Sohail Ahmed, W. Wakil, H. Saleem, M. Shahid, M. U. Ghazanfar
Iron overload in the fortified flour can influence the life stages and physiology of the insects. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of commercially available premix iron fortified flour as well as effect of different concentrations of post-mix iron fortified flour (30–5 ppm) on biology of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Hebrst.). Larval and pupal duration, total developmental time, fecundity and larval weights in two consecutive generations of beetle were compared with control treatment. Amylase and protease activities of gut of the beetle were also measured in premix and postmix flours. Results showed that larval mortality increased in two sources of premix iron flour when compared with control. Larval weight was reduced in first generation only. The larval mortality was significantly higher in 30 ppm postmix iron fortified flour than in other postmix concentrations and control treatment. The larvae of T. castaneum fed on two sources of premix and in various concentrations of postmix iron fortified flour revealed an increase in amylases and decrease in protease activities.
{"title":"Effect of Iron Fortified Wheat Flour on the Biology and Physiology of Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)","authors":"Sohail Ahmed, W. Wakil, H. Saleem, M. Shahid, M. U. Ghazanfar","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S5200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S5200","url":null,"abstract":"Iron overload in the fortified flour can influence the life stages and physiology of the insects. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of commercially available premix iron fortified flour as well as effect of different concentrations of post-mix iron fortified flour (30–5 ppm) on biology of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Hebrst.). Larval and pupal duration, total developmental time, fecundity and larval weights in two consecutive generations of beetle were compared with control treatment. Amylase and protease activities of gut of the beetle were also measured in premix and postmix flours. Results showed that larval mortality increased in two sources of premix iron flour when compared with control. Larval weight was reduced in first generation only. The larval mortality was significantly higher in 30 ppm postmix iron fortified flour than in other postmix concentrations and control treatment. The larvae of T. castaneum fed on two sources of premix and in various concentrations of postmix iron fortified flour revealed an increase in amylases and decrease in protease activities.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S5200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70707109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we investigated the population growth of the Liposcelis yunnaniensis (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) feeding on ten different diets. Out of the ten diets, eight were made of plain cereals namely wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgar L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rice (Oryza sative L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) while two were the artificial diets named Nayak wheat diet and Universal diet. The population growth was recorded as corn > wheat > universal diet > hulled barley > rice (hulls intact) > barley (hulls intact) > sorghum > Nayak wheat diet > oats > hulled rice. After 32 d culture, the initial 5 psocids developed to the populations as 41.8 ± 4.26, 41.5 ± 4.09 and 39.1 ± 7.64 on corn, wheat and universal diet, respectively. Meanwhile, psocids feeding on Nayak wheat diet, oats and hulled rice had significantly lower populations with 25.6 ± 2.42, 22.5 ± 3.09 and 13.6 ± 2.36 respectively. Rice and barley were included in the diets with and without hulls to see their effect on population growth. In case of barley, hulls had no significant effect on population growth while rice with hulls had significantly higher populations than rice alone. This study has confirmed the relative level of suitability of different cereals for this species when damaged. We have described a method to get the uniform age adults that can be helpful in research experiments.
