The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a key pest of high-value irrigated nut crops in the arid Central Valley of California. Mating disruption is an established pest management technique for this pest, with reduced non-target impacts. This study compared laboratory survivorship and fertility data with field measurements to improve understanding of factors determining abundance of this species in the presence and absence of mating disruption. While the relative humidity is generally higher in almond orchards compared to readings from meteorological stations, the data indicate little free water in the absence of irrigation. Access to free water has a minor effect on the fertility of females if they mate soon after emergence, but a major effect if mating is delayed for 7 days. Leslie matrix projections indicate that changes in adult survivorship have much less impact than changes in larval survivorship. These findings indicate that control tactics limiting reproduction and survival of immature stages are more important for this species than those targeting adults.
{"title":"Effects of Delayed Mating and Access to Water on Oviposition and Longevity in Female Amyelois transitella","authors":"C. Burks","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S20688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S20688","url":null,"abstract":"The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a key pest of high-value irrigated nut crops in the arid Central Valley of California. Mating disruption is an established pest management technique for this pest, with reduced non-target impacts. This study compared laboratory survivorship and fertility data with field measurements to improve understanding of factors determining abundance of this species in the presence and absence of mating disruption. While the relative humidity is generally higher in almond orchards compared to readings from meteorological stations, the data indicate little free water in the absence of irrigation. Access to free water has a minor effect on the fertility of females if they mate soon after emergence, but a major effect if mating is delayed for 7 days. Leslie matrix projections indicate that changes in adult survivorship have much less impact than changes in larval survivorship. These findings indicate that control tactics limiting reproduction and survival of immature stages are more important for this species than those targeting adults.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S20688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of ecosystem fragmentation on biodiversity during urbanization are well established. As a city grows, it replaces much of the native plant life with asphalt, cement, and lawns, yet small patches of native plants remain in greenspaces, which act as refugia for native animals. However, little work has been done on the patterns of re-colonization by native animals as urban decay allows for re-establishment of native plant communities. We found that patterns of biodiversity in the insect herbivore community within an archipelago of abandoned lots follow patterns of island biogeography, with higher biodiversity on large islands. We also found that insect colonization of the abandoned lots was correlated with each species' dispersal ability. The patterns seen here have implications for patterns of species movement into urban systems as new parks are established or as abandoned lots are re-colonized by native plants.
{"title":"Herbivore Biodiversity Varies with Patch Size in an Urban Archipelago","authors":"R. Bode, Ashleigh Maciejewski","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S13896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S13896","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of ecosystem fragmentation on biodiversity during urbanization are well established. As a city grows, it replaces much of the native plant life with asphalt, cement, and lawns, yet small patches of native plants remain in greenspaces, which act as refugia for native animals. However, little work has been done on the patterns of re-colonization by native animals as urban decay allows for re-establishment of native plant communities. We found that patterns of biodiversity in the insect herbivore community within an archipelago of abandoned lots follow patterns of island biogeography, with higher biodiversity on large islands. We also found that insect colonization of the abandoned lots was correlated with each species' dispersal ability. The patterns seen here have implications for patterns of species movement into urban systems as new parks are established or as abandoned lots are re-colonized by native plants.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S13896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70705903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangita Mitra, Rupa Harsha, Niladri Hazra, Abhijit Mazumdar
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4137/IJIS.S13029.].
