Pub Date : 2022-09-12DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.139
A. Mackay
Microbial resistance to antibiotics has become a major area of research having caused over a million human deaths in 2019. At present, lower respiratory infection is the most burdensome disease. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is regularly reported not to cause resistance in any pathogen, and to eradicate both microbes that are susceptible to antibiotics and those that are resistant. However, evidence now suggests that resistance to photosensitiser drugs at low concentrations is possible, and that tolerance to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) created during subsequent light exposure will occur eventually. Additionally, an increased optical fluence and the addition of medication have been necessary to destroy antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus Aureus . Research has mostly focussed on bacteria, though the importance of fungi is highlighted here given the ubiquity of clinical manifestations like mycosis and urinary tract infection. Proposed next steps are the definition of terminology and methodology for experiments on microbial resistance/tolerance to PDT, varying the photosensitiser used for repeat PDT while controlling oxygen and salt levels, and alternative treatments including the interception of neuroimmunological signalling. Similar to the ESKAPE ranking of antibiotic resistant pathogens, a list summarising the degree of microbial resistance to PDT may have a place.
{"title":"Microbial Resistance to Photodynamic Therapy","authors":"A. Mackay","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.139","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial resistance to antibiotics has become a major area of research having caused over a million human deaths in 2019. At present, lower respiratory infection is the most burdensome disease. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is regularly reported not to cause resistance in any pathogen, and to eradicate both microbes that are susceptible to antibiotics and those that are resistant. However, evidence now suggests that resistance to photosensitiser drugs at low concentrations is possible, and that tolerance to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) created during subsequent light exposure will occur eventually. Additionally, an increased optical fluence and the addition of medication have been necessary to destroy antibiotic resistant strains of Staphylococcus Aureus . Research has mostly focussed on bacteria, though the importance of fungi is highlighted here given the ubiquity of clinical manifestations like mycosis and urinary tract infection. Proposed next steps are the definition of terminology and methodology for experiments on microbial resistance/tolerance to PDT, varying the photosensitiser used for repeat PDT while controlling oxygen and salt levels, and alternative treatments including the interception of neuroimmunological signalling. Similar to the ESKAPE ranking of antibiotic resistant pathogens, a list summarising the degree of microbial resistance to PDT may have a place.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42938350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-30DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.135
Imilla Casado Hernández, V. M. Suárez, Elizabeth Hernández Ramos, Yenisey Triana Marrero, Gabriela Díaz Domínguez, Yaneisy Duarte Pérez, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Sahily Estradé Fernandez, Consuelo Milagros Macías Abraham, Luis Felipe Heredia Guerra
Modulates Compartments in Abstract BIOMODULINA T® is a biological immunomodulator of natural origin, not blood derived, which promises to be a strategy for immune restoration in the elderly, in the midst of the worldwide epidemiological crisis due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This research aimed to determine the changes induced by BT in the distribution of lymphocyte compartments of institutionalized Cuban geriatric patients. The significant expansion of the naïve CD4 + and CD8 + , CD19 + , NK T cells and of the CD3 + HLA-DR + and CD3 + CD25 + activation populations was observed; while the rest of the populations of T, B compartments, the T population that co-express CD4 and CD8, and the CD4-CD8-TCRαβ + T cells did not show significant changes. BT had an effect on the immune restoration of T and B lymphocyte populations of Cuban older adults. It modulates the immune response and inflammation, restores immunity, and can contribute to a strategy to prevent and treat COVID-19 in elderly.