{"title":"Comparative Population Growth of the Psocid Liposcelis yunnaniensis (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) on Different Diets","authors":"Muhammad Waqar Hassan, W. Dou, H. Jiang, J. Wang","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S4590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S4590","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigated the population growth of the Liposcelis yunnaniensis (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) feeding on ten different diets. Out of the ten diets, eight were made of plain cereals namely wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgar L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rice (Oryza sative L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) while two were the artificial diets named Nayak wheat diet and Universal diet. The population growth was recorded as corn > wheat > universal diet > hulled barley > rice (hulls intact) > barley (hulls intact) > sorghum > Nayak wheat diet > oats > hulled rice. After 32 d culture, the initial 5 psocids developed to the populations as 41.8 ± 4.26, 41.5 ± 4.09 and 39.1 ± 7.64 on corn, wheat and universal diet, respectively. Meanwhile, psocids feeding on Nayak wheat diet, oats and hulled rice had significantly lower populations with 25.6 ± 2.42, 22.5 ± 3.09 and 13.6 ± 2.36 respectively. Rice and barley were included in the diets with and without hulls to see their effect on population growth. In case of barley, hulls had no significant effect on population growth while rice with hulls had significantly higher populations than rice alone. This study has confirmed the relative level of suitability of different cereals for this species when damaged. We have described a method to get the uniform age adults that can be helpful in research experiments.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S4590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70707074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Newly emerged male moths of silkworm Bombyx mori were treated with in 24 h of eclosion irradiated with two independent doses of 50 Gy and 100 Gy X-rays. The effects of X-rays in the parental generation have indicated significant increase of unfertilized and unhatched eggs followed by significant reduction in the hatchability in the treated batches compared to control. The inheritance of induced sterility was examined in the succeeding generations by rearing the F1, F2 and F3 silkworm progenies and by crossing the progenies of treated males with untreated female moths. It is evident from the results that the number of hatched eggs gradually increased from F1–F3 generations. Thus, the results showed that the egg hatchability do not remain constant at every generation and hatching tendency of eggs increase in the progenies of treated batches. The mechanism of inherited sterility was discussed.
{"title":"Effect of X-ray Irradiation on the Male Moths of Two Tropical Races of the Silkworm Bombyx mori and Inheritance of Induced Sterility in the Progenies","authors":"G. Subramanya","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S3655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S3655","url":null,"abstract":"Newly emerged male moths of silkworm Bombyx mori were treated with in 24 h of eclosion irradiated with two independent doses of 50 Gy and 100 Gy X-rays. The effects of X-rays in the parental generation have indicated significant increase of unfertilized and unhatched eggs followed by significant reduction in the hatchability in the treated batches compared to control. The inheritance of induced sterility was examined in the succeeding generations by rearing the F1, F2 and F3 silkworm progenies and by crossing the progenies of treated males with untreated female moths. It is evident from the results that the number of hatched eggs gradually increased from F1–F3 generations. Thus, the results showed that the egg hatchability do not remain constant at every generation and hatching tendency of eggs increase in the progenies of treated batches. The mechanism of inherited sterility was discussed.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S3655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70707219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MicroRNAs are important at post transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. Nasonia genus is becoming increasingly popular model in present days due to genetic advantages it possesses over Drosophila. Nasonia species are found distributed throughout the world, expect for N. longicornis, and N. giraulti. In this study, we use the sequential method of blasting all known invertebrate miRNA genes against the Nasonia vitripennis, Nasonia longicornis, and Nasonia giraulti genomes. We identify 40, 31 and 29 putative pre-miRNAs and mature sequences in N. vitripennis, N. giraulti and N. longicornis respectively. A cross species comparison of putative miRNA sequences and their statistical characteristics reveals that there are no huge differences between the species, except for few miRNAs which are reported. We also find that the minimal folding energy index for three Nasonia species pre-miRNA's average is around -0.85 ± 0.11. Further, we report that U is predominant at the 5‘ end of mature sequence, which being a typical characteristic of plant miRNAs. Using MiRanda, we predict nearly 471 potential sites in the N. vitripennis genome. Thus concluding our study to be the beginning of understanding the Nasonia's non coding RNAs and may play an important role in effective pest management in near future.