[这更正了文章DOI: 10.4137/IJIS.S13029]。
{"title":"Correction to \"Estimation of Fitness of Normal and Stylopized Paddy Pest, White Leafhopper <i>Cofana spectra</i> (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in West Bengal, India through Correlation of Life History Traits\".","authors":"Sangita Mitra, Rupa Harsha, Niladri Hazra, Abhijit Mazumdar","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S18431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S18431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4137/IJIS.S13029.].</p>","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S18431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10669376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silk cocoon nests, as well as the fiber structure, compositions, and properties of the African wild silkmoth, Anaphe panda, collected from Kakamega tropical rainforest (western Kenya) were studied using scanning electron microscopy, high-pressureliquid chromatography, tensile tests, and thermogravmetric analysis, and they were compared with the industrial standard, Bombyx mori. Cocoon nests are complex structures made up of inner, middle, and outer layers. The inner hard parchment was found to protect a mass of (20–200) individual soft flossy cocoons that enclose the pupae. The outer surface of the cocoon nests was covered with a mass of hair-like bristles. Fibers contained crescent-shaped and globular cross-sections with nods at regular intervals. Alanine (34%) and glycine (28%) were the dominant fibroin amino acids observed. Total weight loss after degumming the cocoon nest was 25.6%. Degummed fibers showed higher moisture regain of 9% when compared with cocoon nests (8%). The fibers had 0.4 GPa breaking stress and 15.4% breaking strain. Total weight loss values after thermogravimetric analysis were 86% and 90% for degummed fibers and cocoon shells, respectively.
{"title":"Structure, Composition, and Properties of Silk from the African Wild Silkmoth, Anaphe panda (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)","authors":"Addis T. Kebede, S. Raina, J. Kabaru","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S13338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S13338","url":null,"abstract":"Silk cocoon nests, as well as the fiber structure, compositions, and properties of the African wild silkmoth, Anaphe panda, collected from Kakamega tropical rainforest (western Kenya) were studied using scanning electron microscopy, high-pressureliquid chromatography, tensile tests, and thermogravmetric analysis, and they were compared with the industrial standard, Bombyx mori. Cocoon nests are complex structures made up of inner, middle, and outer layers. The inner hard parchment was found to protect a mass of (20–200) individual soft flossy cocoons that enclose the pupae. The outer surface of the cocoon nests was covered with a mass of hair-like bristles. Fibers contained crescent-shaped and globular cross-sections with nods at regular intervals. Alanine (34%) and glycine (28%) were the dominant fibroin amino acids observed. Total weight loss after degumming the cocoon nest was 25.6%. Degummed fibers showed higher moisture regain of 9% when compared with cocoon nests (8%). The fibers had 0.4 GPa breaking stress and 15.4% breaking strain. Total weight loss values after thermogravimetric analysis were 86% and 90% for degummed fibers and cocoon shells, respectively.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S13338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mitch M. Legwaila, D. Munthali, M. Obopile, B. Kwerepe
The efficacy of spinosad against the diamondback moth (DBM) on cabbage was studied at Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana in 2011. Using five concentrations of spinosad: 0.12, 0.36, 0.60, 0.84 and 1.08 g/L, bioassays were conducted against DBM eggs and second instar larvae at 30°C ± 5°C. Each treatment was replicated three times. Probit analysis was used to determine LD50 and LD90 values for the treatments against eggs and larvae. When the treatments were assessed at 72 and 96 hours, LD90 values against larvae were 0.74 and 0.59 g/L, whereas they were 0.35 and 0.32 g/L against eggs. This indicated that spinosad was more effective against eggs than against larvae. The slopes of the probit lines for larvae assessed at 48, 72 and 96 hours after application were 3.519, 3.810 and 3.427, while those against eggs were 1.725, 1.316 and 1.086. This indicates that there was a more rapid change in larval mortality with increase in pesticide dosage than in egg mortality. The study shows that spinosad can achieve effective control of DBM eggs and larvae under Botswana conditions.