Pub Date : 2019-06-02eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/3650649
Karen Kobayashi, Keith Tsz-Kit Chan, Adity Roy, Mushira Mohsin Khan, Esme Fuller-Thomson
Objectives: The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to determine the prevalence of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans and to determine the adjusted odds of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs); (2) to identify the risk factors associated with having diabetes in a large sample of nonobese Japanese-Americans; and (3) to determine the prevalence and adjusted odds of diabetes management behaviors among nonobese Japanese-Americans with diabetes in comparison to NHWs with diabetes.
Methods: The combined 2007-2016 waves of the adult California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) were used to analyze a nonobese (BMI<30) sample of 2,295 Japanese-Americans and 119,651 NHWs. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata.
Results: The findings of this representative community study of nonobese Californians indicate that the prevalence of diabetes among Japanese-American respondents was higher than their NHW counterparts (8.0% versus 4.5%). Prevalence increased markedly with age; one-quarter of nonobese Japanese Americans aged 80 and older had diabetes.
Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans is significantly higher than that among NHWs. There is an urgent need to develop appropriate intervention and prevention approaches with lifestyle modification specifically targeted towards nonobese Japanese-Americans.
{"title":"Diabetes and Diabetes Care among Nonobese Japanese-Americans: Findings from a Population-Based Study.","authors":"Karen Kobayashi, Keith Tsz-Kit Chan, Adity Roy, Mushira Mohsin Khan, Esme Fuller-Thomson","doi":"10.1155/2019/3650649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3650649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to determine the prevalence of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans and to determine the adjusted odds of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs); (2) to identify the risk factors associated with having diabetes in a large sample of nonobese Japanese-Americans; and (3) to determine the prevalence and adjusted odds of diabetes management behaviors among nonobese Japanese-Americans with diabetes in comparison to NHWs with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The combined 2007-2016 waves of the adult California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) were used to analyze a nonobese (BMI<30) sample of 2,295 Japanese-Americans and 119,651 NHWs. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings of this representative community study of nonobese Californians indicate that the prevalence of diabetes among Japanese-American respondents was higher than their NHW counterparts (8.0% versus 4.5%). Prevalence increased markedly with age; one-quarter of nonobese Japanese Americans aged 80 and older had diabetes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of diabetes among nonobese Japanese-Americans is significantly higher than that among NHWs. There is an urgent need to develop appropriate intervention and prevention approaches with lifestyle modification specifically targeted towards nonobese Japanese-Americans.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"3650649"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/3650649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37391927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-16eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/6139253
Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil, Muhammad Shahab Ud Din Khalil, Said Sayed Ahmed Khamis, Sartaj Alam, Rajendra Govindrao Daiwajna, Ahmed Suleman Rajput, Mohammed M Alhaji, Vui Heng Chong, Jackson Tan
Kidney transplant recipients have traditional and nontraditional risk factors which can lead to coronary artery disease and sudden death with a functional graft loss. Aspirin has been used traditionally for prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents. It has beneficial effects in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in general population. Its use for primary prophylaxis is still disputed. Bleeding and theoretical risk of nephrotoxicity are the major concerns about its use. The data on aspirin in kidney transplant population is sparse. This review will focus on various pros and cons of aspirin use for prevention of cardiovascular events in kidney transplant recipients and a way forward.
