Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3371786
Michael Eldred
By remaining blind to an invisible global social value, we are unable to face up to the challenges posed by today’s world. We do not ask insistently enough who we are, remaining content with traditional answers starting with those inherited from the Greeks: we are a species of animal, the rational animal, a social animal, a political animal, and proceeding to later answers in the modern age, including: we are individual subjects endowed with inner consciousness or free subjects with innate individual rights. This paper aims to lift the veil on some of our Western delusions about individual freedom in private-property owning, more or less liberal democracies in a globalized world — a world whose movement is constrained by a ceaseless, subterranean, circular, movement of thingfied value that is never adequately conceived and named as such. To conceptualize it as such, and thus bring it to light, is the task of hermeneutic phenomenology. Doing so reveals that we are not free subjects, but players in a game whose movements we only darkly surmise, reduced to mere character masks in a farce.
{"title":"An Invisible Global Social Value","authors":"Michael Eldred","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3371786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3371786","url":null,"abstract":"By remaining blind to an invisible global social value, we are unable to face up to the challenges posed by today’s world. We do not ask insistently enough who we are, remaining content with traditional answers starting with those inherited from the Greeks: we are a species of animal, the rational animal, a social animal, a political animal, and proceeding to later answers in the modern age, including: we are individual subjects endowed with inner consciousness or free subjects with innate individual rights. This paper aims to lift the veil on some of our Western delusions about individual freedom in private-property owning, more or less liberal democracies in a globalized world — a world whose movement is constrained by a ceaseless, subterranean, circular, movement of thingfied value that is never adequately conceived and named as such. To conceptualize it as such, and thus bring it to light, is the task of hermeneutic phenomenology. Doing so reveals that we are not free subjects, but players in a game whose movements we only darkly surmise, reduced to mere character masks in a farce.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"5 1","pages":"48-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141164725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3365421
Ying Xu;Philipp Terhörst;Marius Pedersen;Kiran Raja
In recent years, image and video manipulations with Deepfake have become a severe concern for security and society. Many detection models and datasets have been proposed to detect Deepfake data reliably. However, there is an increased concern that these models and training databases might be biased and, thus, cause Deepfake detectors to fail. In this work, we investigate factors causing biased detection in public Deepfake datasets by (a) creating large-scale demographic and non-demographic attribute annotations with 47 different attributes for five popular Deepfake datasets and (b) comprehensively analysing attributes resulting in AI-bias of three state-of-the-art Deepfake detection backbone models on these datasets. The analysis shows how various attributes influence a large variety of distinctive attributes (from over 65M labels) on the detection performance which includes demographic (age, gender, ethnicity) and non-demographic (hair, skin, accessories, etc.) attributes. The results examined datasets show limited diversity and, more importantly, show that the utilised Deepfake detection backbone models are strongly affected by investigated attributes making them not fair across attributes. The Deepfake detection backbone methods trained on such imbalanced/biased datasets result in incorrect detection results leading to generalisability, fairness, and security issues. Our findings and annotated datasets will guide future research to evaluate and mitigate bias in Deepfake detection techniques. The annotated datasets and the corresponding code are publicly available. The code link is: https://github.com/xuyingzhongguo/DeepFakeAnnotations .
