Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.076
Khushwant Singh, P. K. Gautam
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a group of cancers that affect various parts of the head and neck, such as the lip, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx. In India, it accounts for approximately 30–40% of all cancers, while in the United States, it represents around 4% of all cancer cases. HNSCC is a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths globally. While smoking is linked to HNSCC, recent research has confirmed the importance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in its development. Additionally, HNSCC is characterized by immune deficiencies, where the tumor microenvironment alters immune cell activity to facilitate carcinogenesis. However, researchers have identified novel immunotherapeutic targets for HNSCC, mainly by studying the involvement of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Unfortunately, patients with recurring malignancy and distant metastases have limited treatment options, with a prognosis of less than one year. Platinum-based chemotherapy, cetuximab, and other conventional therapies are used to treat recurrent and metastatic HNSCC. The pro and anti-tumor roles of neutrophils in cancer and immunotherapy are explored in this study, with a focus on HNSCC. The primary objective is to increase our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to uncover viable therapeutic options that are both valid and less cytotoxic.
{"title":"Emulating the Role of Neutrophils in Head and Neck Cancer Microenvironment: Prognostic Role and Therapeutic Strategies","authors":"Khushwant Singh, P. K. Gautam","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.076","url":null,"abstract":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a group of cancers that affect various parts of the head and neck, such as the lip, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and nasopharynx. In India, it accounts for approximately 30–40% of all cancers, while in the United States, it represents around 4% of all cancer cases. HNSCC is a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths globally. While smoking is linked to HNSCC, recent research has confirmed the importance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in its development. Additionally, HNSCC is characterized by immune deficiencies, where the tumor microenvironment alters immune cell activity to facilitate carcinogenesis. However, researchers have identified novel immunotherapeutic targets for HNSCC, mainly by studying the involvement of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Unfortunately, patients with recurring malignancy and distant metastases have limited treatment options, with a prognosis of less than one year. Platinum-based chemotherapy, cetuximab, and other conventional therapies are used to treat recurrent and metastatic HNSCC. The pro and anti-tumor roles of neutrophils in cancer and immunotherapy are explored in this study, with a focus on HNSCC. The primary objective is to increase our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to uncover viable therapeutic options that are both valid and less cytotoxic.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41455223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.077
L. Cabezón-Gutiérrez, S. Custodio-Cabello, V. Pacheco-Barcia, Magda Palka-Kotlowska, Catalina Saez-Bertrand, Marta Blasco-Guerrero
Background: In advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), second-line treatment with nintedanib plus docetaxel improves survival compared with docetaxel, especially in patients with adenocarcinoma histology who progressed within 9 months after the start of firstline treatment. It is therefore necessary to identify new biomarkers/prognostic factors that select the patients who benefit from this type of treatment. Patients and Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we included patients treated NSCLC with nintedanib plus docetaxel in the second/third line and analyzed potential prognostic factors, many of them related to the inflammatory environment; PD-L1 expression levels, Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI), derived neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio (dNLR), etc. Results: Among 16 patients included in this analysis, the overall response rate was 12.5%, median progression-free survival was 2 months (95% CI, 1.22-2.78) and median overall survival was 6 months (95% CI, 2.11-9.89). LDH level is the only variable related to the disease control rate (70% in normal versus 0% in elevated LDH). The variables analyzed with prognostic significance were; no brain metastases (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.78; p=0.011), less than 3 metastatic sites (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.78; p=0.011), the non-use of antiangiogenic drugs in the first line (HR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.98; p=0.043), the absence of elevated LDH at the start of treatment (HR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.3-1; p=0.051) and the absence of liver metastases (HR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.29-1; p=0.05). Conclusions: In NSCLC patients with less than three metastatic sites, no brain or liver metastases, normal LDH values and not previously treated with antiangiogenic drugs in the first line showed a better prognosis when treated with second/third line with nintedanib plus docetaxel.