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Spinosad against Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) Eggs and Larvae on Cabbage under Botswana Conditions","authors":"Mitch M. Legwaila, D. Munthali, M. Obopile, B. Kwerepe","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S12531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S12531","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of spinosad against the diamondback moth (DBM) on cabbage was studied at Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana in 2011. Using five concentrations of spinosad: 0.12, 0.36, 0.60, 0.84 and 1.08 g/L, bioassays were conducted against DBM eggs and second instar larvae at 30°C ± 5°C. Each treatment was replicated three times. Probit analysis was used to determine LD50 and LD90 values for the treatments against eggs and larvae. When the treatments were assessed at 72 and 96 hours, LD90 values against larvae were 0.74 and 0.59 g/L, whereas they were 0.35 and 0.32 g/L against eggs. This indicated that spinosad was more effective against eggs than against larvae. The slopes of the probit lines for larvae assessed at 48, 72 and 96 hours after application were 3.519, 3.810 and 3.427, while those against eggs were 1.725, 1.316 and 1.086. This indicates that there was a more rapid change in larval mortality with increase in pesticide dosage than in egg mortality. The study shows that spinosad can achieve effective control of DBM eggs and larvae under Botswana conditions.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S12531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangita Mitra, Rupa Harsha, Niladri Hazra, Abhijit Mazumdar
The assessment of the morphological and reproductive features of white rice leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant) was carried out using selected characters that bear importance in determining the fitness at the individual and population levels. Morphometric measurements of the individuals reared in the laboratory as normal and stylopized with the strepsipteran parasitoid, Halictophagus australensis Perkins, were recorded and analyzed. A t-test was performed to justify whether parasitization by H. australensis affected the traits. Correlations and regression analyses were carried out to deduce the difference in relative importance of the morphological features in the life history of C. spectra and their variation because of stylopization by H. australensis. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on the morphometric data to further substantiate the difference observed in the traits. In case of stylopized white leafhopper (WLH), fecundity was inhibited almost completely irrespective of seasons. The effect of stylopization on the life history traits of C. spectra has been noted that supports its possible use in biocontrol.
{"title":"Estimation of Fitness of Normal and Stylopized Paddy Pest, White Leafhopper <i>Cofana spectra</i> (Distant) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), in West Bengal, India through Correlation of Life History Traits.","authors":"Sangita Mitra, Rupa Harsha, Niladri Hazra, Abhijit Mazumdar","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S13029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S13029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The assessment of the morphological and reproductive features of white rice leafhopper <i>Cofana spectra</i> (Distant) was carried out using selected characters that bear importance in determining the fitness at the individual and population levels. Morphometric measurements of the individuals reared in the laboratory as normal and stylopized with the strepsipteran parasitoid, <i>Halictophagus australensis</i> Perkins, were recorded and analyzed. A <i>t</i>-test was performed to justify whether parasitization by <i>H. australensis</i> affected the traits. Correlations and regression analyses were carried out to deduce the difference in relative importance of the morphological features in the life history of <i>C. spectra</i> and their variation because of stylopization by <i>H. australensis.</i> A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on the morphometric data to further substantiate the difference observed in the traits. In case of stylopized white leafhopper (WLH), fecundity was inhibited almost completely irrespective of seasons. The effect of stylopization on the life history traits of <i>C. spectra</i> has been noted that supports its possible use in biocontrol.</p>","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S13029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9233237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study illustrates that different day intervals (DIs) between the sequential infestations of two pest species, the rice leaffolder (RLF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the white-backed rice planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), have a significant impact on the rice yield loss rate (YLR) and on the carbohydrate contents of rice plants. For WBPH release after RLF release (WRARR), the YLR decreased with the increasing DIs, and the YLR at the 24 DI was significantly lower compared to that at the 6 and 12 DIs and had a minimum value for a simultaneous infestation of the two pest species (SITS). In contrast, for RLF release after WBPH release (RRAWR), the YLR at the 24 DI had a maximum value and was significantly higher compared to that at the 6 and 12 DIs and the SITS. These findings indicate that damaged rice plants gradually recover, with an increase in the DI for WRARR. The above results were demonstrated by biochemical tests. Therefore, the sequential infestation of the two pest species and their DIs should be considered for integrated pest management (IPM) and control strategies for rice pests.