{"title":"Analyzing Fairness in Deepfake Detection With Massively Annotated Databases","authors":"Ying Xu;Philipp Terhörst;Marius Pedersen;Kiran Raja","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3365421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3365421","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, image and video manipulations with Deepfake have become a severe concern for security and society. Many detection models and datasets have been proposed to detect Deepfake data reliably. However, there is an increased concern that these models and training databases might be biased and, thus, cause Deepfake detectors to fail. In this work, we investigate factors causing biased detection in public Deepfake datasets by (a) creating large-scale demographic and non-demographic attribute annotations with 47 different attributes for five popular Deepfake datasets and (b) comprehensively analysing attributes resulting in AI-bias of three state-of-the-art Deepfake detection backbone models on these datasets. The analysis shows how various attributes influence a large variety of distinctive attributes (from over 65M labels) on the detection performance which includes demographic (age, gender, ethnicity) and non-demographic (hair, skin, accessories, etc.) attributes. The results examined datasets show limited diversity and, more importantly, show that the utilised Deepfake detection backbone models are strongly affected by investigated attributes making them not fair across attributes. The Deepfake detection backbone methods trained on such imbalanced/biased datasets result in incorrect detection results leading to generalisability, fairness, and security issues. Our findings and annotated datasets will guide future research to evaluate and mitigate bias in Deepfake detection techniques. The annotated datasets and the corresponding code are publicly available. The code link is: \u0000<uri>https://github.com/xuyingzhongguo/DeepFakeAnnotations</uri>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"5 1","pages":"93-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10438899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141164735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3365423
Arvind Upreti;V. Sridhar
Recent studies indicate that automation, enabled by Artificial Intelligence and associated technologies, has a profound impact on society — the prominent one being the potential displacement of workers resulting in possible unemployment and a decrease in wages. In this work, we assess the impact that task automation has on employment and wages in the Information Technology (IT) services industry. We use a triad of methodologies, including a detailed survey of experts in the industry to get their views on automation and its potential impacts, followed by agent-based analytical modeling and empirical verification using datasets from O*NET available from the U.S. Department of Labor. The key contribution of this work is an occupation mobility pathway structure using the gathered empirical data connecting the occupations in the IT services industry based on skill proximity. The paper also proposes a taxonomy of IT services tasks based on their automatability. The simulation results using the constructed agent-based model indicate that unemployment rates are lower when the displaced workers retrain in tasks of occupations with skill proximity, and the benefits are significant for workers in high-risk occupations. Accordingly, we propose policy prescriptions on automation, work policies, and labor welfare.
最近的研究表明，人工智能和相关技术带来的自动化对社会产生了深远的影响，其中最突出的影响是可能导致工人失业和工资下降。在这项工作中，我们评估了任务自动化对信息技术（IT）服务行业就业和工资的影响。我们使用了三种方法，包括对行业专家进行详细调查，了解他们对自动化及其潜在影响的看法，然后使用美国劳工部提供的 O*NET 数据集进行基于代理的分析建模和实证验证。这项工作的主要贡献是利用收集到的实证数据建立了一个职业流动路径结构，根据技能接近程度将 IT 服务行业的职业联系起来。本文还提出了基于自动化程度的 IT 服务任务分类法。使用所构建的基于代理的模型进行模拟的结果表明，当被淘汰的工人在技能接近的职业任务中接受再培训时，失业率会降低，而且对高风险职业的工人来说，这种好处是显著的。因此，我们提出了有关自动化、工作政策和劳动福利的政策建议。
{"title":"Assessing the Effect of Task Automation in Labor Markets: Case of IT Services Industry","authors":"Arvind Upreti;V. Sridhar","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3365423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3365423","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies indicate that automation, enabled by Artificial Intelligence and associated technologies, has a profound impact on society — the prominent one being the potential displacement of workers resulting in possible unemployment and a decrease in wages. In this work, we assess the impact that task automation has on employment and wages in the Information Technology (IT) services industry. We use a triad of methodologies, including a detailed survey of experts in the industry to get their views on automation and its potential impacts, followed by agent-based analytical modeling and empirical verification using datasets from O*NET available from the U.S. Department of Labor. The key contribution of this work is an occupation mobility pathway structure using the gathered empirical data connecting the occupations in the IT services industry based on skill proximity. The paper also proposes a taxonomy of IT services tasks based on their automatability. The simulation results using the constructed agent-based model indicate that unemployment rates are lower when the displaced workers retrain in tasks of occupations with skill proximity, and the benefits are significant for workers in high-risk occupations. Accordingly, we propose policy prescriptions on automation, work policies, and labor welfare.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"5 1","pages":"107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141164677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3381768
{"title":"2023 Index IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Vol. 4","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3381768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3381768","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"363-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10480152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140297045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3360830
Katina Michael;Roba Abbas;George Roussos
December 2023 completes the fourth year of the IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE TTS or Transactions); an interdisciplinary publication launched in January 2020. This Editorial presents an account of the first 16 issues comprising the first 4 volumes of the Transactions. It also presents the historical backdrop dating back to 2016, outlining the motivations for TTS. This paper furthermore documents how TTS volunteers have shaped the publication’s trajectory toward an internationally recognized and reputable interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary outlet. This has been achieved through interactions between authors, reviewers, associate editors, co-editors, the publications board, steering committee and editorial board-at-large, led by the co-editors-in-chief and the Vice President (VP) of Publications at the IEEE Society on the Social Implications of Technology (IEEE SSIT). SSIT is an established society that celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2022. TTS resides within IEEE SSIT with co-sponsorship from the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society and the IEEE Computer Society. It is one of three official periodicals of the IEEE SSIT, alongside the 42-year-old IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, and the long-standing IEEE SSIT Newsletter. The reader is invited to celebrate the first four years of TTS, where the Transactions’ foundational pillars and vision of the publication are shared in this Editorial, and where we invite you to join our growing community.
