L. Melymuk, S. Jílková, M. Kolář, Petra Svobodova, B. Vrana, K. Hilscherová
Dust is a widely-used matrix for estimating human exposure to chemicals or as a screening tool for the identification of indoor chemicals of concern. As dust sampling became more common in exposure assessment, techniques used in processing soil have been adapted to dust samples, and separation of dust particles by sieving is common practice. However, there are no defined pore sizes, which results in inconsistent or difficult data interpretation and exposure estimates. Moreover, dust consists of more particle types than soil, particularly fibers, which behave differently during the sieving process. In this study, composite samples from seven microenvironments (homes, apartments, kindergartens, schools, public spaces, offices, and cars) were used to investigate the impact of the separation of dust by sieving on the observed chemical distributions. Dust was sieved to four particle size fractions (1-2 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 0.25-0.5 mm, and < 0.25 mm) and each fraction was analyzed for organic carbon content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and images of dust samples were taken by optical microscope. We identified irregular distributions across size fractions for carbon and PAHs as well as for fibrous particles. Based on the combination of chemical analyses and microscopy, we recommend careful consideration of pre-processing of dust samples to limit bias in dust exposure assessments, and sieving should be used only when necessary.
{"title":"Questioning the appropriateness of sieving for processing indoor settled dust samples","authors":"L. Melymuk, S. Jílková, M. Kolář, Petra Svobodova, B. Vrana, K. Hilscherová","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.12","url":null,"abstract":"Dust is a widely-used matrix for estimating human exposure to chemicals or as a screening tool for the identification of indoor chemicals of concern. As dust sampling became more common in exposure assessment, techniques used in processing soil have been adapted to dust samples, and separation of dust particles by sieving is common practice. However, there are no defined pore sizes, which results in inconsistent or difficult data interpretation and exposure estimates. Moreover, dust consists of more particle types than soil, particularly fibers, which behave differently during the sieving process. In this study, composite samples from seven microenvironments (homes, apartments, kindergartens, schools, public spaces, offices, and cars) were used to investigate the impact of the separation of dust by sieving on the observed chemical distributions. Dust was sieved to four particle size fractions (1-2 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 0.25-0.5 mm, and < 0.25 mm) and each fraction was analyzed for organic carbon content and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and images of dust samples were taken by optical microscope. We identified irregular distributions across size fractions for carbon and PAHs as well as for fibrous particles. Based on the combination of chemical analyses and microscopy, we recommend careful consideration of pre-processing of dust samples to limit bias in dust exposure assessments, and sieving should be used only when necessary.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The occurrence and risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediment, and fish from the Wupa River, Nigeria, were assessed in this study. Water, sediment, and fish were collected from five locations in the Wupa River in November 2019. After extraction with dichloromethane, hexane, and acetone, the PCBs were determined using gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The hazard index and total cancer risk models were used for risk evaluation of the detected PCBs. The results of this study show that the ∑28 PCB concentrations in the water, sediment, and fish ranged from 0.04-11.42 ng/L, 5032-10132 ng/g, and 64-4254 ng/g, respectively. The hazard index values for children and adults were generally > 1, suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk for humans exposed to PCBs from the river. However, the total cancer risk values were above 1 × 10-6 and indicated that there is a carcinogenic risk for humans exposed to the PCBs from Wupa River.