{"title":"Impact of Day Intervals on Sequential Infestations of the Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the White-Backed Rice Planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) on Rice Grain Damage","authors":"Li-ben Jiang, Jia-an Cheng, Zhan-fei Zhu, L. Ge, Guo-Qing Yang, Jin‐cai Wu","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S13536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S13536","url":null,"abstract":"The present study illustrates that different day intervals (DIs) between the sequential infestations of two pest species, the rice leaffolder (RLF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the white-backed rice planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), have a significant impact on the rice yield loss rate (YLR) and on the carbohydrate contents of rice plants. For WBPH release after RLF release (WRARR), the YLR decreased with the increasing DIs, and the YLR at the 24 DI was significantly lower compared to that at the 6 and 12 DIs and had a minimum value for a simultaneous infestation of the two pest species (SITS). In contrast, for RLF release after WBPH release (RRAWR), the YLR at the 24 DI had a maximum value and was significantly higher compared to that at the 6 and 12 DIs and the SITS. These findings indicate that damaged rice plants gradually recover, with an increase in the DI for WRARR. The above results were demonstrated by biochemical tests. Therefore, the sequential infestation of the two pest species and their DIs should be considered for integrated pest management (IPM) and control strategies for rice pests.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S13536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), is an ectoparasitic blood feeder mainly on cattle. Its cosmopolitan distribution extends from boreal and grassland regions in northern and southern latitudes to the tropics. Stress and blood loss from horn flies can reduce cattle weight gain and milk production. Horn flies show substantial plasticity in their response to winter. Populations in warmer, lower latitudes have been reported to overwinter in a state of dormancy, but most overwinter as active adults in normal or reduced numbers. As latitudes increase, winters are generally colder, and correspondingly, larger percentages of horn fly populations become dormant as pharate adults (a post-pupal, pre-emergent stage) or die. Reports on the effect of elevation on horn fly dormancy at high elevations were contradictory. When it occurs, dormancy takes place beneath cattle dung pats and in the underlying soil. The horn fly's mode of dormancy is commonly called diapause, but the collective research on horn fly diapause (behavioral and biochemical) is not conclusive. Understanding the horn fly's overwintering behaviors can lead to development of pre-dormancy insecticide spray strategies in colder latitudes while other strategies must be determined for warmer regions.
{"title":"Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), Overwintering","authors":"A. Showler, W. Osbrink, K. Lohmeyer","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S15246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S15246","url":null,"abstract":"The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), is an ectoparasitic blood feeder mainly on cattle. Its cosmopolitan distribution extends from boreal and grassland regions in northern and southern latitudes to the tropics. Stress and blood loss from horn flies can reduce cattle weight gain and milk production. Horn flies show substantial plasticity in their response to winter. Populations in warmer, lower latitudes have been reported to overwinter in a state of dormancy, but most overwinter as active adults in normal or reduced numbers. As latitudes increase, winters are generally colder, and correspondingly, larger percentages of horn fly populations become dormant as pharate adults (a post-pupal, pre-emergent stage) or die. Reports on the effect of elevation on horn fly dormancy at high elevations were contradictory. When it occurs, dormancy takes place beneath cattle dung pats and in the underlying soil. The horn fly's mode of dormancy is commonly called diapause, but the collective research on horn fly diapause (behavioral and biochemical) is not conclusive. Understanding the horn fly's overwintering behaviors can lead to development of pre-dormancy insecticide spray strategies in colder latitudes while other strategies must be determined for warmer regions.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S15246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present investigations evaluated the impact of Argemone mexicana stem extracts on the reproductive fitness of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, assessed in terms of oviposition deterrent and ovicidal potential. The oviposition deterrent studies of the extracts, prepared using petroleum ether, hexane, benzene, acetone, and ethanol as the solvents, revealed the maximum deterrence potency of the petroleum ether extracts with a significant 15.6% ED at 60 ppm rising by 83.8% at 1000 ppm to 99.4% effective deterrence (ED). Other stem extracts were found to be ineffective at 60 ppm, though resulted in 85.3–96.2% ED and diminished fecundity in A. aegypti at 1000 ppm. Further, A. mexicana stem extracts exhibited moderate ovicidal potential against A. aegypti eggs causing only 42.65–67.85% egg mortality at 1000 ppm, the lowest hatch of 32.15% caused by the benzene extract. Other stem extracts also failed to express effective ovicidal potency with the percent egg hatch ranging between 96.6 and 99.0 at 400 ppm, and 78.8 and 99.0 at 600 ppm. Our results suggest the significant but variable efficacy of A. mexicana stem extracts causing reproductive disadvantage in A. aegypti.
