Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1371267
Ciera McFarland, Francesco Fuentes, Allison Fick, Laura H. Blumenschein, Margaret M. Coad
When a vine grows up the side of a building or through a crack in the sidewalk, it lengthens from its tip. This allows it to easily grow around obstacles and squeeze through small holes. Its body forms a path back to its roots, where it draws water and nutrients from the soil to continue growing. This idea has inspired growing “vine robots”, soft, air-powered robots that lengthen from the tip by pushing out material stored inside their bodies. Acting like robotic plants, vine robots can move easily through cluttered areas like vines can, and they can also do robotic tasks, like carrying cameras and other tools. This combination can help doctors reach inside the human body, archeologists see inside ancient ruins, inspectors see inside pipes, and more. It is exciting to think about how robots that grow like vines will help people in the future.
{"title":"Why Robots Should Grow Like Vines","authors":"Ciera McFarland, Francesco Fuentes, Allison Fick, Laura H. Blumenschein, Margaret M. Coad","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1371267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1371267","url":null,"abstract":"When a vine grows up the side of a building or through a crack in the sidewalk, it lengthens from its tip. This allows it to easily grow around obstacles and squeeze through small holes. Its body forms a path back to its roots, where it draws water and nutrients from the soil to continue growing. This idea has inspired growing “vine robots”, soft, air-powered robots that lengthen from the tip by pushing out material stored inside their bodies. Acting like robotic plants, vine robots can move easily through cluttered areas like vines can, and they can also do robotic tasks, like carrying cameras and other tools. This combination can help doctors reach inside the human body, archeologists see inside ancient ruins, inspectors see inside pipes, and more. It is exciting to think about how robots that grow like vines will help people in the future.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"96 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141808081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1381106
David J. Brayden, Sarah Gundy, Claire Riordan
People usually take medicines by swallowing a tablet or pill, but many important medicines cannot be taken by mouth. Vaccines, for example, must be injected using a needle and syringe. You might know people who have diabetes, a condition in which the body does not make enough of the hormone insulin. Insulin allows your cells to use the sugar in your blood for energy. People with diabetes must take insulin to be able to lower their blood sugar levels. Unfortunately, people cannot take insulin by mouth because the acid in the stomach will attack it like food. Insulin is also large and cannot cross the wall of the intestine to get into the blood, which is where it needs to go. Instead, people must take insulin by injecting it into the blood. But what if medicines, like insulin, could be designed so they could be swallowed instead of being injected?
{"title":"What If We Could Swallow Medicines Instead of Needing Painful Injections?","authors":"David J. Brayden, Sarah Gundy, Claire Riordan","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1381106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1381106","url":null,"abstract":"People usually take medicines by swallowing a tablet or pill, but many important medicines cannot be taken by mouth. Vaccines, for example, must be injected using a needle and syringe. You might know people who have diabetes, a condition in which the body does not make enough of the hormone insulin. Insulin allows your cells to use the sugar in your blood for energy. People with diabetes must take insulin to be able to lower their blood sugar levels. Unfortunately, people cannot take insulin by mouth because the acid in the stomach will attack it like food. Insulin is also large and cannot cross the wall of the intestine to get into the blood, which is where it needs to go. Instead, people must take insulin by injecting it into the blood. But what if medicines, like insulin, could be designed so they could be swallowed instead of being injected?","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"64 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1279405
Jordan Ensz, Melanie Ermler, Huda Rabbani, Madison Saunders, Stephanie Baker, C. Mohiyeddini
Resilience means “bouncing back” after a setback, like when you fall off your bike but get back on and try again, or when you do not do well on a test but keep studying and improve next time. This means that when people go through tough situations, resilience helps them to adapt successfully and go back to normal quicker. For kids, resilience can come in handy when you are faced with difficult problems or new environments. Our resilience is shaped by the things we do and the people in our lives. It changes and grows as we experience new things throughout our lives. We can also increase our resilience by building supportive relationships and modeling our behavior after good role models. Resilience in childhood has a big impact on children’s mental, physical, and emotional health and continues to influence them as they grow older. By building resilience, we can improve our grades in school and enjoy life more, while also feeling less worried and sad.