{"title":"BIOMODULINA T® Modulates Lymphocyte Compartments in Institutionalized Cuban Geriatric Patients","authors":"Imilla Casado Hernández, V. M. Suárez, Elizabeth Hernández Ramos, Yenisey Triana Marrero, Gabriela Díaz Domínguez, Yaneisy Duarte Pérez, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Sahily Estradé Fernandez, Consuelo Milagros Macías Abraham, Luis Felipe Heredia Guerra","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.135","url":null,"abstract":"Modulates Compartments in Abstract BIOMODULINA T® is a biological immunomodulator of natural origin, not blood derived, which promises to be a strategy for immune restoration in the elderly, in the midst of the worldwide epidemiological crisis due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This research aimed to determine the changes induced by BT in the distribution of lymphocyte compartments of institutionalized Cuban geriatric patients. The significant expansion of the naïve CD4 + and CD8 + , CD19 + , NK T cells and of the CD3 + HLA-DR + and CD3 + CD25 + activation populations was observed; while the rest of the populations of T, B compartments, the T population that co-express CD4 and CD8, and the CD4-CD8-TCRαβ + T cells did not show significant changes. BT had an effect on the immune restoration of T and B lymphocyte populations of Cuban older adults. It modulates the immune response and inflammation, restores immunity, and can contribute to a strategy to prevent and treat COVID-19 in elderly.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46120478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.136
B. Lands
Descriptions of immune functions and diets often use oversimplified terms that lead to misunderstandings plus expectations that conflict with reality. “ Unexpected events are a clear marker for the frontier of knowledge and a new opportunity to learn” [1]. Terms like lipid, fluidity, unsaturated, essential, lipoprotein, receptor, immune and inflammatory have many unmentioned components and attributes that may be either causal mediators or associated epiphenomena in heath disorders. Including neglected details can help investigators design dietary interventions with observed consequences that fit their expectations. Over the years, new evidence and explicit terminology allow expected outcomes for interventions to fit reality. A recent review, “ Lipid nutrition: ‘In silico’ studies and undeveloped experiments ” [1], describes some aspects of fatty acid chemistry and nutrition with important consequences on chronic immune-inflammatory processes. The review points to long-known details of lipid-protein interactions which younger colleagues can consider as they develop new experiments to gather evidence on how food choices might prevent healthy physiology from drifting into pathophysiology.
{"title":"A Nonagenarian’s View of Dietary Impacts on Cellular Immunology","authors":"B. Lands","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.136","url":null,"abstract":"Descriptions of immune functions and diets often use oversimplified terms that lead to misunderstandings plus expectations that conflict with reality. “ Unexpected events are a clear marker for the frontier of knowledge and a new opportunity to learn” [1]. Terms like lipid, fluidity, unsaturated, essential, lipoprotein, receptor, immune and inflammatory have many unmentioned components and attributes that may be either causal mediators or associated epiphenomena in heath disorders. Including neglected details can help investigators design dietary interventions with observed consequences that fit their expectations. Over the years, new evidence and explicit terminology allow expected outcomes for interventions to fit reality. A recent review, “ Lipid nutrition: ‘In silico’ studies and undeveloped experiments ” [1], describes some aspects of fatty acid chemistry and nutrition with important consequences on chronic immune-inflammatory processes. The review points to long-known details of lipid-protein interactions which younger colleagues can consider as they develop new experiments to gather evidence on how food choices might prevent healthy physiology from drifting into pathophysiology.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42459518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.138
Alberto Atanasio, D. Rizzini, S. Ugel
The role of FLIP as a moonlighting protein is becoming progressively evident since this protein is often involved in various processes correlated to aberrant immunological responses independently from its function as master anti-apoptotic regulator. It has been uncovered that FLIP drives the acquisition of immunosuppression and inflammation-associated pathways in myeloid cells. The clinical picture raised during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has given the possibility to deeply investigate FLIP involvement in releasing a systemic cytokine storm, also linked to a chronic inflammatory syndrome associated with immune suppression and cancer progression. Indeed, a FLIP/STAT3 axis orchestrates an aberrant inflammatory program in myeloid cells of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 infected hACE2 transgenic mice. Moreover, the same activated FLIP/STAT3 axis was confirmed in a chimeric vFLIP mouse model, where vFLIP overexpression was restricted exclusively in myeloid cells by using a tissue-specific CRE-driver (e.g., LysMCre mice), validating this model as a feasible platform to study the late phase of COVID-19 disease. The STAT3 pro-inflammatory pathway triggered by the aberrant expression of FLIP in myeloid cells well correlates to the outcome of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that is the latest and most severe phase in COVID-19 disease confirming FLIP-mediated myeloid reprogramming as a cornerstone of systemic immune disorders.