{"title":"Prognostic Factors of Nintedanib-docetaxel in Patients with Previously Treated Non-small-cell Lung Cancer","authors":"L. Cabezón-Gutiérrez, S. Custodio-Cabello, V. Pacheco-Barcia, Magda Palka-Kotlowska, Catalina Saez-Bertrand, Marta Blasco-Guerrero","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.077","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), second-line treatment with nintedanib plus docetaxel improves survival compared with docetaxel, especially in patients with adenocarcinoma histology who progressed within 9 months after the start of firstline treatment. It is therefore necessary to identify new biomarkers/prognostic factors that select the patients who benefit from this type of treatment.\u0000\u0000Patients and Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we included patients treated NSCLC with nintedanib plus docetaxel in the second/third line and analyzed potential prognostic factors, many of them related to the inflammatory environment; PD-L1 expression levels, Lung Immune Prognostic Index (LIPI), derived neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio (dNLR), etc.\u0000\u0000Results: Among 16 patients included in this analysis, the overall response rate was 12.5%, median progression-free survival was 2 months (95% CI, 1.22-2.78) and median overall survival was 6 months (95% CI, 2.11-9.89). LDH level is the only variable related to the disease control rate (70% in normal versus 0% in elevated LDH). The variables analyzed with prognostic significance were; no brain metastases (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.78; p=0.011), less than 3 metastatic sites (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.78; p=0.011), the non-use of antiangiogenic drugs in the first line (HR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.98; p=0.043), the absence of elevated LDH at the start of treatment (HR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.3-1; p=0.051) and the absence of liver metastases (HR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.29-1; p=0.05).\u0000\u0000Conclusions: In NSCLC patients with less than three metastatic sites, no brain or liver metastases, normal LDH values and not previously treated with antiangiogenic drugs in the first line showed a better prognosis when treated with second/third line with nintedanib plus docetaxel.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48719982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.075
Devavrat Tripathi, P. Gupta, S. Kulkarni
Metastasis is the perilous aspect of cancer and is responsible for 90% of deaths due to cancer. It represents an enigmatic and complex biological cascade that is poorly understood. The constant development in cancer research and the advent of new principles in metastasis have discovered some of the molecular keystones like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) of this cascade. Acknowledgment of the communications between cancer cells and their micro-environment enlightens the biology of metastasis and allows us to understand the mechanism of EMT induction and its role in governing invasion, migration, plasticity, colonization, and therapeutic resistance. EMT is the principal reason behind the cancer cells’ complex behavior, tremendous plasticity, survival, and adoption in a constantly changing environment. Thus, EMT is a perfect driver mechanism to execute metastasis and develop resistance against conventional and targeted therapies. Studies have also discovered the role of EMT in CSCs generation and offered us prospects for evolving more effective treatments to target metastasis and improved patient prognosis. Our primary aim in the present review is to summarize the induction and role of EMT in cancer. This review not only discusses the role of EMT in metastasis but also uncovers the role of EMT in survival, metabolism, and CSCs generation. Further, in this review, we also discuss the strategy to target the EMT for the development of new and effective therapeutics for cancer management.
{"title":"Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition: The Ultimate Driver of Cancer on Difficult Paths","authors":"Devavrat Tripathi, P. Gupta, S. Kulkarni","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.075","url":null,"abstract":"Metastasis is the perilous aspect of cancer and is responsible for 90% of deaths due to cancer. It represents an enigmatic and complex biological cascade that is poorly understood. The constant development in cancer research and the advent of new principles in metastasis have discovered some of the molecular keystones like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) of this cascade. Acknowledgment of the communications between cancer cells and their micro-environment enlightens the biology of metastasis and allows us to understand the mechanism of EMT induction and its role in governing invasion, migration, plasticity, colonization, and therapeutic resistance. EMT is the principal reason behind the cancer cells’ complex behavior, tremendous plasticity, survival, and adoption in a constantly changing environment. Thus, EMT is a perfect driver mechanism to execute metastasis and develop resistance against conventional and targeted therapies. Studies have also discovered the role of EMT in CSCs generation and offered us prospects for evolving more effective treatments to target metastasis and improved patient prognosis.\u0000\u0000Our primary aim in the present review is to summarize the induction and role of EMT in cancer. This review not only discusses the role of EMT in metastasis but also uncovers the role of EMT in survival, metabolism, and CSCs generation. Further, in this review, we also discuss the strategy to target the EMT for the development of new and effective therapeutics for cancer management.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42190982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.074
I. Amit, Natalie Levitin, Meital Gadrich, May Ben-Mayor, T. Wyant, Reut Barak, Liron Danielpur, Morya Ifrach, Itzhak Meir, Olga Bluvshtein, Yehezkel Sasson, Sharon Fischman, Guy Nimrod, Michael Zhenin, Yair Fastman, J. Vasselli, Aron Knickerbocker, R. Herbst, Yanay Ofran
Stimulating effector T-cells (Teffs) without inducing regulatory T-cells (Tregs) has been the primary goal of IL-2-based therapies for cancer. Recently, modified IL-2 designed for differential T-cell expansion for the treatment of cancer has failed in the clinic. We propose that treatments based on exogenous administrations of modified IL-2 are inherently undermined by a negative feedback loop, caused by IL-2 secreted endogenously from activated effector T-cells. This endogenous IL-2 secretion subsequentially induces Treg expansion and inhibits the immune response that is essential for cancer clearance. Here, we demonstrate that treatments utilizing exogenous modified IL-2 indeed induce Treg expansion. To circumvent this negative feedback, we computationally designed a novel monoclonal humanized antibody (AU-007) that binds human IL-2 with pM affinity at a predefined epitope and completely blocks IL-2 binding to CD25 that is highly expressed on Tregs, without hindering IL-2 binding to CD122/CD132 dimer receptor expressed over effector cells. This epitope-specific, high-affinity antibody controls endogenous IL-2 and prevents it from expanding Tregs while allowing it to expand Teffs. We show that controlling endogenous IL-2 using AU-007 abrogates the negative feedback loop and replaces it with a positive feedback loop that enhances the expansion of NK cells and Teffs, an effect considered favorable for cancer immunotherapy.