{"title":"Pros and Cons of Aspirin Prophylaxis for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Kidney Transplantation and Review of Evidence.","authors":"Muhammad Abdul Mabood Khalil, Muhammad Shahab Ud Din Khalil, Said Sayed Ahmed Khamis, Sartaj Alam, Rajendra Govindrao Daiwajna, Ahmed Suleman Rajput, Mohammed M Alhaji, Vui Heng Chong, Jackson Tan","doi":"10.1155/2019/6139253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6139253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney transplant recipients have traditional and nontraditional risk factors which can lead to coronary artery disease and sudden death with a functional graft loss. Aspirin has been used traditionally for prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents. It has beneficial effects in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in general population. Its use for primary prophylaxis is still disputed. Bleeding and theoretical risk of nephrotoxicity are the major concerns about its use. The data on aspirin in kidney transplant population is sparse. This review will focus on various pros and cons of aspirin use for prevention of cardiovascular events in kidney transplant recipients and a way forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"6139253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/6139253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37352615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-16eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/1659384
Ivan M Petyaev, Natalia E Chalyk, Victor A Klochkov, Dmitry V Pristenskiy, Marina P Chernyshova, Nigel H Kyle
Twenty-eight healthy middle-aged volunteers (40-60 years old) with equal gender representation were randomized into 3 study groups to investigate the changes in postprandial glucose and lipids after ingestion of different formulations of dark chocolate (DC). The volunteers from the first group were requested to ingest 100 g of regular DC whereas the individuals from the third group were given 100 g of highly bioavailable lycosome formulated L-tug formulation of DC containing 23.3 mg of lycopene. A second group received a 23.3 mg lycopene capsule, a tomato-derived antioxidant carotenoid as a matching control. Serum specimens were obtained following 30 minutes as well as 1, 2, and 3 hours after study products intake. Ingestion of L-tug DC was accompanied by the reduced postprandial hyperglycemia with maximum difference seen at 3rd hour of the study and reduction of average AUCGluc values by 20% (P<0.05) as compared to regular DC. Moreover, ingestion of L-tug DC was accompanied by a statistically significantly reduced median concentration for postprandial triglycerides (to 390.7 mg⁎hr/dL; 5/95%% CIs: 363.2/405.7 versus regular DC value of 439.5mg⁎hr/dL and a lower range of confidence intervals - 5/95%CIs: 394.0/475.1). A similar tendency was observed in changes of total cholesterol concentration. Ingestion of L-tug DC completely abolished total cholesterol increase seen in volunteers at 3rd hour of postprandial period following intake of the control DC. Ingestion of lycopene alone did not cause any changes in postprandial changes of glucose or serum lipids. The observed postprandial changes can be related to the 56.2 % increase in serum lycopene level which was observed after ingestion of L-tug DC only. Higher serum lycopene levels following the ingestion of L-tug DC resulted in a corresponding increase in serum antioxidant capacity and reduction of oxidized LDL as well as a decline in malonic dialdehyde concentration in the serum of volunteers.
{"title":"Ingestion of Lycosome L-tug Formulation of Dark Chocolate Ameliorates Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Hyperglycemia in Healthy Volunteers.","authors":"Ivan M Petyaev, Natalia E Chalyk, Victor A Klochkov, Dmitry V Pristenskiy, Marina P Chernyshova, Nigel H Kyle","doi":"10.1155/2019/1659384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1659384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty-eight healthy middle-aged volunteers (40-60 years old) with equal gender representation were randomized into 3 study groups to investigate the changes in postprandial glucose and lipids after ingestion of different formulations of dark chocolate (DC). The volunteers from the first group were requested to ingest 100 g of regular DC whereas the individuals from the third group were given 100 g of highly bioavailable lycosome formulated L-tug formulation of DC containing 23.3 mg of lycopene. A second group received a 23.3 mg lycopene capsule, a tomato-derived antioxidant carotenoid as a matching control. Serum specimens were obtained following 30 minutes as well as 1, 2, and 3 hours after study products intake. Ingestion of L-tug DC was accompanied by the reduced postprandial hyperglycemia with maximum difference seen at 3<sup>rd</sup> hour of the study and reduction of average AUC<sub>Gluc</sub> values by 20% (P<0.05) as compared to regular DC. Moreover, ingestion of L-tug DC was accompanied by a statistically significantly reduced median concentration for postprandial triglycerides (to 390.7 mg⁎hr/dL; 5/95%% CIs: 363.2/405.7 versus regular DC value of 439.5mg⁎hr/dL and a lower range of confidence intervals - 5/95%CIs: 394.0/475.1). A similar tendency was observed in changes of total cholesterol concentration. Ingestion of L-tug DC completely abolished total cholesterol increase seen in volunteers at 3<sup>rd</sup> hour of postprandial period following intake of the control DC. Ingestion of lycopene alone did not cause any changes in postprandial changes of glucose or serum lipids. The observed postprandial changes can be related to the 56.2 % increase in serum lycopene level which was observed after ingestion of L-tug DC only. Higher serum lycopene levels following the ingestion of L-tug DC resulted in a corresponding increase in serum antioxidant capacity and reduction of oxidized LDL as well as a decline in malonic dialdehyde concentration in the serum of volunteers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"1659384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/1659384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37352614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/5173786
Shola Elijah Adeniji, Sani Uba, Adamu Uzairu, David Ebuka Arthur
Development of more potent antituberculosis agents is as a result of emergence of multidrug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Novel compounds are usually synthesized by trial approach with a lot of errors, which is time consuming and expensive. QSAR is a theoretical approach, which has the potential to reduce the aforementioned problem in discovering new potent drugs against M. tuberculosis. This approach was employed to develop multivariate QSAR model to correlate the chemical structures of the 2,4-disubstituted quinoline analogues with their observed activities using a theoretical approach. In order to build the robust QSAR model, Genetic Function Approximation (GFA) was employed as a tool for selecting the best descriptors that could efficiently predict the activities of the inhibitory agents. The developed model was influenced by molecular descriptors: AATS5e, VR1_Dzs, SpMin7_Bhe, TDB9e, and RDF110s. The internal validation test for the derived model was found to have correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9265, adjusted correlation coefficient (R2 adj) value of 0.9045, and leave-one-out cross-validation coefficient (Q_cv∧2) value of 0.8512, while the external validation test was found to have (R2 test) of 0.8034 and Y-randomization coefficient (cR_p∧2) of 0.6633. The proposed QSAR model provides a valuable approach for modification of the lead compound and design and synthesis of more potent antitubercular agents.