{"title":"FLIP-expressing myeloid cells as driver of systemic immune disorders","authors":"Alberto Atanasio, D. Rizzini, S. Ugel","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.138","url":null,"abstract":"The role of FLIP as a moonlighting protein is becoming progressively evident since this protein is often involved in various processes correlated to aberrant immunological responses independently from its function as master anti-apoptotic regulator. It has been uncovered that FLIP drives the acquisition of immunosuppression and inflammation-associated pathways in myeloid cells. The clinical picture raised during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has given the possibility to deeply investigate FLIP involvement in releasing a systemic cytokine storm, also linked to a chronic inflammatory syndrome associated with immune suppression and cancer progression. Indeed, a FLIP/STAT3 axis orchestrates an aberrant inflammatory program in myeloid cells of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 infected hACE2 transgenic mice. Moreover, the same activated FLIP/STAT3 axis was confirmed in a chimeric vFLIP mouse model, where vFLIP overexpression was restricted exclusively in myeloid cells by using a tissue-specific CRE-driver (e.g., LysMCre mice), validating this model as a feasible platform to study the late phase of COVID-19 disease. The STAT3 pro-inflammatory pathway triggered by the aberrant expression of FLIP in myeloid cells well correlates to the outcome of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) that is the latest and most severe phase in COVID-19 disease confirming FLIP-mediated myeloid reprogramming as a cornerstone of systemic immune disorders.","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45561195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.126
{"title":"Sticky Interactions in Lupus Nephritis","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45320621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.127
{"title":"Towards a Better Understanding of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections-The Interactions with Dendritic Cells","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42779107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.128
Tyler C. Hammond, Ai-Ling Lin
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research has long been dominated with communications regarding the amyloid hypothesis and targeting amyloid clearance through pharmacological therapies from the brain [1]. Unfortunately, this research strategy has yielded only one new FDA-accelerated approved therapeutic for early AD, and its clinical benefit still needs to be verified [2]. It may be time to employ a new strategy in AD therapeutics research. Hammond et al. reported that diminished uptake of glucose in the brain is a better marker for classifying AD than beta-amyloid (A β ) or phosphorylated tau deposition [3]. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association published revised guidelines for the diagnosis of AD to include the measurement of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N), when diagnosing and treating AD [4]. It is highly relevant to AD therapeutic research whether amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration contribute equally to the progression of AD at all phases of the disease or in a matter dependent on disease phase. To be able to successfully treat or prevent AD, there is a pressing need to identify precision biomarkers that are sensitive to disease progression and able to predict onset of cognitive impairment [5]. Hammond et al. used an advanced statistical learning machine learning method, random forest, on data provided by the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to measure the ability of beta-amyloid measured by positron emission tomography (A β -PET), phosphorylated tau measured in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF-pTau), fluorodeoxyglucose measured by positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and structural imaging measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to classify AD diagnosis. Their results demonstrated that amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration have a phase-dependent impact on the development of AD. A β and pTau are better predictors of the early dementia status that is often defined as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and neurodegeneration, especially low glucose uptake, is a better predictor of later dementia status, or clinical AD. A
