Shuxi Qiao, Brianna LaViolette, Brianna LaCarubba Paulhus, Xiangping Li, John Litchfield, Zhenhong Li, John C. Stansfield, Richard L. Gieseck III, Bei B. Zhang, Danna M. Breen
Background
Inflammation is a hallmark of cachexia; however, effective anti-inflammatory treatments have not yet been identified. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a key signalling node linking interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and toll-like receptor (TLR) activation to the production of multiple proinflammatory cytokines that are elevated in cancer cachexia. The purpose of this work is to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity with PF-06426779 could prevent cachexia using a model of pancreatic cancer. The effect of appetite stimulation via the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin was also examined as a benchmark of clinically validated mechanisms.
Methods
Female C57Bl/6J mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of KrasG12D; p53R172H; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) pancreatic tumour cells. PF-06426779 or anamorelin treatment was initiated at the onset of anorexia. Body weight and food intake were measured throughout the study. Body composition, muscle function (force), and physical activity (treadmill running endurance) were assessed at the end of the study.
Results
Chronic treatment with PF-06426779, at doses covering in vitro IC50 and IC90 at Cmin, did not increase body weight, food intake, and muscle function in the KPC tumour model. In contrast, anamorelin (vs. vehicle) increased food intake (P < 0.01), hindlimb skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.01), and muscle strength (P < 0.05); however, treadmill running endurance was not increased.
Conclusions
These data suggest that inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity is not sufficient to treat cachexia, at least in pancreatic cancer, and exploration of alternative anti-inflammatory strategies that increase appetite is required.
{"title":"Pharmacological inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity does not prevent cachexia in mice with pancreatic cancer","authors":"Shuxi Qiao, Brianna LaViolette, Brianna LaCarubba Paulhus, Xiangping Li, John Litchfield, Zhenhong Li, John C. Stansfield, Richard L. Gieseck III, Bei B. Zhang, Danna M. Breen","doi":"10.1002/rco2.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rco2.85","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inflammation is a hallmark of cachexia; however, effective anti-inflammatory treatments have not yet been identified. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a key signalling node linking interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and toll-like receptor (TLR) activation to the production of multiple proinflammatory cytokines that are elevated in cancer cachexia. The purpose of this work is to evaluate whether pharmacological inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity with PF-06426779 could prevent cachexia using a model of pancreatic cancer. The effect of appetite stimulation via the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin was also examined as a benchmark of clinically validated mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Female C57Bl/6J mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of Kras<sup>G12D</sup>; p53<sup>R172H</sup>; Pdx1-Cre (KPC) pancreatic tumour cells. PF-06426779 or anamorelin treatment was initiated at the onset of anorexia. Body weight and food intake were measured throughout the study. Body composition, muscle function (force), and physical activity (treadmill running endurance) were assessed at the end of the study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chronic treatment with PF-06426779, at doses covering in vitro IC50 and IC90 at C<sub>min</sub>, did not increase body weight, food intake, and muscle function in the KPC tumour model. In contrast, anamorelin (vs. vehicle) increased food intake (<i>P</i> < 0.01), hindlimb skeletal muscle mass (<i>P</i> < 0.01), and muscle strength (<i>P</i> < 0.05); however, treadmill running endurance was not increased.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These data suggest that inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity is not sufficient to treat cachexia, at least in pancreatic cancer, and exploration of alternative anti-inflammatory strategies that increase appetite is required.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 2","pages":"122-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.85","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139047610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sunil Patel, Thomas Francis, Raghini Rajaram, Rhodri Handslip, Sharon Mumby, Danielle E. Bear, Rahul Padhke, Nicholas Hart, Hugh Montgomery, Masao Takata, Stephen D.R. Harridge, Brijesh V. Patel, Zudin Puthucheary
Background
Acute skeletal muscle wasting during critical illness is common and causes significant morbidity and functional limitation. Myofibre necrosis is a major histological finding but is often considered an unprogrammed by-product of muscle inflammation. This study sought to evaluate if a form of programmed necrosis, necroptosis, is activated in skeletal muscle during critical illness.
Methods
A cohort of 28 patients from the MUSCLE-UK study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01106300) with serum and skeletal muscle biopsy samples were identified. Samples were available from ICU admission (T1) and between day 7–10 post admission (T2). Skeletal muscle was stratified by a histopathologist in the original study as necrotic (NEC, N = 14) or non-necrotic (NONEC, N = 14) using haematoxylin and eosin staining. We used phosphorylated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (pMLKL) protein (a key terminal effector protein) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) as markers of necroptosis activation using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
Results
We show that pMLKL expression is significantly higher in the NEC group [NEC: T2:T1 expression; 9.1 (IQR 3.9–22.3) vs. NONEC: T2:T1 expression; 0.9 (IQR 0.6–1.1), P = 0.003]. We then confirm this upregulation and describe co-localization with receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) in skeletal muscle using immunohistochemistry. We show that both RIPK3 and pMLKL are present within intact myofibres at the intermediate timepoint day 3 without cellular infiltrate. At T2, pMLKL is also present in the interstitial space where there is infiltrate of CD68 positive immune cells. The observed necroptosis may originate from both internal and infiltrating sources. These findings were absent in samples from patients who did not exhibit histopathological features of necrosis.
Conclusions
We show that necroptosis machinery, RIPK3 and pMLKL, are associated with conventional histopathological features of myonecrosis in a critically ill cohort.