{"title":"Negative Feedback Expansion of Tregs Caused by Endogenous IL-2 Limits the Activity of IL-2-based Therapies","authors":"I. Amit, Natalie Levitin, Meital Gadrich, May Ben-Mayor, T. Wyant, Reut Barak, Liron Danielpur, Morya Ifrach, Itzhak Meir, Olga Bluvshtein, Yehezkel Sasson, Sharon Fischman, Guy Nimrod, Michael Zhenin, Yair Fastman, J. Vasselli, Aron Knickerbocker, R. Herbst, Yanay Ofran","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.074","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulating effector T-cells (Teffs) without inducing regulatory T-cells (Tregs) has been the primary goal of IL-2-based therapies for cancer. Recently, modified IL-2 designed for differential T-cell expansion for the treatment of cancer has failed in the clinic. We propose that treatments based on exogenous administrations of modified IL-2 are inherently undermined by a negative feedback loop, caused by IL-2 secreted endogenously from activated effector T-cells. This endogenous IL-2 secretion subsequentially induces Treg expansion and inhibits the immune response that is essential for cancer clearance. Here, we demonstrate that treatments utilizing exogenous modified IL-2 indeed induce Treg expansion. To circumvent this negative feedback, we computationally designed a novel monoclonal humanized antibody (AU-007) that binds human IL-2 with pM affinity at a predefined epitope and completely blocks IL-2 binding to CD25 that is highly expressed on Tregs, without hindering IL-2 binding to CD122/CD132 dimer receptor expressed over effector cells. This epitope-specific, high-affinity antibody controls endogenous IL-2 and prevents it from expanding Tregs while allowing it to expand Teffs. We show that controlling endogenous IL-2 using AU-007 abrogates the negative feedback loop and replaces it with a positive feedback loop that enhances the expansion of NK cells and Teffs, an effect considered favorable for cancer immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43784319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.073
Yelin Liang, Yuan Zhang, Xirong Tan, Han Qiao, Jun Ma, Yingqin Li, Na Liu
Accumulating evidence from recent research offers new perspectives on the functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in immunooncology. In addition to modulating the aggressiveness of cancer cells, lncRNAs are essential players in regulating various immune cells and stromal cells, playing a role in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and affecting anti-tumor immunity. The insightful discoveries on the role of lncRNAs in immuno-oncological activities indicate the prognostic value of lncRNA markers. Here, we present an overview of the roles of lncRNAs derived from different cell types in the tumor microenvironment, that is, immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells, and summarize their functional characterization and mechanisms in immuno-oncological activities. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of single-cell-based technologies for analyzing the cellular function of immune-related lncRNAs.
{"title":"Insights from Long Noncoding RNAs into Cancer-immunity Cycle Regulation","authors":"Yelin Liang, Yuan Zhang, Xirong Tan, Han Qiao, Jun Ma, Yingqin Li, Na Liu","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.073","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulating evidence from recent research offers new perspectives on the functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in immunooncology. In addition to modulating the aggressiveness of cancer cells, lncRNAs are essential players in regulating various immune cells and stromal cells, playing a role in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and affecting anti-tumor immunity. The insightful discoveries on the role of lncRNAs in immuno-oncological activities indicate the prognostic value of lncRNA markers. Here, we present an overview of the roles of lncRNAs derived from different cell types in the tumor microenvironment, that is, immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells, and summarize their functional characterization and mechanisms in immuno-oncological activities. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of single-cell-based technologies for analyzing the cellular function of immune-related lncRNAs.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43063689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.070
S. Dakua, Sagnika Dash, Sagarika Pati, J. Abinahed
{"title":"Role of Liver Navigation in Surgery Planning and the Challenges","authors":"S. Dakua, Sagnika Dash, Sagarika Pati, J. Abinahed","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43576908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.072
Megan Stout, Akshay Thaper, Vivien Xu, Eric A Singer, Biren Saraiya
{"title":"Early Integration of Palliative Care for Patients Receiving Systemic Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Megan Stout, Akshay Thaper, Vivien Xu, Eric A Singer, Biren Saraiya","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.072","DOIUrl":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.5.072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"5 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10249482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9672570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.067
{"title":"Molecular Iodine Misconceptions: A Novel Formulation Approach to Topical Iodine","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47949465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.068
Xiaotian Zhong, A. D'Antona, K. Dutta
antibody-Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), combining the best features of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule drugs
抗体摘要抗体-药物偶联物（ADC），结合了单克隆抗体和小分子药物的最佳特性
{"title":"A Surprising Benefit of Cysteine Capping for Antibody Drug Conjugates","authors":"Xiaotian Zhong, A. D'Antona, K. Dutta","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.068","url":null,"abstract":"antibody-Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), combining the best features of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule drugs","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49115903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.063
{"title":"Higher Frequency and Poor Prognosis with COVID-19 Associated Cytokine Storm among Cancer Patients: Between Two Fires","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.4.063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48929332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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