{"title":"Computational Identification and Characterization of Putative miRNAs in Nasonia Species","authors":"G. Sathyamurthy, N. Swamy","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S4197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S4197","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs are important at post transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. Nasonia genus is becoming increasingly popular model in present days due to genetic advantages it possesses over Drosophila. Nasonia species are found distributed throughout the world, expect for N. longicornis, and N. giraulti. In this study, we use the sequential method of blasting all known invertebrate miRNA genes against the Nasonia vitripennis, Nasonia longicornis, and Nasonia giraulti genomes. We identify 40, 31 and 29 putative pre-miRNAs and mature sequences in N. vitripennis, N. giraulti and N. longicornis respectively. A cross species comparison of putative miRNA sequences and their statistical characteristics reveals that there are no huge differences between the species, except for few miRNAs which are reported. We also find that the minimal folding energy index for three Nasonia species pre-miRNA's average is around -0.85 ± 0.11. Further, we report that U is predominant at the 5‘ end of mature sequence, which being a typical characteristic of plant miRNAs. Using MiRanda, we predict nearly 471 potential sites in the N. vitripennis genome. Thus concluding our study to be the beginning of understanding the Nasonia's non coding RNAs and may play an important role in effective pest management in near future.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S4197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70707425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experimental hand pollinations of the endangered, Hawaiian, endemic, Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. Ex. (Malvaceae) showed that it was self-compatible, but self-pollination resulted in reduced reproductive output. Field observations and pollen tube analyses using fluorescence microscopy showed that mechanical self-pollination in this species included a mechanism known as bending stigmas. A receptive stigma bent backwards and contacted dehiscent anthers in 7% of flowers found on 17 G. tomentosum plants. The yellow flowers were nectarless and were not visited by most anthophilous insects in situ except for the introduced, nitidulid beetle, Aethina concolor Macleay. Collections and insect GI-tract dissections showed that A. concolor carried and ate the pollen of the host flower. Field observations recorded regular contact between beetles and stigma lobes as these insects exited the flowers effecting self-pollination. Behavioral experiments showed that the beetles responded positively to a yellow visual cue. Under some circumstances, an introduced pollen vector may help maintain a low level of reproductive success in an insular endemic.
{"title":"Mechanical vs. Beetle-mediated Self-pollination in Gossypium Tomentosum (Malvaceae), an Endangered Shrub","authors":"K. Krakos, G. Booth, P. Bernhardt","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S4801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S4801","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental hand pollinations of the endangered, Hawaiian, endemic, Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. Ex. (Malvaceae) showed that it was self-compatible, but self-pollination resulted in reduced reproductive output. Field observations and pollen tube analyses using fluorescence microscopy showed that mechanical self-pollination in this species included a mechanism known as bending stigmas. A receptive stigma bent backwards and contacted dehiscent anthers in 7% of flowers found on 17 G. tomentosum plants. The yellow flowers were nectarless and were not visited by most anthophilous insects in situ except for the introduced, nitidulid beetle, Aethina concolor Macleay. Collections and insect GI-tract dissections showed that A. concolor carried and ate the pollen of the host flower. Field observations recorded regular contact between beetles and stigma lobes as these insects exited the flowers effecting self-pollination. Behavioral experiments showed that the beetles responded positively to a yellow visual cue. Under some circumstances, an introduced pollen vector may help maintain a low level of reproductive success in an insular endemic.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S4801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70707445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introductory Editorial (International Journal of Insect Science)","authors":"Helen Hull-Sanders","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70704228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study provides empirical evidence that disturbing mound immediately before application, as opposed to label recommendation, did not reduce foraging activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, except for about 10-min delay in foraging. Despite the delayed foraging, there was no significant difference in the amount of baits foraged between disturbed and undisturbed colonies. Eventually, >96% of the baits were foraged, with the maximum removal occurred by 2 and 3 h, respectively, in summer and spring trial. The fastest and great amount of bait removal 1 h post-treatment occurred to baits placed on mound, followed by 0.18–0.3-m from mound base, and the slowest 1.08–1.2-m from mound base. All treatment gave 100% control 1 mo later, regardless of the season, without colony relocation or new colony invasion in the test plots.
{"title":"Do Mound Disturbance and Bait Placement Affect Bait Removal and Treatment Efficacy in Red Imported Fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Different Seasons?","authors":"X. Hu, W. Ding","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S2378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S2378","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides empirical evidence that disturbing mound immediately before application, as opposed to label recommendation, did not reduce foraging activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, except for about 10-min delay in foraging. Despite the delayed foraging, there was no significant difference in the amount of baits foraged between disturbed and undisturbed colonies. Eventually, >96% of the baits were foraged, with the maximum removal occurred by 2 and 3 h, respectively, in summer and spring trial. The fastest and great amount of bait removal 1 h post-treatment occurred to baits placed on mound, followed by 0.18–0.3-m from mound base, and the slowest 1.08–1.2-m from mound base. All treatment gave 100% control 1 mo later, regardless of the season, without colony relocation or new colony invasion in the test plots.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S2378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three species of Mexican soft scales, Neolecanium leucaenae Cockerell, Toumeyella cerifera Ferris and T. sonorensis Cockerell and Parrott, are redescribed based on the adult females and are transferred to Neotoumeyella gen. nov. as N. leucaenae (Cockerell) comb. nov., N. cerifera (Ferris) comb. nov. and N. sonorensis (Cockerell and Parrott) comb. nov. Two new species, N. caliensis Kondo and Williams sp. nov. from Colombia and N. cephalanthi Kondo and Williams sp. nov. from the U.S.A, are described and illustrated based on the adult female. A key to the genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on the adult female is provided. We designate lectotypes for N. leucaenae, T. cerifera and T. sonorensis.