开发更有效的抗结核药物是结核分枝杆菌多重耐药菌株出现的结果。新化合物的合成通常采用试合成法,且误差大,耗时长,成本高。QSAR是一种理论上的方法,它有可能在发现抗结核分枝杆菌的新有效药物时减少上述问题。采用该方法建立了多元QSAR模型,通过理论方法将2,4-二取代喹啉类似物的化学结构与其观察到的活性联系起来。为了建立稳健的QSAR模型,采用遗传函数近似法(Genetic Function Approximation, GFA)选择最优描述子,有效地预测了抑制剂的活性。建立的模型受AATS5e、VR1_Dzs、SpMin7_Bhe、TDB9e和RDF110s等分子描述符的影响。模型内部验证的相关系数(R2)为0.9265,校正相关系数(R2 adj)为0.9045,留一交叉验证系数(Q_cv∧2)为0.8512,外部验证的(R2 test)为0.8034,y随机化系数(cR_p∧2)为0.6633。提出的QSAR模型为先导化合物的修饰和更有效的抗结核药物的设计和合成提供了有价值的方法。
{"title":"A Derived QSAR Model for Predicting Some Compounds as Potent Antagonist against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: A Theoretical Approach.","authors":"Shola Elijah Adeniji, Sani Uba, Adamu Uzairu, David Ebuka Arthur","doi":"10.1155/2019/5173786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5173786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Development of more potent antituberculosis agents is as a result of emergence of multidrug resistant strains of <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. Novel compounds are usually synthesized by trial approach with a lot of errors, which is time consuming and expensive. QSAR is a theoretical approach, which has the potential to reduce the aforementioned problem in discovering new potent drugs against <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. This approach was employed to develop multivariate QSAR model to correlate the chemical structures of the 2,4-disubstituted quinoline analogues with their observed activities using a theoretical approach. In order to build the robust QSAR model, Genetic Function Approximation (GFA) was employed as a tool for selecting the best descriptors that could efficiently predict the activities of the inhibitory agents. The developed model was influenced by molecular descriptors: AATS5e, VR1_Dzs, SpMin7_Bhe, TDB9e, and RDF110s. The internal validation test for the derived model was found to have correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.9265, adjusted correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup> adj) value of 0.9045, and leave-one-out cross-validation coefficient (Q_cv<sup>∧</sup>2) value of 0.8512, while the external validation test was found to have (R<sup>2</sup> test) of 0.8034 and Y-randomization coefficient (cR_p<sup>∧</sup>2) of 0.6633. The proposed QSAR model provides a valuable approach for modification of the lead compound and design and synthesis of more potent antitubercular agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"5173786"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/5173786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37319068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/2641959
Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan, Barbara Sawicka, Jayapal Gokulakrishnan
Erythrina variegata (E. variegata) bioactive chemical has been the potential to be utilized as a good, eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito population. In the present investigation, methanol extract using insecticidal compounds isolated against mosquito larvae kill assay was carried out. Secondary metabolism was characterized by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectral, and identification of compound. Mosquito immature third instar larval, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus have been exposed to different concentrations of 50-250 µg/ml. Totally, larvae were death rate 98.2% (significant value 0.001b) from methanol extract and it is significant toxicity against larvae of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50/LC99 values were 157.69/339.55 µg/ml and 137.67/297.33 µg/ml, respectively. FT-IR analysis in the functional groups such as alcohol, amines, amides, alkenes, 1⁎ amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, 1⁎,2⁎ amines, and alkyl halides searched the identity of secondary metabolites, which may act as 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound and clearly indicates being phytochemical. Chemical constituents of twenty-five compounds were identified in the methanol extract. The major components were 12-Octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (37.31%). Compound molecules consist of carbon 19 atoms (gray), hydrogen 36 atoms (greenish blue), and oxygen 2 atoms (red), indicated by the different colors. The results were obtained suggesting that, in addition to their pharmaceutical and medicine sources, 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound can also serve as a natural mosquito control.
