Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1270515
Retna Arun, Hannah Gurholt, Udita Bansal, Swanne P. Gordon
Some poisonous animals use bright coloration to protect themselves from other animals that want to eat them. These bright colors are also called warning colors. Frogs, snakes, butterflies, skunks, and more all use warning coloration. But how do the animals get their bright colors and toxic poisons? Warning colors can be passed down to certain animals from their parents, and other animals get them from the foods they eat. Just because some animals have bright colors does not always mean they are toxic. Some animals, also known as mimics, copy the colors of toxic animals so they can protect themselves from being eaten. We will explore how poisonous animals show their true colors, and how non-poisonous animals that display the same signals can also be protected from predators. You may notice similar connections between color and warning signals all around you!
{"title":"Bright Colors: Eat Me at Your Own Risk","authors":"Retna Arun, Hannah Gurholt, Udita Bansal, Swanne P. Gordon","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1270515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1270515","url":null,"abstract":"Some poisonous animals use bright coloration to protect themselves from other animals that want to eat them. These bright colors are also called warning colors. Frogs, snakes, butterflies, skunks, and more all use warning coloration. But how do the animals get their bright colors and toxic poisons? Warning colors can be passed down to certain animals from their parents, and other animals get them from the foods they eat. Just because some animals have bright colors does not always mean they are toxic. Some animals, also known as mimics, copy the colors of toxic animals so they can protect themselves from being eaten. We will explore how poisonous animals show their true colors, and how non-poisonous animals that display the same signals can also be protected from predators. You may notice similar connections between color and warning signals all around you!","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.3389/frym.2023.1229085
Y. Vodovotz, Julia C. Arciero, P. Verschure, David L. Katz
Stress is a feeling of being worried, scared, or overwhelmed, caused by challenging situations or big life changes. Not all stress is bad, and some kinds of stress, like exercise, can even be good for us. However, when stress is severe or lasts a long time, it can harm our health. Severe stress causes inflammation, which is the body’s way of protecting itself. Inflammation helps the body heal, but long-lasting inflammation can lead to health problems. Stress can also affect the brain, making it hard to think clearly or make good decisions. In our work, we linked all these stress-related factors together (using math) to explain our hypothesis that stress can spread from person to person through our actions, words, and body language—and even over social media—until it affects whole societies and eventually the entire planet! This is a dangerous cycle that can lead to even more stress and inflammation, making problems worse. To break the cycle, we each need to focus on reducing stress in our own lives.
{"title":"The Cycle of Stress: From Individuals to the World and Back","authors":"Y. Vodovotz, Julia C. Arciero, P. Verschure, David L. Katz","doi":"10.3389/frym.2023.1229085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2023.1229085","url":null,"abstract":"Stress is a feeling of being worried, scared, or overwhelmed, caused by challenging situations or big life changes. Not all stress is bad, and some kinds of stress, like exercise, can even be good for us. However, when stress is severe or lasts a long time, it can harm our health. Severe stress causes inflammation, which is the body’s way of protecting itself. Inflammation helps the body heal, but long-lasting inflammation can lead to health problems. Stress can also affect the brain, making it hard to think clearly or make good decisions. In our work, we linked all these stress-related factors together (using math) to explain our hypothesis that stress can spread from person to person through our actions, words, and body language—and even over social media—until it affects whole societies and eventually the entire planet! This is a dangerous cycle that can lead to even more stress and inflammation, making problems worse. To break the cycle, we each need to focus on reducing stress in our own lives.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1252490
Cinthya Soledad Manjarrez-Rangel, María Cristina Del Rincón-Castro, E. Piovano, G. Zanor
There are many organisms living in lakes, for example, fish, aquatic plants, microalgae, and bacteria. But have you wondered what organisms have inhabited a lake throughout its history? Are there any species that are no longer found in the lake today? Has the ecosystem changed over time? When they die, most lake organisms leave their remains (pollen, shells, fossils, and DNA). Remains are preserved for many years in the sediments deposited at the lake bottom. Scientists are using an exciting technology that identifies organisms from DNA extracted from sediments that are over 100 years old. In this article, we will tell you how DNA is preserved in sediments at the bottom of lakes and how it is used to find out which organisms were present in the past and which are still living in a lake today.