急性骨骼肌萎缩在危重疾病期间是常见的，并引起显著的发病率和功能限制。肌纤维坏死是一种主要的组织学发现，但通常被认为是肌肉炎症的非程序性副产品。本研究旨在评估是否一种形式的程序性坏死，坏死性上睑下垂，骨骼肌在危重疾病期间被激活。来自MUSCLE‐UK研究(ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01106300)的28例患者的血清和骨骼肌活检样本被确定。样本可从ICU入院(T1)和入院后7-10天(T2)获得。在最初的研究中，组织病理学家使用血红素和伊红染色将骨骼肌分层为坏死(NEC, N = 14)或非坏死(NONEC, N = 14)。我们使用磷酸化的混合谱系激酶结构域样蛋白(pMLKL)(一种关键的末端效应蛋白)和受体相互作用蛋白激酶3 (RIPK3)作为necroptosis激活的标记物，使用Western blotting和免疫组织化学。我们发现pMLKL的表达在NEC组中显著升高[NEC: T2:T1表达;9.1 (IQR 3.9-22.3) vs. NONEC: T2:T1表达;0.9 (iqr 0.6 ~ 1.1)， p = 0.003]。然后，我们用免疫组织化学方法证实了这种上调，并描述了骨骼肌中受体相互作用蛋白激酶3 (RIPK3)的共定位。我们发现RIPK3和pMLKL在没有细胞浸润的情况下，在第3天的中间时间点存在于完整的肌纤维中。T2时，pMLKL也存在于CD68阳性免疫细胞浸润的间质间隙。观察到的坏死性下垂可能来源于内部和浸润性来源。这些发现在没有表现出坏死组织病理特征的患者样本中是不存在的。我们发现坏死坏死机制RIPK3和pMLKL与危重患者群体中肌坏死的常规组织病理学特征相关。
{"title":"Programmed myofibre necrosis in critical illness acquired muscle wasting","authors":"Sunil Patel, Thomas Francis, Raghini Rajaram, Rhodri Handslip, Sharon Mumby, Danielle E. Bear, Rahul Padhke, Nicholas Hart, Hugh Montgomery, Masao Takata, Stephen D.R. Harridge, Brijesh V. Patel, Zudin Puthucheary","doi":"10.1002/rco2.83","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.83","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acute skeletal muscle wasting during critical illness is common and causes significant morbidity and functional limitation. Myofibre necrosis is a major histological finding but is often considered an unprogrammed by-product of muscle inflammation. This study sought to evaluate if a form of programmed necrosis, necroptosis, is activated in skeletal muscle during critical illness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A cohort of 28 patients from the MUSCLE-UK study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01106300) with serum and skeletal muscle biopsy samples were identified. Samples were available from ICU admission (T1) and between day 7–10 post admission (T2). Skeletal muscle was stratified by a histopathologist in the original study as necrotic (NEC, <i>N</i> = 14) or non-necrotic (NONEC, <i>N</i> = 14) using haematoxylin and eosin staining. We used phosphorylated mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (pMLKL) protein (a key terminal effector protein) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) as markers of necroptosis activation using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that pMLKL expression is significantly higher in the NEC group [NEC: T2:T1 expression; 9.1 (IQR 3.9–22.3) vs. NONEC: T2:T1 expression; 0.9 (IQR 0.6–1.1), <i>P</i> = 0.003]. We then confirm this upregulation and describe co-localization with receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) in skeletal muscle using immunohistochemistry. We show that both RIPK3 and pMLKL are present within intact myofibres at the intermediate timepoint day 3 without cellular infiltrate. At T2, pMLKL is also present in the interstitial space where there is infiltrate of CD68 positive immune cells. The observed necroptosis may originate from both internal and infiltrating sources. These findings were absent in samples from patients who did not exhibit histopathological features of necrosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that necroptosis machinery, RIPK3 and pMLKL, are associated with conventional histopathological features of myonecrosis in a critically ill cohort.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 2","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.83","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An increase in waist circumference (WC) is a factor in lifestyle-related diseases. The rectus abdominis muscle is a skeletal muscle that attaches to the pelvis from the xiphoid process and is thought to be affected by kyphosis deformity and posterior pelvic tilt. The purpose of this study is to examine differences between sacral-abdominal wall distance (SAD) and WC and to determine whether they are associated with fall risk, frailty, markers of sarcopenia (grip strength and lean body mass), and spinal alignment. A secondary objective is to examine these differences by stratification by grip strength.
Methods
This retrospective study included 239 women aged 65 years or older (mean age 76.5 ± 6.7 years) attending an outpatient osteoporosis clinic. Bone mineral density and skeletal body composition (muscle mass index and trunk lean mass) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. SAD, pelvic tilt, and sagittal longitudinal axis were measured from simple X-ray images of the spine sides. WC, grip strength, frailty, and fall risk score were investigated. Statistics were performed using Stat Flex, with two-sided P < 0.05 being significantly different.
Results
WC was correlated with SAD (R = 0.68, P < 0.001). The SAD cut-off value for a WC of 90 cm was 167 mm. The relationship between grip strength, SAD, and WC, weaker grip strength was associated with greater SAD; however, no significant difference was noted in WC. WC was not correlated with pelvic alignment but was correlated with body mass index (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, SAD was correlated with body mass index, pelvic tilt, sagittal longitudinal axis (P < 0.01), spinal alignment, and WC. Logistic regression analysis was performed with a grip strength of less than 18 kg as the objective variable. We found that the conditions for a grip strength of less than 18 kg were older age (P < 0.001), increased SAD (P = 0.02), and decreased trunk lean body mass. There was a decrease in grip strength (P < 0.05) and an increase in frailty (P < 0.05) and falls (P < 0.01) score in patients with SAD of 167 mm or greater.