{"title":"Phytochemical Profiling and Larval Control of <i>Erythrina variegata</i> Methanol Fraction against Malarial and Filarial Vector.","authors":"Mathalaimuthu Baranitharan, Barbara Sawicka, Jayapal Gokulakrishnan","doi":"10.1155/2019/2641959","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/2641959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Erythrina variegata</i> (<i>E. variegata</i>) bioactive chemical has been the potential to be utilized as a good, eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito population. In the present investigation, methanol extract using insecticidal compounds isolated against mosquito larvae kill assay was carried out. Secondary metabolism was characterized by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectral, and identification of compound. Mosquito immature third instar larval, <i>Anopheles stephensi,</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> have been exposed to different concentrations of 50-250 <i>µ</i>g/ml. Totally, larvae were death rate 98.2% (significant value 0.001<sup>b</sup>) from methanol extract and it is significant toxicity against larvae of <i>An. stephensi</i> and <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> with LC<sub>50</sub>/LC<sub>99</sub> values were 157.69/339.55 <i>µ</i>g/ml and 137.67/297.33 <i>µ</i>g/ml, respectively. FT-IR analysis in the functional groups such as alcohol, amines, amides, alkenes, 1<sup>⁎</sup> amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic amines, 1<sup>⁎</sup>,2<sup>⁎</sup> amines, and alkyl halides searched the identity of secondary metabolites, which may act as 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound and clearly indicates being phytochemical. Chemical constituents of twenty-five compounds were identified in the methanol extract. The major components were 12-Octadecenoic acid and methyl ester (37.31%). Compound molecules consist of carbon 19 atoms (gray), hydrogen 36 atoms (greenish blue), and oxygen 2 atoms (red), indicated by the different colors. The results were obtained suggesting that, in addition to their pharmaceutical and medicine sources, 12-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester compound can also serve as a natural mosquito control.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"2641959"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/2641959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37281441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and objective: Current cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk models are typically based on traditional laboratory-based predictors. The objective of this research was to identify key risk factors that affect the CVD risk prediction and to develop a 10-year CVD risk prediction model using the identified risk factors.
Methods: A Cox proportional hazard regression method was applied to generate the proposed risk model. We used the dataset from Framingham Original Cohort of 5079 men and women aged 30-62 years, who had no overt symptoms of CVD at the baseline; among the selected cohort 3189 had a CVD event.
Results: A 10-year CVD risk model based on multiple risk factors (such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), cigarettes per day, pulse rate, and diabetes) was developed in which heart rate was identified as one of the novel risk factors. The proposed model achieved a good discrimination and calibration ability with C-index (receiver operating characteristic (ROC)) being 0.71 in the validation dataset. We validated the model via statistical and empirical validation.
Conclusion: The proposed CVD risk prediction model is based on standard risk factors, which could help reduce the cost and time required for conducting the clinical/laboratory tests. Healthcare providers, clinicians, and patients can use this tool to see the 10-year risk of CVD for an individual. Heart rate was incorporated as a novel predictor, which extends the predictive ability of the past existing risk equations.