{"title":"Resilience—The Ability to Bounce Back!","authors":"Jordan Ensz, Melanie Ermler, Huda Rabbani, Madison Saunders, Stephanie Baker, C. Mohiyeddini","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1279405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1279405","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience means “bouncing back” after a setback, like when you fall off your bike but get back on and try again, or when you do not do well on a test but keep studying and improve next time. This means that when people go through tough situations, resilience helps them to adapt successfully and go back to normal quicker. For kids, resilience can come in handy when you are faced with difficult problems or new environments. Our resilience is shaped by the things we do and the people in our lives. It changes and grows as we experience new things throughout our lives. We can also increase our resilience by building supportive relationships and modeling our behavior after good role models. Resilience in childhood has a big impact on children’s mental, physical, and emotional health and continues to influence them as they grow older. By building resilience, we can improve our grades in school and enjoy life more, while also feeling less worried and sad.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"69 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141810554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1343838
R. D. da Silva, João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente Aguiar, C. A. Oi, Jaqueline Eterna Batista, F. S. do Nascimento, Martin Giurfa
If you have a garden, you have probably seen many insects flying around looking for food. Despite having miniature brains, these small creatures can learn and memorize flower features, mainly colors and smells, which they associate with nectar and pollen (their food) provided by the flowers. Honeybees are not the only pollinators in nature—wasps also pollinate flowers, but less is known about them. We studied whether wasps could learn and memorize information. We developed a study to investigate whether wasps could learn to associate a flowery smell with sugary water. We found that female and male wasps have powerful learning and memory abilities, which are important for their daily social lives.
{"title":"The Tiny Brains of Wasps Can Learn and Remember Information","authors":"R. D. da Silva, João Marcelo Robazzi Bignelli Valente Aguiar, C. A. Oi, Jaqueline Eterna Batista, F. S. do Nascimento, Martin Giurfa","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1343838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1343838","url":null,"abstract":"If you have a garden, you have probably seen many insects flying around looking for food. Despite having miniature brains, these small creatures can learn and memorize flower features, mainly colors and smells, which they associate with nectar and pollen (their food) provided by the flowers. Honeybees are not the only pollinators in nature—wasps also pollinate flowers, but less is known about them. We studied whether wasps could learn and memorize information. We developed a study to investigate whether wasps could learn to associate a flowery smell with sugary water. We found that female and male wasps have powerful learning and memory abilities, which are important for their daily social lives.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1419646
Eric Dinerstein, Andy T. L. Lee, Anup R. Joshi
During five previous mass extinction events, many of Earth’s species died out in a relatively short period of time–like the dinosaurs did 66 million years ago. Scientists believe that Earth is currently experiencing another mass extinction, the sixth such event, but the first to be caused by human activities. This is a wake-up call: over a million species could vanish during our lifetimes! But there is hope: we can save many species by protecting their homes, especially in tropical places where many unique animals and plants live. This article will explain how some of the spots that are currently protected fail to capture all of the places where these at-risk species actually live. To complete the safety net of protection, we must focus on other important areas, called Conservation Imperatives sites, which contain many threatened species but only cover a tiny part of the Earth’s surface. Saving these spots is urgent, and luckily it is not as expensive as you might think. Time is running out, and the sooner we start, the better our chances of preventing many animals and plants from disappearing forever.
{"title":"Protecting Earth’s Irreplaceable Species—The Time is Now!","authors":"Eric Dinerstein, Andy T. L. Lee, Anup R. Joshi","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1419646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1419646","url":null,"abstract":"During five previous mass extinction events, many of Earth’s species died out in a relatively short period of time–like the dinosaurs did 66 million years ago. Scientists believe that Earth is currently experiencing another mass extinction, the sixth such event, but the first to be caused by human activities. This is a wake-up call: over a million species could vanish during our lifetimes! But there is hope: we can save many species by protecting their homes, especially in tropical places where many unique animals and plants live. This article will explain how some of the spots that are currently protected fail to capture all of the places where these at-risk species actually live. To complete the safety net of protection, we must focus on other important areas, called Conservation Imperatives sites, which contain many threatened species but only cover a tiny part of the Earth’s surface. Saving these spots is urgent, and luckily it is not as expensive as you might think. Time is running out, and the sooner we start, the better our chances of preventing many animals and plants from disappearing forever.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1377991
Muthumuni Managa, Tracy G. T. Moraba, Nonkululeko Malomane, Kwanele Nene
Some tiny microorganisms creatures such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria can make us very sick. As these organisms evolve with us, they are becoming smarter and stronger, which is making it more difficult for medicines like antibiotics to fight them. Scientists are finding new ways to treat these infections, and one way is by using a cool treatment called photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). PACT is based on tiny, colored molecules that take up light and use it to make tiny “bullets”. These tiny bullets attack and kill microorganisms by punching holes in their cell membranes. Therefore, using PACT could help doctors and scientists to fight these attacks and keep people healthy.