Conclusions
SAD and WC were found to be correlated; SAD was associated with body weight, posterior pelvic tilt, and anterior spinal tilt deformity, while WC was related to body weight. Increased SAD was found to be linked with decreased grip strength a
背景 腰围（WC）的增加是导致生活方式相关疾病的一个因素。腹直肌是从剑突附着于骨盆的骨骼肌，被认为会受到脊柱后凸畸形和骨盆后倾的影响。本研究的目的是检查骶腹壁距离（SAD）和腹围之间的差异，并确定它们是否与跌倒风险、虚弱程度、肌肉疏松症指标（握力和瘦体重）以及脊柱排列有关。次要目的是通过握力分层来研究这些差异。 方法 这项回顾性研究包括 239 名 65 岁或以上（平均年龄 76.5 ± 6.7 岁）的女性骨质疏松症门诊患者。使用双能 X 射线吸收测量法测量了骨质密度和骨骼身体成分（肌肉质量指数和躯干瘦体重）。通过脊柱两侧的简单 X 光图像测量了 SAD、骨盆倾斜度和矢状纵轴。对体重、握力、虚弱程度和跌倒风险评分进行了调查。使用 Stat Flex 进行统计，双侧 P < 0.05 为显著差异。 结果 WC 与 SAD 相关（R = 0.68，P < 0.001）。WC 为 90 厘米的 SAD 临界值为 167 毫米。从握力、SAD 和 WC 之间的关系来看，握力越弱，SAD 越大；但 WC 没有显著差异。腹围与骨盆排列无关，但与体重指数相关（P < 0.01）。同时，SAD 与体重指数、骨盆倾斜、矢状纵轴（P < 0.01）、脊柱排列和腹围相关。以握力小于 18 公斤为客观变量进行了逻辑回归分析。我们发现，握力小于 18 公斤的条件是年龄较大（P < 0.001）、SAD 增加（P = 0.02）和躯干瘦体重减少。在 SAD 达到或超过 167 毫米的患者中，握力下降（P < 0.05），虚弱（P < 0.05）和跌倒（P < 0.01）评分增加。 结论 SAD 和 WC 存在相关性；SAD 与体重、骨盆后倾和脊柱前倾畸形相关，而 WC 与体重相关。研究发现，SAD 的增加与握力下降和跌倒风险增加有关。这项研究首次检验了一种新的测量方法--SAD，以评估其在握力、脊柱排列、虚弱和跌倒风险方面的实用性。
{"title":"Relationship between sacral-abdominal wall distance and grip strength in postmenopausal osteoporotic patients","authors":"Takashi Nagai, Makoto Miyagami, Shota Nakamura, Yayoi Amemiya, Ichiro Okano, Keizo Sakamoto, Kasai Fumihito, Yoshifumi Kudo, Katsunori Inagaki, Nobuyuki Kawate","doi":"10.1002/rco2.81","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.81","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An increase in waist circumference (WC) is a factor in lifestyle-related diseases. The rectus abdominis muscle is a skeletal muscle that attaches to the pelvis from the xiphoid process and is thought to be affected by kyphosis deformity and posterior pelvic tilt. The purpose of this study is to examine differences between sacral-abdominal wall distance (SAD) and WC and to determine whether they are associated with fall risk, frailty, markers of sarcopenia (grip strength and lean body mass), and spinal alignment. A secondary objective is to examine these differences by stratification by grip strength.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This retrospective study included 239 women aged 65 years or older (mean age 76.5 ± 6.7 years) attending an outpatient osteoporosis clinic. Bone mineral density and skeletal body composition (muscle mass index and trunk lean mass) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. SAD, pelvic tilt, and sagittal longitudinal axis were measured from simple X-ray images of the spine sides. WC, grip strength, frailty, and fall risk score were investigated. Statistics were performed using Stat Flex, with two-sided <i>P</i> < 0.05 being significantly different.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>WC was correlated with SAD (<i>R</i> = 0.68, <i>P</i> < 0.001). The SAD cut-off value for a WC of 90 cm was 167 mm. The relationship between grip strength, SAD, and WC, weaker grip strength was associated with greater SAD; however, no significant difference was noted in WC. WC was not correlated with pelvic alignment but was correlated with body mass index (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Meanwhile, SAD was correlated with body mass index, pelvic tilt, sagittal longitudinal axis (<i>P</i> < 0.01), spinal alignment, and WC. Logistic regression analysis was performed with a grip strength of less than 18 kg as the objective variable. We found that the conditions for a grip strength of less than 18 kg were older age (<i>P</i> < 0.001), increased SAD (<i>P</i> = 0.02), and decreased trunk lean body mass. There was a decrease in grip strength (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and an increase in frailty (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and falls (<i>P</i> < 0.01) score in patients with SAD of 167 mm or greater.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>SAD and WC were found to be correlated; SAD was associated with body weight, posterior pelvic tilt, and anterior spinal tilt deformity, while WC was related to body weight. Increased SAD was found to be linked with decreased grip strength a","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 2","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.81","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135980406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Borja-Gonzalez, Sarah Coyne, Sarah Fagan, Jose C. Casas-Martinez, Anthony J. Sannicandro, Bairbre McNicholas, Kevin O'Connell, John G. Laffey, Rónán O'Caoimh, Brian McDonagh, Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
Introduction
Critical illness associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission often results in persistent skeletal muscle wasting and may lead to frailty in older and patients with multi-morbidity. Early recognition of patients at high-risk of long-term complications could provide opportunities to minimize the impact of critical illness and improve health and quality of life. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate approximately two-thirds of the human genome and are involved in most biological processes. Multiple studies have demonstrated their role in muscle development and disease and their potential as biomarkers of muscle wasting.
Aim and methods
This systematic review examined the potential of miRs as biomarkers and therapeutics for muscle wasting during and following critical illness. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for terms associated with critical illness, ICU, muscle wasting, frailty and microRNAs from inception to June 2022 (PROSPERO number CRD42022339531).
Results
Out of 537 articles, seven studies met the inclusion criteria and examined skeletal muscle and circulating miRs in the context of muscle wasting and/or frailty related to critical illness. Across the seven studies, 27 different miRs were identified that were reported to be dysregulated in the muscle and four in the blood, plasma or serum of critically ill patients. Four miRs were reported to be altered in both muscle and blood during critical illness and their levels moderately correlated with parameters of muscle function. These included canonical muscle-enriched miRs (myomiRs), such as miR-133, miR-1 and miR-181, which correlated with muscle strength in critically ill patients. However, most of the miRs reported to be dysregulated in the muscle following critical illness were examined in one article only.