{"title":"Impact of the Argemone mexicana Stem Extracts on the Reproductive Fitness and Behavior of Adult Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Radhika Warikoo, Sarita Kumar","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S19006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S19006","url":null,"abstract":"Present investigations evaluated the impact of Argemone mexicana stem extracts on the reproductive fitness of dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, assessed in terms of oviposition deterrent and ovicidal potential. The oviposition deterrent studies of the extracts, prepared using petroleum ether, hexane, benzene, acetone, and ethanol as the solvents, revealed the maximum deterrence potency of the petroleum ether extracts with a significant 15.6% ED at 60 ppm rising by 83.8% at 1000 ppm to 99.4% effective deterrence (ED). Other stem extracts were found to be ineffective at 60 ppm, though resulted in 85.3–96.2% ED and diminished fecundity in A. aegypti at 1000 ppm. Further, A. mexicana stem extracts exhibited moderate ovicidal potential against A. aegypti eggs causing only 42.65–67.85% egg mortality at 1000 ppm, the lowest hatch of 32.15% caused by the benzene extract. Other stem extracts also failed to express effective ovicidal potency with the percent egg hatch ranging between 96.6 and 99.0 at 400 ppm, and 78.8 and 99.0 at 600 ppm. Our results suggest the significant but variable efficacy of A. mexicana stem extracts causing reproductive disadvantage in A. aegypti.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S19006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The possible cellular involvements of cowpea storage bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]) glutathione and its related enzymes system in the cellular defense against insecticides (Cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) and bio-insecticides (ethanolic extract of Tithonia diversifolia, Cyperus rotundus, Hyptis suavolens leaves, and Jatropha curcas seed) were investigated. The results showed that the effect of insecticides and bio-insecticides on the C. maculatus is a function of oxidative and nitrosative stresses generated in vivo. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in carbonyl protein (CP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) contents in bio-insecticides and insecticides exposed groups compared to the control indicates the extent of vital organs damage. These stresses caused similar and significant increase of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione synthetase in response to insecticides and bio-insecticide exposure in a dose-dependent manner. There was no post-translational modification of glutathione transferases expression induced. The alterations of the insect glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities reflect the presence of a functional defense mechanism against the oxidative and nitrosative stress and are related firmly to the glutathione demands and metabolism but appear inadequate by the significant reduction in glutathione reductase (GR) activity to prevent the damages. Exogenous application of reduced glutathione (GSH), to complement the in vivo demand, could not protect against the onslaught.
{"title":"Insecticides and Bio-insecticides Modulate the Glutathione-related Antioxidant Defense System of Cowpea Storage Bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus)","authors":"A. O. Kolawole, A. N. Kolawole","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S18029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S18029","url":null,"abstract":"The possible cellular involvements of cowpea storage bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]) glutathione and its related enzymes system in the cellular defense against insecticides (Cypermethrin and λ-cyhalothrin) and bio-insecticides (ethanolic extract of Tithonia diversifolia, Cyperus rotundus, Hyptis suavolens leaves, and Jatropha curcas seed) were investigated. The results showed that the effect of insecticides and bio-insecticides on the C. maculatus is a function of oxidative and nitrosative stresses generated in vivo. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in carbonyl protein (CP) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) contents in bio-insecticides and insecticides exposed groups compared to the control indicates the extent of vital organs damage. These stresses caused similar and significant increase of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione synthetase in response to insecticides and bio-insecticide exposure in a dose-dependent manner. There was no post-translational modification of glutathione transferases expression induced. The alterations of the insect glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities reflect the presence of a functional defense mechanism against the oxidative and nitrosative stress and are related firmly to the glutathione demands and metabolism but appear inadequate by the significant reduction in glutathione reductase (GR) activity to prevent the damages. Exogenous application of reduced glutathione (GSH), to complement the in vivo demand, could not protect against the onslaught.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S18029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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