{"title":"https://www.oaepublish.com/jeea/article/view/5143","authors":"Abani Okoh, G. Tesi, M. Dauda, H. Aliyu","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence and risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water, sediment, and fish from the Wupa River, Nigeria, were assessed in this study. Water, sediment, and fish were collected from five locations in the Wupa River in November 2019. After extraction with dichloromethane, hexane, and acetone, the PCBs were determined using gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The hazard index and total cancer risk models were used for risk evaluation of the detected PCBs. The results of this study show that the ∑28 PCB concentrations in the water, sediment, and fish ranged from 0.04-11.42 ng/L, 5032-10132 ng/g, and 64-4254 ng/g, respectively. The hazard index values for children and adults were generally > 1, suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk for humans exposed to PCBs from the river. However, the total cancer risk values were above 1 × 10-6 and indicated that there is a carcinogenic risk for humans exposed to the PCBs from Wupa River.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: We aimed to determine the amount of some toxic elements in three organs of Hilsa shad, focusing on the possible exposure to human health through Hilsa consumption. This study was designed to determine the concentration of seven toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in three distinct organs (n = 21) (muscle, liver, and gills) of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fish collected from the Bangladeshi coastal area. The samples were digested following a microwave digestion. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used as analytical instrument. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) and target cancer risk (TR) were used to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Results: The mean concentrations (mg/kg-wet weight) of toxic elements in different organs of T. ilisha were determined as follows: in muscle, As (4.05), Cd (0.09), Cr (0.12), Cu (0.77), Ni (0.26), Pb (0.20), and Zn (10.64); in liver, As (2.83), Cd (0.84), Cr (0.18), Cu (6.17), Ni (0.55), Pb (0.23), and Zn (30.16) and in gills, As (3.45), Cd (0.05), Cr (0.08), Cu (1.06), Ni (0.51), Pb (0.78), and Zn (35.21). The liver showed higher concentrations of most elements than that of muscle except for As. Concentration of As, Cd, and Pb in the fish were found above the food safety guidelines, while other trace element concentrations were below the permissible range for human consumption. According to EDI and TR values, there were carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to total As concentration from Hilsa fish consumption. Conclusion: This study suggests that the toxic trace elements contamination levels in Hilsa fish from Bangladesh’s coastal area need to be monitored on a systematic and regular basis to ensure the safety of this food item for human consumption.
{"title":"Organ-specific accumulation of toxic elements in Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) from Bangladesh and human health risk assessment","authors":"Mohammad Raknuzzaman, Md. Habibullah-Al-Mamun","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: We aimed to determine the amount of some toxic elements in three organs of Hilsa shad, focusing on the possible exposure to human health through Hilsa consumption. This study was designed to determine the concentration of seven toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in three distinct organs (n = 21) (muscle, liver, and gills) of Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fish collected from the Bangladeshi coastal area. The samples were digested following a microwave digestion. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer was used as analytical instrument. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) and target cancer risk (TR) were used to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Results: The mean concentrations (mg/kg-wet weight) of toxic elements in different organs of T. ilisha were determined as follows: in muscle, As (4.05), Cd (0.09), Cr (0.12), Cu (0.77), Ni (0.26), Pb (0.20), and Zn (10.64); in liver, As (2.83), Cd (0.84), Cr (0.18), Cu (6.17), Ni (0.55), Pb (0.23), and Zn (30.16) and in gills, As (3.45), Cd (0.05), Cr (0.08), Cu (1.06), Ni (0.51), Pb (0.78), and Zn (35.21). The liver showed higher concentrations of most elements than that of muscle except for As. Concentration of As, Cd, and Pb in the fish were found above the food safety guidelines, while other trace element concentrations were below the permissible range for human consumption. According to EDI and TR values, there were carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to total As concentration from Hilsa fish consumption. Conclusion: This study suggests that the toxic trace elements contamination levels in Hilsa fish from Bangladesh’s coastal area need to be monitored on a systematic and regular basis to ensure the safety of this food item for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of considerable persistence and have been a global concern for the past decade. Recently, atmospheric MPs have gained attention. The presence of MPs in the air has been reported from different regions and in air masses over water bodies, demonstrating MPs’ capability of long-range transport and wide spatial distribution away from their source of origin. This review of atmospheric MPs raises questions about the validity and legitimacy of approaches adopted for assessing MP in indoor and outdoor aerosols. The review also provides insight into active and passive sampling techniques and draws attention to the use of the data produced. MP abundance in the atmosphere varies widely among studies due to the disparities in methods employed and the heterogeneity in reporting, making comparisons across spatio-temporal domains infructuous. This review also highlights the paucity of data on atmospheric MPs, and the eminent need to harmonize the methodology for generating a useful comparable dataset that can be used for human health risk assessments.