Conclusions
This systematic review highlights the potential of miRs as biomarkers of skeletal muscle wasting and ICU-associated weakness following critical illness, suggesting the need for larger validation studies using unbiased techniques. We have described circulating and muscle microRNAs, which correlated with muscle parameters during critical illness. However, the limited number of studies in this area highlights the requirement for further studies before these could be considered in clinical practice.
{"title":"The role of microRNAs in muscle wasting and recovery during critical illness: a systematic review","authors":"Maria Borja-Gonzalez, Sarah Coyne, Sarah Fagan, Jose C. Casas-Martinez, Anthony J. Sannicandro, Bairbre McNicholas, Kevin O'Connell, John G. Laffey, Rónán O'Caoimh, Brian McDonagh, Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall","doi":"10.1002/rco2.80","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.80","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Critical illness associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission often results in persistent skeletal muscle wasting and may lead to frailty in older and patients with multi-morbidity. Early recognition of patients at high-risk of long-term complications could provide opportunities to minimize the impact of critical illness and improve health and quality of life. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short, non-coding RNAs that regulate approximately two-thirds of the human genome and are involved in most biological processes. Multiple studies have demonstrated their role in muscle development and disease and their potential as biomarkers of muscle wasting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim and methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This systematic review examined the potential of miRs as biomarkers and therapeutics for muscle wasting during and following critical illness. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for terms associated with critical illness, ICU, muscle wasting, frailty and microRNAs from inception to June 2022 (PROSPERO number CRD42022339531).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Out of 537 articles, seven studies met the inclusion criteria and examined skeletal muscle and circulating miRs in the context of muscle wasting and/or frailty related to critical illness. Across the seven studies, 27 different miRs were identified that were reported to be dysregulated in the muscle and four in the blood, plasma or serum of critically ill patients. Four miRs were reported to be altered in both muscle and blood during critical illness and their levels moderately correlated with parameters of muscle function. These included canonical muscle-enriched miRs (myomiRs), such as miR-133, miR-1 and miR-181, which correlated with muscle strength in critically ill patients. However, most of the miRs reported to be dysregulated in the muscle following critical illness were examined in one article only.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This systematic review highlights the potential of miRs as biomarkers of skeletal muscle wasting and ICU-associated weakness following critical illness, suggesting the need for larger validation studies using unbiased techniques. We have described circulating and muscle microRNAs, which correlated with muscle parameters during critical illness. However, the limited number of studies in this area highlights the requirement for further studies before these could be considered in clinical practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 2","pages":"68-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathryn H. Schmitz, Robert D. Boutin, James P. Yoon, Melanie Potiaumpai, Leon Lenchik, Carissa M. White, Victor Chang
Background
Patients with pancreatic cancer often lose weight during chemotherapy with associated changes in body composition. The goal of the present analysis was to describe changes in body composition in pancreatic cancer patients on an exercise regimen. The long-term goal is to determine whether an exercise intervention may attenuate changes in body composition and function.
Methods
Twenty-two pancreatic cancer patients of all stages who were to receive chemotherapy were recruited into a pre-post exercise intervention study. A standard exercise prescription was individualized to include aerobic, resistance, stretch, and balance exercises. Pre- and post-intervention computed tomography-derived measures of body composition [skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle density, visceral fat area, and subcutaneous fat area] and physical function measures (grip strength, timed up and go, 30-s chair stand, and tandem balance stand) were evaluated using paired t-tests, χ2 tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients.
Results
The subjects were, on average, 62 years of age, 55% were female, 95% non-Hispanic White, and 45% were Stage IV. Body composition changes included a median 4.6% decrease in SMI (P = 0.04), 7.91% increase in skeletal muscle density (P = 0.05), 25.07% decrease in visceral fat area (P = 0.0001), and 22.08% decrease in subcutaneous fat area (P = 0.001). Adherence to aerobic and strength exercise was 65% and 57%, respectively. Some physical function measures improved, though not significantly: chair stands increased from a mean of 11.5 to 13.0 (P = 0.59) and timed up and go improved from a mean of 11.7 to 10.3 (P = 0.26). Change in right hand grip strength was marginally positively associated with changes in SMI (r = 0.53, P = 0.06). Improvements in skeletal muscle density were seen in 63% of patients, including Stage IV patients but did not correlate with change in function.
Conclusions
Exercise is feasible during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer patients of all stages and may assist with maintaining physical function and improving body composition. Further research is needed.