{"title":"Redescriptions of Neolecanium leucaenae Ckll., Toumeyella cerifera Ferris and T. sonorensis Ckll. and Parrott and their Transfer to Neotoumeyella Gen. Nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Southeastern U.S.A. and Colombia, South America","authors":"T. Kondo, M. L. Williams","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S2827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S2827","url":null,"abstract":"Three species of Mexican soft scales, Neolecanium leucaenae Cockerell, Toumeyella cerifera Ferris and T. sonorensis Cockerell and Parrott, are redescribed based on the adult females and are transferred to Neotoumeyella gen. nov. as N. leucaenae (Cockerell) comb. nov., N. cerifera (Ferris) comb. nov. and N. sonorensis (Cockerell and Parrott) comb. nov. Two new species, N. caliensis Kondo and Williams sp. nov. from Colombia and N. cephalanthi Kondo and Williams sp. nov. from the U.S.A, are described and illustrated based on the adult female. A key to the genera of New World Myzolecaniinae based on the adult female is provided. We designate lectotypes for N. leucaenae, T. cerifera and T. sonorensis.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S2827","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poonam Sharma, P. Shankar, G. Subramaniam, Amit Kumar, Aanchal Tandon, C. G. Suresh, M. V. Rele, L. S. Kumar
Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralideae), commonly known as yellow stem borer, is a predominant monophagous pest of rice, which causes 5% to 30% loss of the rice crop. We report for the first time, the cloning and sequence analysis of the amylase gene of this pest. The cloned gene translates into a protein of 487 amino acids having a predicted molecular weight of 54,955 daltons and a theoretical pI of 5.9. The 3D structure of the amylase is predicted from its amino acid sequence by homology modeling using the structure of the amylase from Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). We also report the purification of a dimeric α-amylase inhibitor from a local variety of wheat MP Sehore that is specific for the amylase of this pest and does not inhibit human salivary amylase or porcine pancreatic amylase. The gene encoding this inhibitor has been cloned and its sequence has been analysed to find a possible explanation for this specificity.
{"title":"Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Amylase Gene from the Rice Pest Scirpophaga incertulas Walker and its Inhibitor from Wheat (Variety MP Sehore)","authors":"Poonam Sharma, P. Shankar, G. Subramaniam, Amit Kumar, Aanchal Tandon, C. G. Suresh, M. V. Rele, L. S. Kumar","doi":"10.4137/IJIS.S3384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJIS.S3384","url":null,"abstract":"Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralideae), commonly known as yellow stem borer, is a predominant monophagous pest of rice, which causes 5% to 30% loss of the rice crop. We report for the first time, the cloning and sequence analysis of the amylase gene of this pest. The cloned gene translates into a protein of 487 amino acids having a predicted molecular weight of 54,955 daltons and a theoretical pI of 5.9. The 3D structure of the amylase is predicted from its amino acid sequence by homology modeling using the structure of the amylase from Tenebrio molitor L (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). We also report the purification of a dimeric α-amylase inhibitor from a local variety of wheat MP Sehore that is specific for the amylase of this pest and does not inhibit human salivary amylase or porcine pancreatic amylase. The gene encoding this inhibitor has been cloned and its sequence has been analysed to find a possible explanation for this specificity.","PeriodicalId":73456,"journal":{"name":"International journal of insect science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJIS.S3384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70706833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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