{"title":"Microplastics in the atmosphere: a review","authors":"N. Habibi, S. Uddin, S. Fowler, M. Behbehani","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants of considerable persistence and have been a global concern for the past decade. Recently, atmospheric MPs have gained attention. The presence of MPs in the air has been reported from different regions and in air masses over water bodies, demonstrating MPs’ capability of long-range transport and wide spatial distribution away from their source of origin. This review of atmospheric MPs raises questions about the validity and legitimacy of approaches adopted for assessing MP in indoor and outdoor aerosols. The review also provides insight into active and passive sampling techniques and draws attention to the use of the data produced. MP abundance in the atmosphere varies widely among studies due to the disparities in methods employed and the heterogeneity in reporting, making comparisons across spatio-temporal domains infructuous. This review also highlights the paucity of data on atmospheric MPs, and the eminent need to harmonize the methodology for generating a useful comparable dataset that can be used for human health risk assessments.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Harrad, Daniel C W Tsang, S. Boontanon, Xiaojun Luo, O. A. Abafe, Habibeh Bagheri, E. Eljarrat, Thanh Wang, B. Martincigh, Habibullah Al-Mamun, Hong-jun Mao, A. Mahmood, Giulia Poma, C. Rauert, L. Melymuk
Margarete Houlihan, Nina Wemken, Myra Keogh, Colman O’Riordain, Conor Noone, Julie Tierney, Claire Cellarius, Kathy Cleere, J. Morrison, S. Daly, S. Harrad, C. Tlustos, M. Coggins
and Ireland: and Abstract Aim: The elucidation of temporal trends in human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) since the previous Irish human milk surveys and to evaluate the impacts of legislative bans and restrictions on human exposure to these compounds. Methods: Concentrations of PCBs and 17 PCDD/Fs were measured in 16 pools of human milk collected from 92 Irish primiparas participating in the Irish EPA-funded ELEVATE project between October 2016 and April 2018, using Gas-Chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometry. Results: The geometric mean upper bound concentration of 16 pooled human milk samples [PCDD/Fs + dioxin-like (dl)-PCB TEQ; 4.5 ng kg -1 lipid weight] are on the lower end of those reported internationally. WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs + dl-PCB are significantly lower ( P < 0.005) compared to those reported in the previous Irish human milk studies in 2010 and 2002. Conclusion: Detected concentrations in this study are comparable to those reported for less industrialised countries in the last WHO/UNEP global surveys for PCDD/Fs. This downward temporal trend likely reflects the impact of regulatory bans and restrictions on the emissions of dioxins and PCBs. While mean upper bound WHO PCDD/F PCB TEQ concentrations are lower than those estimated by EFSA to be associated with adverse health effects in children age 9, maximum upper bound concentrations do exceed EFSA reference concentrations. While the positive health benefits of breastfeeding to both mother and child significantly outweigh potential adverse health effects at reported concentrations, continued action to reduce human body burdens of dioxins and PCBs is required.
目的:阐明自先前爱尔兰母乳调查以来人类暴露于多氯联苯(PCBs)和17种多氯二苯并对二恶英和呋喃(PCDD/Fs)的时间趋势，并评估立法禁止和限制人类暴露于这些化合物的影响。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术，对2016年10月至2018年4月参加爱尔兰epa资助的ELEVATE项目的92名爱尔兰初产妇采集的16池母乳中多氯联苯和17种PCDD/Fs的浓度进行测定。结果:16份混合人乳样品的几何平均上限浓度[PCDD/Fs +二恶英样(dl)-PCB TEQ;4.5 ng kg -1脂质重量]处于国际上报道的较低水平。与2010年和2002年爱尔兰母乳研究报告相比，WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs + dl-PCB显著降低(P < 0.005)。结论:本研究中检测到的浓度与上次世卫组织/环境规划署全球PCDD/ f调查中报告的工业化程度较低国家的浓度相当。这种下降的时间趋势可能反映了监管禁令和限制二恶英和多氯联苯排放的影响。虽然世卫组织PCDD/F多氯联苯TEQ平均上限浓度低于欧洲食品安全局估计的与9岁儿童不良健康影响相关的浓度，但最大上限浓度确实超过欧洲食品安全局的参考浓度。虽然母乳喂养对母亲和儿童的积极健康益处大大超过在报告浓度下对健康的潜在不利影响，但仍需继续采取行动，减少二恶英和多氯联苯对人体的负担。
{"title":"Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk from Ireland: temporal trends and implications for nursing infant exposure","authors":"Margarete Houlihan, Nina Wemken, Myra Keogh, Colman O’Riordain, Conor Noone, Julie Tierney, Claire Cellarius, Kathy Cleere, J. Morrison, S. Daly, S. Harrad, C. Tlustos, M. Coggins","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"and Ireland: and Abstract Aim: The elucidation of temporal trends in human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) since the previous Irish human milk surveys and to evaluate the impacts of legislative bans and restrictions on human exposure to these compounds. Methods: Concentrations of PCBs and 17 PCDD/Fs were measured in 16 pools of human milk collected from 92 Irish primiparas participating in the Irish EPA-funded ELEVATE project between October 2016 and April 2018, using Gas-Chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometry. Results: The geometric mean upper bound concentration of 16 pooled human milk samples [PCDD/Fs + dioxin-like (dl)-PCB TEQ; 4.5 ng kg -1 