{"title":"Exercise intervention during chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Changes in body composition and function","authors":"Kathryn H. Schmitz, Robert D. Boutin, James P. Yoon, Melanie Potiaumpai, Leon Lenchik, Carissa M. White, Victor Chang","doi":"10.1002/rco2.74","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.74","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with pancreatic cancer often lose weight during chemotherapy with associated changes in body composition. The goal of the present analysis was to describe changes in body composition in pancreatic cancer patients on an exercise regimen. The long-term goal is to determine whether an exercise intervention may attenuate changes in body composition and function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-two pancreatic cancer patients of all stages who were to receive chemotherapy were recruited into a pre-post exercise intervention study. A standard exercise prescription was individualized to include aerobic, resistance, stretch, and balance exercises. Pre- and post-intervention computed tomography-derived measures of body composition [skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle density, visceral fat area, and subcutaneous fat area] and physical function measures (grip strength, timed up and go, 30-s chair stand, and tandem balance stand) were evaluated using paired <i>t</i>-tests, χ<sup>2</sup> tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The subjects were, on average, 62 years of age, 55% were female, 95% non-Hispanic White, and 45% were Stage IV. Body composition changes included a median 4.6% decrease in SMI (<i>P</i> = 0.04), 7.91% increase in skeletal muscle density (<i>P</i> = 0.05), 25.07% decrease in visceral fat area (<i>P</i> = 0.0001), and 22.08% decrease in subcutaneous fat area (<i>P</i> = 0.001). Adherence to aerobic and strength exercise was 65% and 57%, respectively. Some physical function measures improved, though not significantly: chair stands increased from a mean of 11.5 to 13.0 (<i>P</i> = 0.59) and timed up and go improved from a mean of 11.7 to 10.3 (<i>P</i> = 0.26). Change in right hand grip strength was marginally positively associated with changes in SMI (<i>r</i> = 0.53, <i>P</i> = 0.06). Improvements in skeletal muscle density were seen in 63% of patients, including Stage IV patients but did not correlate with change in function.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Exercise is feasible during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer patients of all stages and may assist with maintaining physical function and improving body composition. Further research is needed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.74","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41846287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An emerging hypothesis is that the activation of innate immunity in the muscle of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is implicated in the development and progression of wasting and cachexia. We previously observed that Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and its downward NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways are activated in CKD muscle. It is however unknown if TLR4 can activate the TLR4/NOD, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway, which is implicated in cardiovascular disease and frailty, clinical settings that are commonly observed in CKD patients.
Methods
In a case–control cohort study, we hypothesized that a TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is activated in skeletal muscle in uraemia. First, we studied the regulation TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 in skeletal muscle biopsies (20M/11F) obtained from 31 non-diabetic CKD5 patients (eGFR 8 ± 1 mL/min 1.73 m2) scheduled for peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and 15 controls (10M/5F, eGFR 99 ± 6 mL/min 1.73 m2). Second, the effects of uraemic serum on the TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were studied in C2C12 cells.
Results
In the muscle of CKD subjects, NLRP3 mRNA as well as its protein were overexpressed (by ~16-fold, respectively, P < 0.05 both vs. controls). Both IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA expressions were also up-regulated (~11.8–3.2-fold, respectively, P < 0.05). Also, cleaved caspase-1 was overexpressed in CKD muscle samples (P < 0.001 vs. controls). Both muscle NLRP3 mRNA (n = 22, r = −0.606, P < 0.01) and logIL-1 β protein (n = 26, r = −0.460, P < 0.02) were inversely associated with residual renal function, which suggests that the inflammasome is progressively activated in skeletal muscle of CKD patients as the residual renal function deteriorates. In addition, we observed that in C2C12 myotubes, uraemic serum up-regulates NLRP3 mRNA (~11-fold increase, P < 0.05), cleaved caspase-1 (by ~5-fold, P < 0.05), Il-1β mRNA (~3-fold increase, P < 0.05) and oxidative stress markers respect to normal serum. These effects were prevented by TAK-242, a selective TLR4 inhibitor.
Conclusions
Overall, our data demonstrate the activation of TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome and its downward inflammatory cascade in the muscle of subjects with advanced-stage CKD and suggest targeting TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome a
{"title":"A Toll-like receptor-4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway promotes inflammation in skeletal muscle of chronic kidney disease patients","authors":"Daniela Verzola, Pasquale Esposito, Samantha Milanesi, Michela Saio, Daniela Picciotto, Marco Frascio, Alessandro Laudon, Giacomo Garibotto, Giuliano Brunori, Francesca Viazzi","doi":"10.1002/rco2.75","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.75","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An emerging hypothesis is that the activation of innate immunity in the muscle of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is implicated in the development and progression of wasting and cachexia. We previously observed that Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and its downward NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways are activated in CKD muscle. It is however unknown if TLR4 can activate the TLR4/NOD, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway, which is implicated in cardiovascular disease and frailty, clinical settings that are commonly observed in CKD patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a case–control cohort study, we hypothesized that a TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is activated in skeletal muscle in uraemia. First, we studied the regulation TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 in skeletal muscle biopsies (20M/11F) obtained from 31 non-diabetic CKD5 patients (eGFR 8 ± 1 mL/min 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) scheduled for peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and 15 controls (10M/5F, eGFR 99 ± 6 mL/min 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). Second, the effects of uraemic serum on the TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway were studied in C2C12 cells.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the muscle of CKD subjects, NLRP3 mRNA as well as its protein were overexpressed (by ~16-fold, respectively, <i>P</i> < 0.05 both vs. controls). Both IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA expressions were also up-regulated (~11.8–3.2-fold, respectively, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Also, cleaved caspase-1 was overexpressed in CKD muscle samples (<i>P</i> < 0.001 vs. controls). Both muscle NLRP3 mRNA (<i>n</i> = 22, <i>r</i> = −0.606, <i>P</i> < 0.01) and logIL-1 β protein (<i>n</i> = 26, <i>r</i> = −0.460, <i>P</i> < 0.02) were inversely associated with residual renal function, which suggests that the inflammasome is progressively activated in skeletal muscle of CKD patients as the residual renal function deteriorates. In addition, we observed that in C2C12 myotubes, uraemic serum up-regulates NLRP3 mRNA (~11-fold increase, <i>P</i> < 0.05), cleaved caspase-1 (by ~5-fold, <i>P</i> < 0.05), Il-1β mRNA (~3-fold increase, <i>P</i> < 0.05) and oxidative stress markers respect to normal serum. These effects were prevented by TAK-242, a selective TLR4 inhibitor.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, our data demonstrate the activation of TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 inflammasome and its downward inflammatory cascade in the muscle of subjects with advanced-stage CKD and suggest targeting TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome a","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.75","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44729050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessica Schultz, Amanda R. Vest, Maria Masotti, Austin Hoeg, Levi Teigen, Ranjit John, Andrew Shaffer, Tamas Alexy, Cindy Martin, Rebecca Cogswell
Background
It is unknown to what degree of sarcopenia related to heart failure (HF) is reversible with resolution of the HF syndrome. We evaluated whether (1) weight loss prior to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is associated with pre-operative sarcopenia as quantified on pre-operative chest CTs and (2) determine the relationship between weight recovery (increase) after LVAD implantation and reduction of NT-proBNP levels.