{"title":"A Cox-Based Risk Prediction Model for Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease: Identification of Key Risk Factors for the Development of a 10-Year CVD Risk Prediction.","authors":"Xiaona Jia, Mirza Mansoor Baig, Farhaan Mirza, Hamid GholamHosseini","doi":"10.1155/2019/8392348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8392348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Current cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk models are typically based on traditional laboratory-based predictors. The objective of this research was to identify key risk factors that affect the CVD risk prediction and to develop a 10-year CVD risk prediction model using the identified risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Cox proportional hazard regression method was applied to generate the proposed risk model. We used the dataset from Framingham Original Cohort of 5079 men and women aged 30-62 years, who had no overt symptoms of CVD at the baseline; among the selected cohort 3189 had a CVD event.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 10-year CVD risk model based on multiple risk factors (such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), cigarettes per day, pulse rate, and diabetes) was developed in which heart rate was identified as one of the novel risk factors. The proposed model achieved a good discrimination and calibration ability with C-index (receiver operating characteristic (ROC)) being 0.71 in the validation dataset. We validated the model via statistical and empirical validation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed CVD risk prediction model is based on standard risk factors, which could help reduce the cost and time required for conducting the clinical/laboratory tests. Healthcare providers, clinicians, and patients can use this tool to see the 10-year risk of CVD for an individual. Heart rate was incorporated as a novel predictor, which extends the predictive ability of the past existing risk equations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"8392348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8392348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37419964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/3182946
Anjani Kumar Shukla, Tanya Khaitan, Prashant Gupta, Shantala R Naik
Background: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) as a drug substance has been used throughout the world although it has dangerous effects on human health. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are considered to be the most potent. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory status, increased apoptosis, and red blood cell (RBC) membrane damage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the adverse effects of SLT on hematological parameters and establish a correlation between them.
Materials and methods: A total of 100 subjects (50 SLT users and 50 nonusers) were selected for the study. Complete demographic data and history were taken and clinical examination was done to evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the hematological parameters.
Results: Significant changes were observed in the complete blood profile in SLT users when compared to nonusers. All the hematological parameters had a negative correlation with form of SLT except for total leucocyte count which had a positive correlation.
Conclusion: The current study confers an imperative role into SLT mediated effects on a complete hemogram and might be beneficial in spreading awareness against its usage. It also serves as a forewarning alarm among the population consuming SLT as an alternative to smoking tobacco.
{"title":"Smokeless Tobacco and Its Adverse Effects on Hematological Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Anjani Kumar Shukla, Tanya Khaitan, Prashant Gupta, Shantala R Naik","doi":"10.1155/2019/3182946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3182946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Smokeless tobacco (SLT) as a drug substance has been used throughout the world although it has dangerous effects on human health. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco-specific nitrosamines are considered to be the most potent. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory status, increased apoptosis, and red blood cell (RBC) membrane damage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the adverse effects of SLT on hematological parameters and establish a correlation between them.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 100 subjects (50 SLT users and 50 nonusers) were selected for the study. Complete demographic data and history were taken and clinical examination was done to evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the hematological parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant changes were observed in the complete blood profile in SLT users when compared to nonusers. All the hematological parameters had a negative correlation with form of SLT except for total leucocyte count which had a positive correlation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study confers an imperative role into SLT mediated effects on a complete hemogram and might be beneficial in spreading awareness against its usage. It also serves as a forewarning alarm among the population consuming SLT as an alternative to smoking tobacco.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"3182946"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/3182946","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37212742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-24eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/8580632
David Drozek, Alexandria DeFabio, Randi Amstadt, Godwin Y Dogbey
The initial benefits of lifestyle modification programs such as reduction in chronic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors have been well documented. However, such positive effects may deteriorate over time following relapse into inactivity. Timely detection of weight regain leading to the deterioration of the accrued benefits could trigger early resumption of intensive lifestyle intervention. To date, no known cost-effective, noninvasive approach for monitoring long-term outcomes has yet been established. The purpose of this study was to determine if body mass index (BMI) change predicted changes in other CVD biometric markers during an intensive lifestyle modification program. This study was an observational, retrospective review of records of participants from the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP). Biomarker changes of participants in this community-based Intensive Therapeutic Lifestyle Modification Program (ITLMP) offered in Athens, Ohio, a rural Appalachian college town, between April 2011 and June 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. BMI, heart rate (Pulse), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and fasting blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), and glucose (FBS) were monitored before and after program completion. Data were analyzed using a multivariate general linear model. The sample analyzed consisted of 620 participants (mean age of 52.3±13.0 years, 74.5% female). Controlling for age and gender, BMI change significantly predicted 5 out of the 8 biomarker changes measured [Wilk's λ = 0.939, F(8,526) = 4.29, p <.0001]. Specifically, a 1-point BMI decrease was associated with 4.4 units decrease in TC, 3.2 units in LDL, 5.3 units in TG, 2 units in SBP, and 1 unit in DBP (all p values < .05). These results suggest that change in BMI may be a useful predictor of change in other CVD biomarkers' outcomes during and after an ITLMP participation. Tracking BMI, therefore, could serve as a proxy measure for identifying regressing biomarker changes following participation in an ITLMP leading to a timelier reassessment and intervention. Future studies evaluating the value of BMI as a surrogate for highlighting overall cardiovascular health are warranted.