lipid weight] are on the lower end of those reported internationally. WHO-TEQ PCDD/Fs + dl-PCB are significantly lower ( P < 0.005) compared to those reported in the previous Irish human milk studies in 2010 and 2002. Conclusion: Detected concentrations in this study are comparable to those reported for less industrialised countries in the last WHO/UNEP global surveys for PCDD/Fs. This downward temporal trend likely reflects the impact of regulatory bans and restrictions on the emissions of dioxins and PCBs. While mean upper bound WHO PCDD/F PCB TEQ concentrations are lower than those estimated by EFSA to be associated with adverse health effects in children age 9, maximum upper bound concentrations do exceed EFSA reference concentrations. While the positive health benefits of breastfeeding to both mother and child significantly outweigh potential adverse health effects at reported concentrations, continued action to reduce human body burdens of dioxins and PCBs is required.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the presence, concentrations, dietary intake, and risk of residues of neonicotinoids (NEO) and insect growth regulators (IGR) in commercially available honey in South Africa. Methods: Sample preparation for honey was based on the “dilute and shoot” principle, followed by analysis using an internally validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic coupled to tandem mass spectrometric method. Estimated daily intake and acute and chronic hazard quotients were determined to measure human exposure and health risk to NEO and IGR as well as the risk posed to honeybee. Results: NEO and IGR were detected in 50% and 21% of the 115 honey samples, respectively. The average concentration ranged 0.062-6.50 µgkg-1 and 0.479-1.644 µgkg-1 for NEO and IGR, respectively. While acetamiprid was the most detected (24.35%) NEO, imidacloprid presented the highest concentration (16.945 µg kg-1) in a sample. IGR co-occurred at variable concentrations with NEO in honey samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of NEO and IGR ranged from 9.35 × 10-7 to 4.93 × 10-6 mg kg-1 bwd-1. The chronic hazard quotient (HQc) and acute hazard quotient (HQa) for NEO and IGR were considerably < 1, indicating negligible risk to human health and honeybee population. Conclusion: A UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated for the simultaneous determination of neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators in honey. Overall, the result of the present study confirms the widespread occurrence of NEO and IGR in honey consumed in South Africa. The EDIs, HQc, and HQa indicate that exposure to all target NEO and IGR via honey consumption constitutes negligible human health risk; however, the consequences of multiple routes of exposure to NEO and IGR cannot be overemphasized.
{"title":"Determination and dietary risk assessment of neonicotinoid and insect growth regulators in honey","authors":"O. A. Abafe, T. Chokwe","doi":"10.20517/jeea.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the presence, concentrations, dietary intake, and risk of residues of neonicotinoids (NEO) and insect growth regulators (IGR) in commercially available honey in South Africa. Methods: Sample preparation for honey was based on the “dilute and shoot” principle, followed by analysis using an internally validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic coupled to tandem mass spectrometric method. Estimated daily intake and acute and chronic hazard quotients were determined to measure human exposure and health risk to NEO and IGR as well as the risk posed to honeybee. Results: NEO and IGR were detected in 50% and 21% of the 115 honey samples, respectively. The average concentration ranged 0.062-6.50 µgkg-1 and 0.479-1.644 µgkg-1 for NEO and IGR, respectively. While acetamiprid was the most detected (24.35%) NEO, imidacloprid presented the highest concentration (16.945 µg kg-1) in a sample. IGR co-occurred at variable concentrations with NEO in honey samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of NEO and IGR ranged from 9.35 × 10-7 to 4.93 × 10-6 mg kg-1 bwd-1. The chronic hazard quotient (HQc) and acute hazard quotient (HQa) for NEO and IGR were considerably < 1, indicating negligible risk to human health and honeybee population. Conclusion: A UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated for the simultaneous determination of neonicotinoids and insect growth regulators in honey. Overall, the result of the present study confirms the widespread occurrence of NEO and IGR in honey consumed in South Africa. The EDIs, HQc, and HQa indicate that exposure to all target NEO and IGR via honey consumption constitutes negligible human health risk; however, the consequences of multiple routes of exposure to NEO and IGR cannot be overemphasized.","PeriodicalId":73738,"journal":{"name":"Journal of environmental exposure assessment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67657807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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