湖泊中生活着许多生物，例如鱼类、水生植物、微藻和细菌。但您是否想过，在一个湖泊的历史长河中，曾经栖息过哪些生物？湖中是否有如今已不复存在的物种？生态系统是否随着时间的推移发生了变化？大多数湖泊生物死后都会留下遗骸（花粉、贝壳、化石和 DNA）。遗骸在湖底沉积物中保存多年。科学家们正在使用一种令人兴奋的技术，从 100 多年前的沉积物中提取 DNA 来识别生物。在本文中，我们将告诉您 DNA 是如何保存在湖底沉积物中的，以及如何利用它来找出哪些生物在过去曾存在过，以及哪些生物现在仍生活在湖中。
{"title":"What Kinds of Organisms Have Lived in a Lake? DNA Tells Us!","authors":"Cinthya Soledad Manjarrez-Rangel, María Cristina Del Rincón-Castro, E. Piovano, G. Zanor","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1252490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1252490","url":null,"abstract":"There are many organisms living in lakes, for example, fish, aquatic plants, microalgae, and bacteria. But have you wondered what organisms have inhabited a lake throughout its history? Are there any species that are no longer found in the lake today? Has the ecosystem changed over time? When they die, most lake organisms leave their remains (pollen, shells, fossils, and DNA). Remains are preserved for many years in the sediments deposited at the lake bottom. Scientists are using an exciting technology that identifies organisms from DNA extracted from sediments that are over 100 years old. In this article, we will tell you how DNA is preserved in sediments at the bottom of lakes and how it is used to find out which organisms were present in the past and which are still living in a lake today.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1331857
Emily Monk, Karli Weatherill, Chris Ray, Ashley Whipple, Johanna Varner
Many animals are herbivores, which means they get all their nutrients from eating plants. American pikas are cute rabbit relatives that eat plants in the mountains. But alpine winters are harsh, so pikas spend their entire summer gathering and storing plants to eat under the winter snow. Just like people, pikas in Colorado have a favorite food: a plant called alpine avens. This plant species is a special pika snack because it contains natural preservatives called phenolics, which keep the food fresh all winter. We studied how climate change is affecting this important feature of the pika’s favorite meal. Alpine avens contains more phenolics now than it did 30 years ago, so they preserve better in storage. But there is a catch: these preservatives can be hard to digest. Studies like this help us start to understand the many complicated ways that climate change affects herbivores like pikas.
{"title":"How Will Climate Change Affect Pikas’ Favorite Snacks?","authors":"Emily Monk, Karli Weatherill, Chris Ray, Ashley Whipple, Johanna Varner","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1331857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1331857","url":null,"abstract":"Many animals are herbivores, which means they get all their nutrients from eating plants. American pikas are cute rabbit relatives that eat plants in the mountains. But alpine winters are harsh, so pikas spend their entire summer gathering and storing plants to eat under the winter snow. Just like people, pikas in Colorado have a favorite food: a plant called alpine avens. This plant species is a special pika snack because it contains natural preservatives called phenolics, which keep the food fresh all winter. We studied how climate change is affecting this important feature of the pika’s favorite meal. Alpine avens contains more phenolics now than it did 30 years ago, so they preserve better in storage. But there is a catch: these preservatives can be hard to digest. Studies like this help us start to understand the many complicated ways that climate change affects herbivores like pikas.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1274157
Colleen R. Miller, Jennifer L. Houtz, Nicole Mejia, Natalie J. Morris, M. Pipkin, Anusha Shankar, Jennifer J. Uehling, Jessie L. Williamson, Maren N. Vitousek
Tree swallows are North American birds that can help us understand more about biology. We already know a lot about tree swallows because they are easy to work with. These birds are popular for scientists to study. We know a lot about bird health, migration, and nesting because of tree swallows. However, tree swallows are declining because of climate change, insect loss, and habitat destruction. You can help by becoming a community scientist! Tree swallows are fascinating birds that everyone can help conserve. And along the way, we can learn more about our world.