{"title":"Celebrating the First Four Years of IEEE TTS","authors":"Katina Michael;Roba Abbas;George Roussos","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3360830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3360830","url":null,"abstract":"December 2023 completes the fourth year of the IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE TTS or Transactions); an interdisciplinary publication launched in January 2020. This Editorial presents an account of the first 16 issues comprising the first 4 volumes of the Transactions. It also presents the historical backdrop dating back to 2016, outlining the motivations for TTS. This paper furthermore documents how TTS volunteers have shaped the publication’s trajectory toward an internationally recognized and reputable interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary outlet. This has been achieved through interactions between authors, reviewers, associate editors, co-editors, the publications board, steering committee and editorial board-at-large, led by the co-editors-in-chief and the Vice President (VP) of Publications at the IEEE Society on the Social Implications of Technology (IEEE SSIT). SSIT is an established society that celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2022. TTS resides within IEEE SSIT with co-sponsorship from the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society and the IEEE Computer Society. It is one of three official periodicals of the IEEE SSIT, alongside the 42-year-old IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, and the long-standing IEEE SSIT Newsletter. The reader is invited to celebrate the first four years of TTS, where the Transactions’ foundational pillars and vision of the publication are shared in this Editorial, and where we invite you to join our growing community.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"280-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10475510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140164183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3331791
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2023.3331791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2023.3331791","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10475512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140164150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2024.3358984
Claas Digmayer;Gregory P. Pogue
This study explores the use of community values and governance preferences by citizens for the diffusion of sustainable energy technologies. Three Texas communities are investigated to identify community values and governance preferences with regard to energy use. The results show that five underlying values influence the perception of energy use in communities: growth, independence, sustainability, affordable living, and mobility. Regarding preferences for governance, three forms of involvement in community processes were identified: information, communication, and participation in decision-making. The results indicate that values can be used to align expectations towards sustainable energies and shape related narratives. To make the often ‘invisible’ energy technologies tangible as well as experienceable and discussable for the citizens, demonstrator projects (such as energy-innovation hubs) should be considered as tools to anchor sustainable energies in a community.
{"title":"Using Community Values and Governance Preferences to Facilitate Transitions Toward Sustainable Energies","authors":"Claas Digmayer;Gregory P. Pogue","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2024.3358984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2024.3358984","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the use of community values and governance preferences by citizens for the diffusion of sustainable energy technologies. Three Texas communities are investigated to identify community values and governance preferences with regard to energy use. The results show that five underlying values influence the perception of energy use in communities: growth, independence, sustainability, affordable living, and mobility. Regarding preferences for governance, three forms of involvement in community processes were identified: information, communication, and participation in decision-making. The results indicate that values can be used to align expectations towards sustainable energies and shape related narratives. To make the often ‘invisible’ energy technologies tangible as well as experienceable and discussable for the citizens, demonstrator projects (such as energy-innovation hubs) should be considered as tools to anchor sustainable energies in a community.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"314-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140164133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3336963
Luis A. López-Valcárcel;Manuel García Sánchez;Enrique Costa-Montenegro
The objective of the LifeTEC platform is to support the management of a team of firefighters through the provision of geolocation data to an operation coordinator on the field. LifeTEC is based on Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), a communication technology already being used by emergency services, but its operation does not require TETRA network coverage. The local coordinator requires a generic Android device connected to a TETRA terminal to display the location of the assets (e.g., on-foot firefighters, fire trucks), together with additional information, on a map. There was collaboration with professional firefighters during the development of LifeTEC, both for validation purposes and to ensure the usefulness of the solution in actual cases. Results show the utility of the platform outdoors, especially in remote rural areas with poor or no existing coverage of mobile communication technologies. A comprehensive comparison with the current state of the art is also provided. No other solution other than LifeTEC provides the same set of characteristics: operation without any network coverage, no specific dependency on any manufacturer, low complexity, and reduced costs.