{"title":"A New Way to Treat Diseases Using Light-Loving Molecules","authors":"Muthumuni Managa, Tracy G. T. Moraba, Nonkululeko Malomane, Kwanele Nene","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1377991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1377991","url":null,"abstract":"Some tiny microorganisms creatures such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria can make us very sick. As these organisms evolve with us, they are becoming smarter and stronger, which is making it more difficult for medicines like antibiotics to fight them. Scientists are finding new ways to treat these infections, and one way is by using a cool treatment called photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). PACT is based on tiny, colored molecules that take up light and use it to make tiny “bullets”. These tiny bullets attack and kill microorganisms by punching holes in their cell membranes. Therefore, using PACT could help doctors and scientists to fight these attacks and keep people healthy.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"8 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1268913
Tiffany S. Leung, Guangyu Zeng, Sarah E. Maylott, Shantalle N Martinez, K. Jakobsen, Elizabeth A. Simpson
Staying away from germs helps humans stay healthy and avoid dangerous sicknesses. People avoid other people who look or act like they might be feeling sick. For example, adults know when someone is sick just by looking at their face, and they can avoid going near sick people. We wanted to know whether children recognize sick faces. In our study, we asked 4–5-year-olds, 8–9-year-olds, and adults to look at photos of people and decide who was feeling sick and who they wanted to sit next to. Just by looking at the faces, 8–9-year-olds and adults could tell who was feeling sick and said they wanted to sit next to healthy people more than sick people. This study helps us understand that children can recognize and avoid sick faces just like grown-ups can, and that they get better at these skills as they get older.
{"title":"Infection Detection: Children Avoid Sick Faces","authors":"Tiffany S. Leung, Guangyu Zeng, Sarah E. Maylott, Shantalle N Martinez, K. Jakobsen, Elizabeth A. Simpson","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1268913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1268913","url":null,"abstract":"Staying away from germs helps humans stay healthy and avoid dangerous sicknesses. People avoid other people who look or act like they might be feeling sick. For example, adults know when someone is sick just by looking at their face, and they can avoid going near sick people. We wanted to know whether children recognize sick faces. In our study, we asked 4–5-year-olds, 8–9-year-olds, and adults to look at photos of people and decide who was feeling sick and who they wanted to sit next to. Just by looking at the faces, 8–9-year-olds and adults could tell who was feeling sick and said they wanted to sit next to healthy people more than sick people. This study helps us understand that children can recognize and avoid sick faces just like grown-ups can, and that they get better at these skills as they get older.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"26 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1368101
Wendy Bohon, Alka Tripathy-Lang
The Himalayan mountain range is known for its majestic beauty and towering heights, but the very features that make it famous can keep scientists from understanding its details. To make sense of the history of this mountain range, geologists need to see the rocks that they are made of. However, this can be difficult because of the sheer heights and inaccessibility of parts of the range. To solve this, we got a bird’s eye view of these mountains—from space! Using data from the ASTER instrument aboard NASA’s Terra satellite, we looked at the spectral signature of the rocks that make up the mountains. A spectral signature is almost like a fingerprint. We used this information to make a geologic map of the northwestern Himalaya, which helped us to piece together part of the history of these mighty mountains.