长期以来，阿尔茨海默病(AD)的研究一直以淀粉样蛋白假说和通过脑卒中药物治疗清除淀粉样蛋白为主导。不幸的是，这一研究策略只产生了一种新的fda加速批准的早期AD治疗药物，其临床效益仍有待验证。也许是时候在阿尔茨海默病治疗研究中采用一种新的策略了。Hammond等人报道，大脑中葡萄糖摄取减少是一种比β -淀粉样蛋白(a β)或磷酸化tau沉积[3]更好的AD分类标记。国家衰老研究所和阿尔茨海默氏症协会发布了AD诊断的修订指南，包括在诊断和治疗AD时测量淀粉样蛋白(A)， tau (T)和神经变性(N)。淀粉样蛋白、tau蛋白和神经退行性变是否在疾病的所有阶段或依赖于疾病阶段的物质中对AD的进展贡献相同，这与AD治疗研究高度相关。为了能够成功地治疗或预防AD，迫切需要确定对疾病进展敏感并能够预测认知障碍发病的精确生物标志物。Hammond等人利用一种先进的统计学习机器学习方法——随机森林，根据阿尔茨海默病神经影像学倡议(ADNI)提供的数据，测量了正电子发射断层扫描(A β -PET)测量的β -淀粉样蛋白、脑脊液中测量的磷酸化tau蛋白(CSF-pTau)、正电子发射断层扫描(FDG-PET)测量的氟脱氧葡萄糖和磁共振成像(MRI)测量的结构成像对AD诊断分类的能力。他们的研究结果表明，淀粉样蛋白、tau蛋白和神经变性对阿尔茨海默病的发展具有阶段性影响。A β和pTau是早期痴呆状态的较好预测因子，通常被定义为轻度认知障碍(MCI)，而神经退行性变，特别是低糖摄取，是晚期痴呆状态或临床AD的较好预测因子。一个
{"title":"Glucose Metabolism is a Better Marker for Predicting Clinical Alzheimer’s Disease than Amyloid or Tau","authors":"Tyler C. Hammond, Ai-Ling Lin","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.128","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research has long been dominated with communications regarding the amyloid hypothesis and targeting amyloid clearance through pharmacological therapies from the brain [1]. Unfortunately, this research strategy has yielded only one new FDA-accelerated approved therapeutic for early AD, and its clinical benefit still needs to be verified [2]. It may be time to employ a new strategy in AD therapeutics research. Hammond et al. reported that diminished uptake of glucose in the brain is a better marker for classifying AD than beta-amyloid (A β ) or phosphorylated tau deposition [3]. The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association published revised guidelines for the diagnosis of AD to include the measurement of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N), when diagnosing and treating AD [4]. It is highly relevant to AD therapeutic research whether amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration contribute equally to the progression of AD at all phases of the disease or in a matter dependent on disease phase. To be able to successfully treat or prevent AD, there is a pressing need to identify precision biomarkers that are sensitive to disease progression and able to predict onset of cognitive impairment [5]. Hammond et al. used an advanced statistical learning machine learning method, random forest, on data provided by the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to measure the ability of beta-amyloid measured by positron emission tomography (A β -PET), phosphorylated tau measured in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF-pTau), fluorodeoxyglucose measured by positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and structural imaging measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to classify AD diagnosis. Their results demonstrated that amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration have a phase-dependent impact on the development of AD. A β and pTau are better predictors of the early dementia status that is often defined as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and neurodegeneration, especially low glucose uptake, is a better predictor of later dementia status, or clinical AD. A","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"4 1","pages":"15 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42196487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glucose Metabolism is a Better Marker for Predicting Clinical Alzheimer's Disease than Amyloid or Tau.","authors":"Tyler C Hammond, Ai-Ling Lin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"4 1","pages":"15-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8975178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9704016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.33696/immunology.4.142
Xia Guo, Guoqing Qian
of levels of high PD-L1
{"title":"PD-L1 as a Novel Mediator of Lung Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition.","authors":"Xia Guo, Guoqing Qian","doi":"10.33696/immunology.4.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.4.142","url":null,"abstract":"of levels of high PD-L1","PeriodicalId":73644,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular immunology","volume":"4 4","pages":"141-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40512816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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