Methods
In a large single-centre cohort (n = 502), CT measures of sarcopenia (pectoralis muscle mass indexed to body surface area and tissue attenuation) were correlated with pre-LVAD BMI trend (n = 190). BMI and NT-proBNP trends before and after LVAD implantation were evaluated (n = 403). Linear effects modelling was performed to test the association between NT-proBNP and BMI trends.
Results
A downtrending BMI prior to LVAD was associated with pectoralis muscle tissue attenuation (P < 0.05). BMI declined prior to LVAD, declined further early post-implant, and then increased between 100 and 300 days post-implant (average per cent change in BMI in Year 1, 7.6%, 95% CI: 6.3–8.8%). NT-proBNP decreased during the first 100 post LVAD days (−5.4%, 95% CI: −6.6 to −4.2%). Post-LVAD NT-proBNP and BMI trends were significantly associated, with a decrease of 1 unit log NT-proBNP associated with an increase in BMI of 0.81 kg/m2 (CI: 0.53–1.09, P < .001). The rise in post-LVAD BMI occurred after the reduction in NT-proBNP levels. Patients who failed to gain weight post-LVAD had the highest 6-month post-LVAD natriuretic peptides (lowest per cent BMI gain tertile NT-proBNP: 2208 vs. highest 1635 pg/mL, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Weight recovery during LVAD support occurs after the reduction in natriuretic peptide levels. Failure to gain weight during LVAD support was associated with persistently elevated natriuretic peptide levels. These data collectively suggest that recovery of body mass may be dependent upon recovery of the HF syndrome.
{"title":"Body mass index and natriuretic peptides trends before and after left ventricular assist device","authors":"Jessica Schultz, Amanda R. Vest, Maria Masotti, Austin Hoeg, Levi Teigen, Ranjit John, Andrew Shaffer, Tamas Alexy, Cindy Martin, Rebecca Cogswell","doi":"10.1002/rco2.76","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.76","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is unknown to what degree of sarcopenia related to heart failure (HF) is reversible with resolution of the HF syndrome. We evaluated whether (1) weight loss prior to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is associated with pre-operative sarcopenia as quantified on pre-operative chest CTs and (2) determine the relationship between weight recovery (increase) after LVAD implantation and reduction of NT-proBNP levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a large single-centre cohort (<i>n</i> = 502), CT measures of sarcopenia (pectoralis muscle mass indexed to body surface area and tissue attenuation) were correlated with pre-LVAD BMI trend (<i>n</i> = 190). BMI and NT-proBNP trends before and after LVAD implantation were evaluated (<i>n</i> = 403). Linear effects modelling was performed to test the association between NT-proBNP and BMI trends.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A downtrending BMI prior to LVAD was associated with pectoralis muscle tissue attenuation (<i>P</i> < 0.05). BMI declined prior to LVAD, declined further early post-implant, and then increased between 100 and 300 days post-implant (average per cent change in BMI in Year 1, 7.6%, 95% CI: 6.3–8.8%). NT-proBNP decreased during the first 100 post LVAD days (−5.4%, 95% CI: −6.6 to −4.2%). Post-LVAD NT-proBNP and BMI trends were significantly associated, with a decrease of 1 unit log NT-proBNP associated with an increase in BMI of 0.81 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (CI: 0.53–1.09, <i>P</i> < .001). The rise in post-LVAD BMI occurred after the reduction in NT-proBNP levels. Patients who failed to gain weight post-LVAD had the highest 6-month post-LVAD natriuretic peptides (lowest per cent BMI gain tertile NT-proBNP: 2208 vs. highest 1635 pg/mL, <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Weight recovery during LVAD support occurs after the reduction in natriuretic peptide levels. Failure to gain weight during LVAD support was associated with persistently elevated natriuretic peptide levels. These data collectively suggest that recovery of body mass may be dependent upon recovery of the HF syndrome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"42-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.76","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41649925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restrictions on outdoor movements due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have led to a decreased physical activity; this can lead to sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. Our recent study has demonstrated a significant decrease in the trunk muscle mass immediately after the pandemic's first wave (April–May 2020) among Japanese community-dwelling older women. In the present study, we further examined whether muscle mass recovery or deterioration occurs after 1 year of the pandemic's first wave by comparing physical measurements among the following assessment periods: before the first wave, immediately after the first wave, and at 1-year follow-up thereafter.
Methods
This study included 77 women (78.0 ± 5.7 years) who underwent physical measurements for muscle mass, grip strength, one-leg stand-up ability (3 s), and oral motor skills and answered questionnaires on sociality (social network, participation, and support) in the three assessment periods.
Results
The frequency of going out and the subjective vitality were significantly decreased immediately after the first wave; these recovered at the 1-year follow-up (P < 0.001). When comparing muscular measures, the trunk muscle mass index preferentially decreased immediately after the first wave but recovered significantly at the 1-year follow-up (P < 0.001). Conversely, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) and grip strength continued to decrease until the 1-year follow-up (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). The ability to perform a one-leg stand-up for 3 s and the oral motor skills did not change significantly across the assessment periods. The prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia tended to increase during these periods (P = 0.068). The reduction and subsequent recovery patterns for sociality were similar to those observed for the trunk muscle mass.
Conclusions
Our findings demonstrated differences in the reversibility of skeletal muscle mass and strength at 1 year after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the trunk muscle mass declined acutely and recovered rapidly, whereas the ASMI and grip strength declined continuously. These differences in the skeletal muscle recovery and deterioration might help formulate short-term or long-term strategies for COVID-19-related sarcopenia prevention in community-dwelling older adults.