喜马拉雅山脉以其雄伟壮丽和高耸入云而闻名于世，但正是这些特征让它声名远播，却让科学家们无法了解其细节。要了解喜马拉雅山脉的历史，地质学家需要看到它的岩石。然而，由于山脉高耸入云，而且部分地区交通不便，这一点很难做到。为了解决这个问题，我们从太空鸟瞰了这些山脉！利用 NASA 的 Terra 卫星上的 ASTER 仪器提供的数据，我们观察了组成山脉的岩石的光谱特征。光谱特征就像指纹一样。我们利用这些信息绘制了喜马拉雅山西北部的地质图，帮助我们拼凑出了这些大山的部分历史。
{"title":"Mapping Rocks From Space","authors":"Wendy Bohon, Alka Tripathy-Lang","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1368101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1368101","url":null,"abstract":"The Himalayan mountain range is known for its majestic beauty and towering heights, but the very features that make it famous can keep scientists from understanding its details. To make sense of the history of this mountain range, geologists need to see the rocks that they are made of. However, this can be difficult because of the sheer heights and inaccessibility of parts of the range. To solve this, we got a bird’s eye view of these mountains—from space! Using data from the ASTER instrument aboard NASA’s Terra satellite, we looked at the spectral signature of the rocks that make up the mountains. A spectral signature is almost like a fingerprint. We used this information to make a geologic map of the northwestern Himalaya, which helped us to piece together part of the history of these mighty mountains.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1301601
A. Hronis, Ian Kneebone
Anxiety is when people feel worried or nervous, and it is something that many people around the world go through. Some people are more likely to have anxiety than others. Some children are not as good as others at learning and understanding, which is known as an intellectual disability. Children with intellectual disabilities are more likely to experience anxiety—but unfortunately, they often do not get the help they need to feel better. Our research set out to help children with anxiety, especially those with an intellectual disability. We reviewed the research that has already been performed, asked mental health professionals questions, and talked to parents to learn what might work best. Then, we created Fearless Me! Fearless Me! is a program designed especially for children who have difficulties learning and understanding. So far, the Fearless Me! program seems to help reduce anxiety in children with intellectual disabilities.
{"title":"Therapy for Children With Intellectual Disabilities","authors":"A. Hronis, Ian Kneebone","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1301601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1301601","url":null,"abstract":"Anxiety is when people feel worried or nervous, and it is something that many people around the world go through. Some people are more likely to have anxiety than others. Some children are not as good as others at learning and understanding, which is known as an intellectual disability. Children with intellectual disabilities are more likely to experience anxiety—but unfortunately, they often do not get the help they need to feel better. Our research set out to help children with anxiety, especially those with an intellectual disability. We reviewed the research that has already been performed, asked mental health professionals questions, and talked to parents to learn what might work best. Then, we created Fearless Me! Fearless Me! is a program designed especially for children who have difficulties learning and understanding. So far, the Fearless Me! program seems to help reduce anxiety in children with intellectual disabilities.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"39 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.3389/frym.2024.1356411
M. J. Raseala, Meladi Lerato Motloutsi, Funeka Matebese, R. Moutloali
Water is needed for almost every aspect of human life: cleaning, drinking, and crop production. Membrane filtration is an effective way to remove the pollutants from water. Tiny holes in the membranes allow water to pass through while trapping dirt, bacteria, and other pollutants. Most water-filtration membranes can remove large pollutants such as hair, dust particles, and bacteria, as well as pollutants that cannot be seen with the naked eye, such as dissolved salts. In this article, we will tell you how membranes are made and how they can be used to make water clean and safe enough for people to drink.
{"title":"Filtration: Making Dirty Water Clean Enough to Drink","authors":"M. J. Raseala, Meladi Lerato Motloutsi, Funeka Matebese, R. Moutloali","doi":"10.3389/frym.2024.1356411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2024.1356411","url":null,"abstract":"Water is needed for almost every aspect of human life: cleaning, drinking, and crop production. Membrane filtration is an effective way to remove the pollutants from water. Tiny holes in the membranes allow water to pass through while trapping dirt, bacteria, and other pollutants. Most water-filtration membranes can remove large pollutants such as hair, dust particles, and bacteria, as well as pollutants that cannot be seen with the naked eye, such as dissolved salts. In this article, we will tell you how membranes are made and how they can be used to make water clean and safe enough for people to drink.","PeriodicalId":73060,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers for young minds","volume":"80 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141657970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：