{"title":"What Can Tree Swallows Teach Us About Biology?","authors":"Colleen R. Miller, Jennifer L. Houtz, Nicole Mejia, Natalie J. Morris, M. Pipkin, Anusha Shankar, Jennifer J. Uehling, Jessie L. Williamson, Maren N. Vitousek","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1274157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1274157","url":null,"abstract":"Tree swallows are North American birds that can help us understand more about biology. We already know a lot about tree swallows because they are easy to work with. These birds are popular for scientists to study. We know a lot about bird health, migration, and nesting because of tree swallows. However, tree swallows are declining because of climate change, insect loss, and habitat destruction. You can help by becoming a community scientist! Tree swallows are fascinating birds that everyone can help conserve. And along the way, we can learn more about our world.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140254098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1227902
Muhammad Shoib Nawaz, Muhammad Suleman, Barbara J. Campbell
Often, the first thing that comes to mind when we think about bacteria is that they are harmful and cause diseases. However, this is not entirely true. Almost all bacteria are beneficial to humans, animals, or plants. In this article, we focus specifically on the bacteria that benefit plants. You may be surprised to learn that these bacteria are not just helpful to plants, but essential for plant survival. These beneficial bacteria provide plants with necessary nutrients from the soil, reduce the effects of environmental stresses, and protect plants from harmful bacteria and other enemies. That is why these bacteria are known as plant growth-promoting bacteria. As you read, you will learn about the functions and mechanisms of these essential bacteria.
{"title":"How Certain Soil Bacteria Can Help Plants Grow Better","authors":"Muhammad Shoib Nawaz, Muhammad Suleman, Barbara J. Campbell","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1227902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1227902","url":null,"abstract":"Often, the first thing that comes to mind when we think about bacteria is that they are harmful and cause diseases. However, this is not entirely true. Almost all bacteria are beneficial to humans, animals, or plants. In this article, we focus specifically on the bacteria that benefit plants. You may be surprised to learn that these bacteria are not just helpful to plants, but essential for plant survival. These beneficial bacteria provide plants with necessary nutrients from the soil, reduce the effects of environmental stresses, and protect plants from harmful bacteria and other enemies. That is why these bacteria are known as plant growth-promoting bacteria. As you read, you will learn about the functions and mechanisms of these essential bacteria.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1178387
Savannah R. Roberts, S. Gorrell, Daniel Le Grange
Adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood, is a time when significant changes happen to the human body. These changes, called puberty, signify the time during which humans develop into adults. During puberty, changes in weight, height, and muscle size leave many adolescents feeling unhappy with their appearance. We describe how these changes affect body image, which is the way that adolescents feel about their bodies. First, we discuss how a negative body image can be a risk factor for eating disorders and depression. Second, we highlight the body positivity movement, which encourages people to love their bodies no matter what they look like. Lastly, we describe body neutrality, an attitude that celebrates bodies for what they allow us to do, rather than for their appearance. Together, these body image concepts can help people to understand how physical changes that accompany puberty might affect mental health.
{"title":"Body Image During Puberty: What Happens to How Kids Feel About Their Bodies?","authors":"Savannah R. Roberts, S. Gorrell, Daniel Le Grange","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1178387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1178387","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood, is a time when significant changes happen to the human body. These changes, called puberty, signify the time during which humans develop into adults. During puberty, changes in weight, height, and muscle size leave many adolescents feeling unhappy with their appearance. We describe how these changes affect body image, which is the way that adolescents feel about their bodies. First, we discuss how a negative body image can be a risk factor for eating disorders and depression. Second, we highlight the body positivity movement, which encourages people to love their bodies no matter what they look like. Lastly, we describe body neutrality, an attitude that celebrates bodies for what they allow us to do, rather than for their appearance. Together, these body image concepts can help people to understand how physical changes that accompany puberty might affect mental health.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1204137
Davide D’Angelo, Olga Cannavacciuolo, F. Taranto, Nunzio D’Agostino
Although you may have visited a bank in your lifetime, maybe to deposit or withdraw money, it is likely that you have never been to a seed bank. These buildings do not contain money or gold bars but instead hold something even more precious: the seeds or other materials of plants belonging to over 50,000 species—~12.5% of all known plant species. Human pressures on natural ecosystems threaten many plants, and protecting the vast array of plant life on Earth is critical for assuring that we can grow enough food for everyone on the planet in the years to come. For this reason, scientists have thought of freezing seeds and/or other parts of plants to preserve them and make them available for the future. Seed banks also allow scientists to study the history of certain plants, and these banks can provide them with the resources needed to change some plant traits in helpful ways.