{"title":"Different reversibility of skeletal muscle mass and strength in elderly Japanese women after the first wave of COVID-19","authors":"Bo-Kyung Son, Toshiyuki Imoto, Tomohiro Inoue, Takatoshi Nishimura, Weida Lyu, Tomoki Tanaka, Katsuya Iijima","doi":"10.1002/rco2.73","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.73","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Restrictions on outdoor movements due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have led to a decreased physical activity; this can lead to sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. Our recent study has demonstrated a significant decrease in the trunk muscle mass immediately after the pandemic's first wave (April–May 2020) among Japanese community-dwelling older women. In the present study, we further examined whether muscle mass recovery or deterioration occurs after 1 year of the pandemic's first wave by comparing physical measurements among the following assessment periods: before the first wave, immediately after the first wave, and at 1-year follow-up thereafter.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 77 women (78.0 ± 5.7 years) who underwent physical measurements for muscle mass, grip strength, one-leg stand-up ability (3 s), and oral motor skills and answered questionnaires on sociality (social network, participation, and support) in the three assessment periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The frequency of going out and the subjective vitality were significantly decreased immediately after the first wave; these recovered at the 1-year follow-up (<i>P</i> < 0.001). When comparing muscular measures, the trunk muscle mass index preferentially decreased immediately after the first wave but recovered significantly at the 1-year follow-up (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Conversely, the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) and grip strength continued to decrease until the 1-year follow-up (<i>P</i> < 0.001 and <i>P</i> = 0.03, respectively). The ability to perform a one-leg stand-up for 3 s and the oral motor skills did not change significantly across the assessment periods. The prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia tended to increase during these periods (<i>P</i> = 0.068). The reduction and subsequent recovery patterns for sociality were similar to those observed for the trunk muscle mass.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings demonstrated differences in the reversibility of skeletal muscle mass and strength at 1 year after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the trunk muscle mass declined acutely and recovered rapidly, whereas the ASMI and grip strength declined continuously. These differences in the skeletal muscle recovery and deterioration might help formulate short-term or long-term strategies for COVID-19-related sarcopenia prevention in community-dwelling older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.73","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49229886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Merel R. Aberle, Rianne D.W. Vaes, Wouter R.P.H. van de Worp, Ludwig J. Dubois, Natasja G. Lieuwes, Rianne Biemans, Ramon C.J. Langen, Frederik-Jan van Schooten, Ronald M. van Dam, Steven W.M. Olde Damink, Sander S. Rensen
Background
The poor survival of pancreatic cancer patients is largely attributable to cachexia, a syndrome of severe weight and muscle loss. To investigate the aetiology of cancer cachexia, preclinical models that closely recapitulate the human disease process are essential. Patient derived tumour organoids are promising novel cancer models, but their ability to induce cachexia in mice has not been investigated. We developed two pancreatic tumour organoid-based mouse models and demonstrate their potential for cancer cachexia research.
Methods
Two patients with pancreatic cancer, from whom tumour organoid cultures were previously established, were selected based on their cachexia phenotype. Patient 09 was characterized as cachectic according to the international consensus definition of cancer cachexia, whereas patient 12 was classified as non-cachectic. Organoid cultures PANCO-09b and PANCO-12a in basement membrane extract (BME) were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of 9-weeks old NMRI-Foxn1nu mice (n = 8/group). A control group was injected with BME only (n = 4). Body weight was monitored every 2–3 days for 38 days. Hind limb muscle wet and dry weights were measured. Adipocyte size in inguinal white adipose tissue was measured using haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Expression of genes associated with cancer cachexia in muscle and liver tissue was analysed using qPCR.
Results
Engraftment of tumour organoids was successful in 87.5% of PANCO-09b implanted mice and in 50% of PANCO-12a mice, with similar average tumour weights at endpoint (34.4 ± 25.1 mg vs. 32.8 ± 40.2 mg, respectively, P = 0.450). All groups initially gained weight, but PANCO-12a implanted mice progressively lost an average body weight of 1.7 ± 0.8 g from day 28 onwards. PANCO-12a-implanted mice gained significantly less weight from baseline than controls (0.7 ± 0.6 g, P = 0.027). Overall body weight gain of PANCO-09b mice was also lower but not significantly different from controls (2.0 ± 1.2 g vs. 2.9 ± 1.6 g, P = 0.961). Wet weights of hind leg muscles were negatively correlated with tumour weight but did not differ between groups. Adipocytes of PANCO-12a implanted mice were smaller compared to SHAM as well as PANCO09b mice (P < 0.0001), indicative of white adipose tissue wasting.