生活方式改变计划的最初好处,如减少慢性和心血管疾病(CVD)的风险因素,已经得到了充分的证明。然而,随着时间的推移,这种积极的影响可能会随着不运动的复发而恶化。及时发现体重反弹导致累积收益恶化,可以触发早期恢复密集的生活方式干预。迄今为止,还没有一种已知的具有成本效益的、无创的方法来监测长期结果。本研究的目的是确定在密集的生活方式改变计划中,体重指数(BMI)的变化是否能预测其他心血管疾病生物标志物的变化。本研究是对完全健康改善计划(CHIP)参与者记录的观察性、回顾性回顾。在2011年4月至2017年6月期间,回顾性回顾了在阿巴拉契亚乡村大学城俄亥俄州雅典提供的以社区为基础的强化治疗性生活方式改变计划(ITLMP)参与者的生物标志物变化。在项目完成前后监测BMI、心率(Pulse)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、甘油三酯(TG)和葡萄糖(FBS)水平。数据分析采用多元一般线性模型。样本分析包括620名参与者(平均年龄52.3±13.0岁,74.5%为女性)。在控制年龄和性别的情况下,BMI变化显著预测了8项生物标志物变化中的5项[Wilk's λ = 0.939, F(8,526) = 4.29, p < 0.05]。这些结果表明,BMI的变化可能是ITLMP期间和之后其他CVD生物标志物结果变化的有用预测因子。因此,跟踪BMI可以作为一种替代措施,用于识别参与ITLMP后的退化生物标志物变化,从而更及时地重新评估和干预。未来的研究评估BMI作为强调整体心血管健康的替代品的价值是有必要的。
{"title":"Body Mass Index Change as a Predictor of Biometric Changes following an Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program.","authors":"David Drozek, Alexandria DeFabio, Randi Amstadt, Godwin Y Dogbey","doi":"10.1155/2019/8580632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8580632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The initial benefits of lifestyle modification programs such as reduction in chronic and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors have been well documented. However, such positive effects may deteriorate over time following relapse into inactivity. Timely detection of weight regain leading to the deterioration of the accrued benefits could trigger early resumption of intensive lifestyle intervention. To date, no known cost-effective, noninvasive approach for monitoring long-term outcomes has yet been established. The purpose of this study was to determine if body mass index (BMI) change predicted changes in other CVD biometric markers during an intensive lifestyle modification program. This study was an observational, retrospective review of records of participants from the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP). Biomarker changes of participants in this community-based Intensive Therapeutic Lifestyle Modification Program (ITLMP) offered in Athens, Ohio, a rural Appalachian college town, between April 2011 and June 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. BMI, heart rate (Pulse), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and fasting blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), and glucose (FBS) were monitored before and after program completion. Data were analyzed using a multivariate general linear model. The sample analyzed consisted of 620 participants (mean age of 52.3±13.0 years, 74.5% female). Controlling for age and gender, BMI change significantly predicted 5 out of the 8 biomarker changes measured [Wilk's <i>λ</i> = 0.939, <i>F</i>(8,526) = 4.29, <i>p</i> <.0001]. Specifically, a 1-point BMI decrease was associated with 4.4 units decrease in TC, 3.2 units in LDL, 5.3 units in TG, 2 units in SBP, and 1 unit in DBP (all <i>p</i> values < .05). These results suggest that change in BMI may be a useful predictor of change in other CVD biomarkers' outcomes during and after an ITLMP participation. Tracking BMI, therefore, could serve as a proxy measure for identifying regressing biomarker changes following participation in an ITLMP leading to a timelier reassessment and intervention. Future studies evaluating the value of BMI as a surrogate for highlighting overall cardiovascular health are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"8580632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8580632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37182275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-21eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/3234867
Johannes M Baumann, Roberto Casella
A high fluid intake is still the most evidence-based measure for the prevention of idiopathic stone disease. The recommendation of current guidelines on urolithiasis to increase diuresis to 2-2.5 L/day is mainly based on a single clinical study. The present paper shows the influence of diuresis on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and especially aggregation (AGN) which can explain the initial development of Ca stones on papillary calcifications as well as stone growth in the renal pelvic system. Diuresis determines the urinary transit time (UT) through the kidney and together with the afflux of Ca and Ox the state of urinary saturation with respect to CaOx being the most frequent stone mineral. High supersaturation inducing crystallization during UT and a high urinary ion concentration interfering with the inhibition of crystal AGN by urinary macromolecules seem to be critical parameters for stone formation. Using data from the literature the influence of diuresis on these parameters is evaluated for short-term recurrent stone formers (RSF), idiopathic stone patients, and healthy controls, the latter two collectives with and without excessive oxalate ingestion. This investigation suggests that a diuresis of 2 L/day may protect from stone formation even after dietary Ox excesses and in RSF. However, in RSF with a continuously high Ca and Ox afflux into urine a permanent high diuresis is required which is difficult to sustain over 24 hours.