{"title":"LifeTEC: A Compact and Economic System for In-the-Field Management of Firefighting Services Through TETRA","authors":"Luis A. López-Valcárcel;Manuel García Sánchez;Enrique Costa-Montenegro","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2023.3336963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2023.3336963","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the LifeTEC platform is to support the management of a team of firefighters through the provision of geolocation data to an operation coordinator on the field. LifeTEC is based on Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), a communication technology already being used by emergency services, but its operation does not require TETRA network coverage. The local coordinator requires a generic Android device connected to a TETRA terminal to display the location of the assets (e.g., on-foot firefighters, fire trucks), together with additional information, on a map. There was collaboration with professional firefighters during the development of LifeTEC, both for validation purposes and to ensure the usefulness of the solution in actual cases. Results show the utility of the platform outdoors, especially in remote rural areas with poor or no existing coverage of mobile communication technologies. A comprehensive comparison with the current state of the art is also provided. No other solution other than LifeTEC provides the same set of characteristics: operation without any network coverage, no specific dependency on any manufacturer, low complexity, and reduced costs.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 4","pages":"334-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140164135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3319560
Marijn Janssen
There is no set formula for what makes a good paper. What works now for writing a good paper, might not work in the future, as research continuously evolves and develops. Simply following best research practices and copying what others do may even be counter-productive. For novel and groundbreaking research, a systematic and structured approach, in-depth knowledge of the research domain, and, equally crucially, creativity is needed. Essential for research is that we question why we do things in a certain way and whether there are other possible approaches. Research requires a process that can be followed better to understand a research domain’s assumptions and challenges, to explore novel research directions, and to craft ideas for new theories. Understanding how to systematize the creative research process can help. This contribution provides suggestions for improving a paper’s quality by embracing creativity. Integrative thinking is recommended, where creativity becomes an inherent part of the systematic and structured research process.
{"title":"Publishing as a Science and as an Art—An Integrative Approach to Knowledge and Creativity in Research","authors":"Marijn Janssen","doi":"10.1109/TTS.2023.3319560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2023.3319560","url":null,"abstract":"There is no set formula for what makes a good paper. What works now for writing a good paper, might not work in the future, as research continuously evolves and develops. Simply following best research practices and copying what others do may even be counter-productive. For novel and groundbreaking research, a systematic and structured approach, in-depth knowledge of the research domain, and, equally crucially, creativity is needed. Essential for research is that we question why we do things in a certain way and whether there are other possible approaches. Research requires a process that can be followed better to understand a research domain’s assumptions and challenges, to explore novel research directions, and to craft ideas for new theories. Understanding how to systematize the creative research process can help. This contribution provides suggestions for improving a paper’s quality by embracing creativity. Integrative thinking is recommended, where creativity becomes an inherent part of the systematic and structured research process.","PeriodicalId":73324,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on technology and society","volume":"4 3","pages":"218-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71903411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TTS.2023.3315029
Katina Michael;Roba Abbas
The Co-Editors-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society (IEEE TTS or Transactions) are calling for special issue proposals from interested members of the international community: informed academics, practitioners, government representatives, and third sector advocates and volunteers, inclusive of independent researchers [1] . This call pertains to special issues that will be scheduled for publication in 2025-26. The special issue proposals should be in line with IEEE TTS’ fields of interest and address an interdisciplinary space or theme with researchers who have strengths in two or more fields, and, more broadly, in technology and society [2] . The special issues must address contemporary, real-world challenges of significance to individuals, communities, organizations, industries, and or society more broadly. The challenges or special issue themes proposed should transcend borders and demonstrate complexity, while relying on multi-dimensional and interdisciplinary approaches. The focus of topics identified in the special issue proposals should deal with the prominent areas of consideration relevant to the identified special issue theme, and the call should be layered allowing for theoretical and methodological contributions, and diverse empirical analysis that is qualitative, quantitative, or experimental, with clearly identifiable objectives.
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