Conclusions
Implantation of human pancreatic tumour organoids into mice negati
{"title":"Patient-derived pancreatic tumour organoid implantation establishes novel pre-cachexia mouse models","authors":"Merel R. Aberle, Rianne D.W. Vaes, Wouter R.P.H. van de Worp, Ludwig J. Dubois, Natasja G. Lieuwes, Rianne Biemans, Ramon C.J. Langen, Frederik-Jan van Schooten, Ronald M. van Dam, Steven W.M. Olde Damink, Sander S. Rensen","doi":"10.1002/rco2.71","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.71","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The poor survival of pancreatic cancer patients is largely attributable to cachexia, a syndrome of severe weight and muscle loss. To investigate the aetiology of cancer cachexia, preclinical models that closely recapitulate the human disease process are essential. Patient derived tumour organoids are promising novel cancer models, but their ability to induce cachexia in mice has not been investigated. We developed two pancreatic tumour organoid-based mouse models and demonstrate their potential for cancer cachexia research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two patients with pancreatic cancer, from whom tumour organoid cultures were previously established, were selected based on their cachexia phenotype. Patient 09 was characterized as cachectic according to the international consensus definition of cancer cachexia, whereas patient 12 was classified as non-cachectic. Organoid cultures PANCO-09b and PANCO-12a in basement membrane extract (BME) were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of 9-weeks old NMRI-<i>Foxn1</i><sup><i>nu</i></sup> mice (<i>n</i> = 8/group). A control group was injected with BME only (<i>n</i> = 4). Body weight was monitored every 2–3 days for 38 days. Hind limb muscle wet and dry weights were measured. Adipocyte size in inguinal white adipose tissue was measured using haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Expression of genes associated with cancer cachexia in muscle and liver tissue was analysed using qPCR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Engraftment of tumour organoids was successful in 87.5% of PANCO-09b implanted mice and in 50% of PANCO-12a mice, with similar average tumour weights at endpoint (34.4 ± 25.1 mg vs. 32.8 ± 40.2 mg, respectively, <i>P</i> = 0.450). All groups initially gained weight, but PANCO-12a implanted mice progressively lost an average body weight of 1.7 ± 0.8 g from day 28 onwards. PANCO-12a-implanted mice gained significantly less weight from baseline than controls (0.7 ± 0.6 g, <i>P</i> = 0.027). Overall body weight gain of PANCO-09b mice was also lower but not significantly different from controls (2.0 ± 1.2 g vs. 2.9 ± 1.6 g, <i>P</i> = 0.961). Wet weights of hind leg muscles were negatively correlated with tumour weight but did not differ between groups. Adipocytes of PANCO-12a implanted mice were smaller compared to SHAM as well as PANCO09b mice (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), indicative of white adipose tissue wasting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Implantation of human pancreatic tumour organoids into mice negati","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"4-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.71","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48217491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura E. Flores, Kristen M. Beavers, Daniel P. Beavers, Katelyn A. Greene, Diana A. Madrid, Ryan M. Miller, Jamy D. Ard, Laura D. Bilek, Ashley A. Weaver
Background
Despite robust weight loss and cardiometabolic benefit, lean mass loss following sleeve gastrectomy (SG) confers health risk. Bisphosphonates are a potential therapeutic agent for lean mass maintenance. Thus, our objective was to explore the effect of 6 months of risedronate (vs. placebo) on change in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)- and computed tomography (CT)-derived lean mass metrics in the year following SG.
Methods
Twenty-four SG patients were randomized to 6 months of 150-mg oral risedronate or placebo capsules (NCT03411902). Body composition was assessed at baseline and 6 months with optional 12-month follow-up using whole-body DXA and CT at the lumbar spine and mid-thigh. Group treatment effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from a mixed model using contrast statements at 6 and 12 months, adjusted for baseline values.
Results
Of 24 participants enrolled [55.7 ± 6.7 years (mean ± SD), 79% Caucasian, 83% women, body mass index (BMI) 44.7 ± 6.3 kg/m2], 21 returned for 6-month testing and 14 returned for 12-month testing. Six-month weight loss was −16.3 kg (−20.0, −12.5) and −20.9 kg (−23.7, −18.1) in the risedronate and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.057). Primary analysis at 6 months revealed a non-significant sparing of appendicular lean mass in the risedronate group compared with placebo [−1.2 kg (−2.3, −0.1) vs. −2.1 kg (−3.0, −1.2)]; P = 0.20. By 12 months, the risedronate group displayed no change in appendicular lean mass from baseline [−0.5 kg (−1.5, 0.6)]; however, the placebo group experienced significantly augmented loss [−2.9 kg (−3.6, −2.1)].
Conclusions
Pilot data indicate that risedronate treatment may mitigate appendicular lean mass loss following SG. Further study is warranted.
{"title":"Risedronate use may blunt appendicular lean mass loss secondary to sleeve gastrectomy: results from a pilot randomized controlled trial","authors":"Laura E. Flores, Kristen M. Beavers, Daniel P. Beavers, Katelyn A. Greene, Diana A. Madrid, Ryan M. Miller, Jamy D. Ard, Laura D. Bilek, Ashley A. Weaver","doi":"10.1002/rco2.72","DOIUrl":"10.1002/rco2.72","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite robust weight loss and cardiometabolic benefit, lean mass loss following sleeve gastrectomy (SG) confers health risk. Bisphosphonates are a potential therapeutic agent for lean mass maintenance. Thus, our objective was to explore the effect of 6 months of risedronate (vs. placebo) on change in dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)- and computed tomography (CT)-derived lean mass metrics in the year following SG.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-four SG patients were randomized to 6 months of 150-mg oral risedronate or placebo capsules (NCT03411902). Body composition was assessed at baseline and 6 months with optional 12-month follow-up using whole-body DXA and CT at the lumbar spine and mid-thigh. Group treatment effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated from a mixed model using contrast statements at 6 and 12 months, adjusted for baseline values.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 24 participants enrolled [55.7 ± 6.7 years (mean ± SD), 79% Caucasian, 83% women, body mass index (BMI) 44.7 ± 6.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>], 21 returned for 6-month testing and 14 returned for 12-month testing. Six-month weight loss was −16.3 kg (−20.0, −12.5) and −20.9 kg (−23.7, −18.1) in the risedronate and placebo groups, respectively (<i>P</i> = 0.057). Primary analysis at 6 months revealed a non-significant sparing of appendicular lean mass in the risedronate group compared with placebo [−1.2 kg (−2.3, −0.1) vs. −2.1 kg (−3.0, −1.2)]; <i>P</i> = 0.20. By 12 months, the risedronate group displayed no change in appendicular lean mass from baseline [−0.5 kg (−1.5, 0.6)]; however, the placebo group experienced significantly augmented loss [−2.9 kg (−3.6, −2.1)].</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pilot data indicate that risedronate treatment may mitigate appendicular lean mass loss following SG. Further study is warranted.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73544,"journal":{"name":"JCSM rapid communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"18-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rco2.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9583542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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