{"title":"Prevention of Calcium Nephrolithiasis: The Influence of Diuresis on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization in Urine.","authors":"Johannes M Baumann, Roberto Casella","doi":"10.1155/2019/3234867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3234867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A high fluid intake is still the most evidence-based measure for the prevention of idiopathic stone disease. The recommendation of current guidelines on urolithiasis to increase diuresis to 2-2.5 L/day is mainly based on a single clinical study. The present paper shows the influence of diuresis on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and especially aggregation (AGN) which can explain the initial development of Ca stones on papillary calcifications as well as stone growth in the renal pelvic system. Diuresis determines the urinary transit time (UT) through the kidney and together with the afflux of Ca and Ox the state of urinary saturation with respect to CaOx being the most frequent stone mineral. High supersaturation inducing crystallization during UT and a high urinary ion concentration interfering with the inhibition of crystal AGN by urinary macromolecules seem to be critical parameters for stone formation. Using data from the literature the influence of diuresis on these parameters is evaluated for short-term recurrent stone formers (RSF), idiopathic stone patients, and healthy controls, the latter two collectives with and without excessive oxalate ingestion. This investigation suggests that a diuresis of 2 L/day may protect from stone formation even after dietary Ox excesses and in RSF. However, in RSF with a continuously high Ca and Ox afflux into urine a permanent high diuresis is required which is difficult to sustain over 24 hours.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"3234867"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/3234867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37178818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-19eCollection Date: 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1155/2019/2671620
P A Shinggu, O T Olufemi, J A Nwuku, E B T Baba-Onoja, P D Iyawa
Fasciola, Fascioloides, and Dicrocoelium cause liver fluke diseases in ruminants and are of zoonotic and economic importance. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of liver fluke egg infection in White Fulani Cattle slaughtered in Wukari Cattle market abattoir in Wukari, Taraba State. A total of 262 gallbladders were collected and their contents were analyzed for the presence of eggs of liver flukes using sedimentation technique. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS version 20 for window and Pearson's Chi-Square (χ2) was used to evaluate the association between variables. Fasciola and Dicrocoelium eggs were encountered. Only 74 (28.2%) samples were positive for Fasciola egg and 211 (80.5%) for Dicrocoelium. The prevalence of liver fluke infection revealed 25% and 28.6% Fasciola eggs for male and female animals, respectively, while lancet fluke had 83.3% for male and 80.3% for female. Fasciola eggs were recovered in 20.8% of animals aged less 3 years (<3yrs) and 29.9% was recorded in animals 3 years and above (≥ 3yrs) while 81.3% for animals ≥ 3yrs and 77.1% for animals <3yrs were recorded for Dicrocoelium eggs. The body condition score-based prevalence for Fasciola yielded 38.1%, 26.8%, and 14% for poor, average, and good, respectively, while Dicrocoelium yielded 85.7%, 79.3%, and 85.7%. There was a significant difference between the body condition scores for fasciolosis. Only 59% harboured single infection with eggs of Dicrocoelium (P< 0.05) while 6.9% harboured Fasciola eggs. Mixed infection associating Fasciola and Dicrocoelium was observed in 21.4% of the sample cattle. Liver fluke infections: fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis occur among White Fulani cattle in Wukari and these infections are associated with the body condition score of the animals. This greatly affects the cattle production. There is a need to institute adequate control programmes complemented with good well-planned management practices in any production system involving cattle in Wukari.