{"title":"Seed Banks: Storing the World’s Plants for the Future","authors":"Davide D’Angelo, Olga Cannavacciuolo, F. Taranto, Nunzio D’Agostino","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1204137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1204137","url":null,"abstract":"Although you may have visited a bank in your lifetime, maybe to deposit or withdraw money, it is likely that you have never been to a seed bank. These buildings do not contain money or gold bars but instead hold something even more precious: the seeds or other materials of plants belonging to over 50,000 species—~12.5% of all known plant species. Human pressures on natural ecosystems threaten many plants, and protecting the vast array of plant life on Earth is critical for assuring that we can grow enough food for everyone on the planet in the years to come. For this reason, scientists have thought of freezing seeds and/or other parts of plants to preserve them and make them available for the future. Seed banks also allow scientists to study the history of certain plants, and these banks can provide them with the resources needed to change some plant traits in helpful ways.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1227860
Shirin Rahmanian, Tony Slaba, Tore Straume, Sharmila Bhattacharya, S. R. Santa Maria
Recently, NASA launched a rocket called Artemis-I toward the Moon! The mission objective was to test the safety of the Space Launch System for future human travel into deep space. But vehicle safety is not the only concern for space travelers. Space radiation is an invisible danger to astronauts because it can damage the body’s cells and potentially lead to serious health problems. How do we study the effects of space radiation on cells? Meet BioSentinel! BioSentinel is a small satellite deployed from Artemis-I that carries yeast cells and a sensor to measure space radiation. The job of BioSentinel is to transmit data from the cells in deep space back to Earth. In this article, we will explore the BioSentinel mission, discuss how the data are obtained and transmitted, and give examples of how the data from BioSentinel will help scientists better understand the effects of space radiation on living things.
{"title":"Meet BioSentinel: The First Biological Experiment In Deep Space","authors":"Shirin Rahmanian, Tony Slaba, Tore Straume, Sharmila Bhattacharya, S. R. Santa Maria","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1227860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1227860","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, NASA launched a rocket called Artemis-I toward the Moon! The mission objective was to test the safety of the Space Launch System for future human travel into deep space. But vehicle safety is not the only concern for space travelers. Space radiation is an invisible danger to astronauts because it can damage the body’s cells and potentially lead to serious health problems. How do we study the effects of space radiation on cells? Meet BioSentinel! BioSentinel is a small satellite deployed from Artemis-I that carries yeast cells and a sensor to measure space radiation. The job of BioSentinel is to transmit data from the cells in deep space back to Earth. In this article, we will explore the BioSentinel mission, discuss how the data are obtained and transmitted, and give examples of how the data from BioSentinel will help scientists better understand the effects of space radiation on living things.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140077709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1293746
Antoine Gekière, M. Vanderplanck
When you are sick, you might go to the pharmacy to get some medicines. But have you ever wondered what do animals do when they are sick? Bees are tremendously important given the roles they play in the environment and human societies. Unfortunately, bees have been declining in the last decades, partly due to infection by parasites. But certain flowers may help them! Bees collect resources from various flowers and, recently, scientists have shown that some of these flower resources could help bees fight infections. Flower resources contain many essential nutrients as well as very specific medicines that could strengthen the bees or kill the parasites. Once sick, bees could prioritize the collection of resources from specific flowers to deal with their parasites and heal themselves. It is therefore important for us to plant flowers rich in essential nutrients, as well as flowers rich in medicines that help bees to thrive and fight off infections.
{"title":"Bees Could Visit Flower “Pharmacies” When They Are Sick","authors":"Antoine Gekière, M. Vanderplanck","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1293746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1293746","url":null,"abstract":"When you are sick, you might go to the pharmacy to get some medicines. But have you ever wondered what do animals do when they are sick? Bees are tremendously important given the roles they play in the environment and human societies. Unfortunately, bees have been declining in the last decades, partly due to infection by parasites. But certain flowers may help them! Bees collect resources from various flowers and, recently, scientists have shown that some of these flower resources could help bees fight infections. Flower resources contain many essential nutrients as well as very specific medicines that could strengthen the bees or kill the parasites. Once sick, bees could prioritize the collection of resources from specific flowers to deal with their parasites and heal themselves. It is therefore important for us to plant flowers rich in essential nutrients, as well as flowers rich in medicines that help bees to thrive and fight off infections.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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