑木耳在治疗躯体和精神疾病方面有巨大的益处，但不加控制地使用大剂量黑木耳，特别是与其他各种增氧剂联合使用，可能导致危险的后果。

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引用次数: 0

Safety and Cognitive Pharmacodynamics Following Dose Escalations with 3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC): A First in Human, Designer Drug Study 3-甲基甲卡西酮（3-MMC）剂量增加后的安全性和认知药效学：首次人体设计药物研究

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100251

J. Reckweg, J. Ramaekers, N. Mason, K. Kuypers, S. Toennes, E. Theunissen

Introduction

3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) is a designer drug belonging to the group of synthetic cathinones. The compound has been scheduled in many jurisdictions because of public health concerns associated with excessive use. To date, there are no clinical studies that have evaluated the risk profile of 3-MMC in the recreational range of low to moderate doses.

Methods

This first-in-human study (N = 14) assessed the impact of three escalating doses of 3-MMC (25, 50 and 100 mg) on vital signs, neurocognitive function, state of consciousness, appetite and drug desire, in a cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Neurocognitive tests and questionnaires as well as measures of vital signs were repeatedly administered up to 5 h after dosing.

Results

3-MMC caused dose-dependent increases in heart rate and blood pressure, though not of clinical significance, and feelings of subjective high. 3-MMC induced dose-related enhancement of task performance across several neurocognitive domains, including processing speed, cognitive flexibility, psychomotor function, attention and memory. Impulse control was not affected by 3-MMC. Participants also reported mild increases in dissociative and psychedelic effects, decreased appetite, and gave greater ratings of liking and wanting for 3-MMC that were transient over time.

Conclusions

The cardiovascular, psychostimulant and psychotomimetic profile of 3-MMC appears consistent with that of compounds structurally related to amphetamine. It is concluded that low to moderate doses of 3-MMC were well tolerated and safe and that potential health risks might only occur at high or excessive doses of 3-MMC.

甲基卡西酮（3-MMC）是一种设计药物，属于合成卡西酮类。由于与过量使用有关的公共卫生问题，该化合物已被列入许多司法管辖区的名单。到目前为止，还没有临床研究评估3-MMC在低至中剂量娱乐性范围内的风险概况。方法这项首次在人体中进行的研究（N = 14）在交叉安慰剂对照试验中评估了3-MMC（25、50和100 mg）三种递增剂量对生命体征、神经认知功能、意识状态、食欲和药物欲望的影响。在给药后5小时内反复进行神经认知测试和问卷调查以及生命体征测量。结果3- mmc引起心率和血压呈剂量依赖性升高，但无临床意义，并引起主观高感。3-MMC诱导了多个神经认知领域的任务表现的剂量相关增强，包括处理速度、认知灵活性、精神运动功能、注意力和记忆。3-MMC对冲动控制没有影响。参与者还报告了解离和迷幻效果的轻微增加，食欲下降，并且对3-MMC的好感和渴望程度随着时间的推移而增加。结论3-MMC的心血管、精神兴奋和拟精神特性与安非他命结构相关的化合物一致。结论是，低至中等剂量的3-MMC耐受性良好且安全，潜在的健康风险可能只发生在高剂量或过量剂量的3-MMC。

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引用次数: 0

Sustained Use of Low-Dose Oral Ketamine as a Potential Antidepressant 持续使用低剂量口服氯胺酮作为潜在的抗抑郁药

Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100261

G. Unal

Introduction

Psychedelics have gained attention for their rapid-acting antidepressant properties, offering alternatives to the delayed onset and limited efficacy of traditional monoaminergic antidepressants. Ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative psychedelic, shows promise in this context. However, its clinical use has been largely restricted to intravenous racemic ketamine or intranasal esketamine.

Methods

We investigated the effects of long-term, low-dose oral ketamine administration (∼0.3 mg/day, ad libitum) and repeated oral gavage (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg for 3 doses) in adult male Wistar rats. Animals were tested in various behavioral paradigms relevant to depression.

Results

Voluntary consumption of low-dose oral ketamine produced antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test, without impairing locomotion or working memory. Additionally, it prevented anhedonia in the sucrose preference test. The highest gavage dose (45 mg/kg) replicated these antidepressant effects.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the antidepressant effects of ketamine or its enantiomers are not limited to high-dose, acute intravenous administration but can also be achieved through sustained, low-dose oral delivery—highlighting a promising and more accessible therapeutic route.

致幻剂因其速效抗抑郁药特性而受到关注，为传统单胺类抗抑郁药的延迟起效和有限疗效提供了替代方案。氯胺酮，一种非竞争性NMDA受体拮抗剂和解离致幻剂，在这种情况下显示出希望。然而，其临床应用主要局限于静脉外消旋氯胺酮或鼻内氯胺酮。方法研究了成年雄性Wistar大鼠长期低剂量口服氯胺酮（~ 0.3 mg/d，随意）和重复灌胃（15、30或45 mg/kg，共3次）的影响。动物在与抑郁相关的各种行为范式中进行了测试。结果自愿服用低剂量口服氯胺酮在强迫游泳试验中产生抗抑郁样作用，不损害运动和工作记忆。此外，它还能防止糖偏好试验中的快感缺乏症。最高灌胃剂量（45 mg/kg）重复了这些抗抑郁作用。结论氯胺酮或其对映异构体的抗抑郁作用并不局限于高剂量急性静脉给药，也可以通过持续低剂量口服给药来实现，这是一种更有前景和更容易获得的治疗途径。

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引用次数: 0