片形吸虫、片形吸虫和双骨吸虫在反刍动物中引起肝吸虫疾病,具有人畜共患病和经济意义。本横断面研究旨在确定塔拉巴州乌卡里牛市场屠宰场屠宰的白富拉尼牛中肝吸虫卵感染的流行程度。采集262只胆囊,采用沉淀法分析肝吸虫卵是否存在。使用SPSS version 20进行描述性分析,并使用Pearson's Chi-Square (χ 2)来评估变量之间的相关性。发现片形吸虫和双骨吸虫卵。片形吸虫卵阳性74份(28.2%),双骨吸虫阳性211份(80.5%)。肝吸虫卵阳性率为25%,雌片吸虫卵阳性率为28.6%,雌片吸虫卵阳性率为80.3%,雄片吸虫卵阳性率为83.3%。3岁以下动物片形吸虫虫卵(双子虫卵)回收率为20.8%。以身体状况评分为基础的片形吸虫患病率,差、平均和良好分别为38.1%、26.8%和14%,而双骨吸虫患病率分别为85.7%、79.3%和85.7%。片形吸虫病的身体状况评分差异有统计学意义。单次感染双骨吸虫卵者占59% (P< 0.05),片形吸虫卵者占6.9% (P< 0.05)。21.4%的样本牛出现片形吸虫和双骨吸虫混合感染。肝吸虫感染:乌卡里的白富拉尼牛中发生片形吸虫病和硬石质硬皮病,这些感染与动物的身体状况评分有关。这极大地影响了牛的生产。有必要在乌卡里任何涉及牛的生产系统中制定适当的控制方案,并辅以良好的计划良好的管理做法。
{"title":"Liver Flukes Egg Infection and Associated Risk Factors in White Fulani Cattle Slaughtered in Wukari, Southern Taraba State, Nigeria.","authors":"P A Shinggu, O T Olufemi, J A Nwuku, E B T Baba-Onoja, P D Iyawa","doi":"10.1155/2019/2671620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2671620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fasciola, Fascioloides</i>, and <i>Dicrocoelium</i> cause liver fluke diseases in ruminants and are of zoonotic and economic importance. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of liver fluke egg infection in White Fulani Cattle slaughtered in Wukari Cattle market abattoir in Wukari, Taraba State. A total of 262 gallbladders were collected and their contents were analyzed for the presence of eggs of liver flukes using sedimentation technique. Descriptive analysis was done using SPSS version 20 for window and Pearson's Chi-Square (<i>χ</i> <sup>2</sup>) was used to evaluate the association between variables. <i>Fasciola</i> and <i>Dicrocoelium</i> eggs were encountered. Only 74 (28.2%) samples were positive for <i>Fasciola</i> egg and 211 (80.5%) for <i>Dicrocoelium</i>. The prevalence of liver fluke infection revealed 25% and 28.6% <i>Fasciola</i> eggs for male and female animals, respectively, while lancet fluke had 83.3% for male and 80.3% for female. <i>Fasciola</i> eggs were recovered in 20.8% of animals aged less 3 years (<3yrs) and 29.9% was recorded in animals 3 years and above (≥ 3yrs) while 81.3% for animals ≥ 3yrs and 77.1% for animals <3yrs were recorded for <i>Dicrocoelium</i> eggs. The body condition score-based prevalence for <i>Fasciola</i> yielded 38.1%, 26.8%, and 14% for poor, average, and good, respectively, while <i>Dicrocoelium</i> yielded 85.7%, 79.3%, and 85.7%. There was a significant difference between the body condition scores for fasciolosis. Only 59% harboured single infection with eggs of <i>Dicrocoelium</i> (P< 0.05) while 6.9% harboured <i>Fasciola</i> eggs. Mixed infection associating <i>Fasciola</i> and <i>Dicrocoelium</i> was observed in 21.4% of the sample cattle. Liver fluke infections: fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis occur among White Fulani cattle in Wukari and these infections are associated with the body condition score of the animals. This greatly affects the cattle production. There is a need to institute adequate control programmes complemented with good well-planned management practices in any production system involving cattle in Wukari.</p>","PeriodicalId":7388,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Preventive Medicine","volume":"2019 ","pages":"2671620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/2671620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37178817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}