Publication date: January 2020 INTRODUCTION Malaclemys terrapin (Diamondback terrapin; hereafter referred to as terrapins) are a uniquely estuarine turtle on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States threatened by activities associated with coastal development, such as commercial and recreational crabbing, habitat loss, and vehicle mortality (Ernst and Lovich, 2009). Diamondback terrapins are an important component in estuarine food webs because of their contribution to biomass production and partial maintenance of marsh grass populations through consumption of grazing periwinkle snails (Silliman and Bertness, 2002). The current range-wide declines in terrapin populations could contribute to collapses in coastal salt marsh ecosystems through the loss of biodiversity and marsh stability (Gibbons et al., 2001; Dorcas et al., 2007; CITES, 2013; IUCN, 2019). Bycatch and subsequent drowning in both commercial and recreational crab pots appears to be a major factor in population decline (Bishop, 1983; Roosenburg et al., 1997; Wood, 1997; Roosenburg and Green, 2000; Tucker et al., 2001; Grosse et al., 2009; 2011; Rook et al., 2010; Bury, 2011; Hart and Crowder, 2011; Harden and Williard, 2012). Due to pronounced sexual dimorphism which results in significantly larger females, the mortality rates of males and juveniles in pots are high, creating biased populations of older female terrapins (Lovich and Gibbons, 1990; Dorcas et al., 2007). Terrapin population stability is highly dependent on the survival of breeding adults and juvenile recruitment, or entry into the breeding population. Therefore, mortality resulting from crab pots can devastate populations by altering age and sex ratios (Dorcas et al., 2007; Grosse et al., 2009; Crawford et al., 2014a). Reduced recruitment of males and young females into the breeding population will likely have detrimental effects on the stability of Diamondback terrapin populations, as has been documented in closely-related species (Congdon et al., 1993; Heppell, 1998; Gibbons et al., 2001; Dorcas et al., 2007; Crawford et al., 2014b).
介绍Malaclemys terrapin (Diamondback terrapin;(以下简称龟)是一种独特的河口龟，生活在美国大西洋和墨西哥湾沿岸，受到与沿海开发有关的活动的威胁，如商业和娱乐捕蟹，栖息地丧失和车辆死亡(Ernst和Lovich, 2009)。小菱形龟是河口食物网的重要组成部分，因为它们通过食用放牧的长春花螺对生物量生产和部分维持沼泽草种群做出了贡献(Silliman和Bertness, 2002)。由于生物多样性和沼泽稳定性的丧失，目前龟类数量的大范围下降可能会导致沿海盐沼生态系统的崩溃(Gibbons等人，2001;Dorcas et al.， 2007;引用,2013;世界自然保护联盟,2019)。商业和娱乐蟹笼的附带捕获和随后的溺水似乎是种群下降的一个主要因素(Bishop, 1983;Roosenburg et al.， 1997;木,1997;rosenburg and Green, 2000;Tucker et al.， 2001;Grosse et al.， 2009;2011;Rook et al.， 2010;埋葬,2011;Hart and Crowder, 2011;哈登和威利亚德，2012)。由于明显的两性二态性导致雌性龟体型较大，因此雄性和幼龟在盆中的死亡率很高，造成老年雌性龟的偏倚种群(Lovich和Gibbons, 1990;Dorcas et al.， 2007)。水龟种群的稳定性在很大程度上取决于繁殖成虫的存活和幼龟的招募，或进入繁殖种群。因此，蟹笼造成的死亡率可以通过改变年龄和性别比例来摧毁种群(Dorcas et al.， 2007;Grosse et al.， 2009;Crawford et al.， 2014a)。减少雄性和年轻雌性进入繁殖种群可能会对小菱纹龟种群的稳定性产生不利影响，正如在密切相关的物种中所记录的那样(Congdon等人，1993;Heppell, 1998;Gibbons et al.， 2001;Dorcas et al.， 2007;Crawford et al.， 2014)。
{"title":"Effects of Bait Type and Conspecific Attraction in Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) Bycatch","authors":"A. J. Carpenter, M. Thomas, K. Cecala","doi":"10.22186/jyi.38.1.1-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.38.1.1-7","url":null,"abstract":"Publication date: January 2020 INTRODUCTION Malaclemys terrapin (Diamondback terrapin; hereafter referred to as terrapins) are a uniquely estuarine turtle on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States threatened by activities associated with coastal development, such as commercial and recreational crabbing, habitat loss, and vehicle mortality (Ernst and Lovich, 2009). Diamondback terrapins are an important component in estuarine food webs because of their contribution to biomass production and partial maintenance of marsh grass populations through consumption of grazing periwinkle snails (Silliman and Bertness, 2002). The current range-wide declines in terrapin populations could contribute to collapses in coastal salt marsh ecosystems through the loss of biodiversity and marsh stability (Gibbons et al., 2001; Dorcas et al., 2007; CITES, 2013; IUCN, 2019). Bycatch and subsequent drowning in both commercial and recreational crab pots appears to be a major factor in population decline (Bishop, 1983; Roosenburg et al., 1997; Wood, 1997; Roosenburg and Green, 2000; Tucker et al., 2001; Grosse et al., 2009; 2011; Rook et al., 2010; Bury, 2011; Hart and Crowder, 2011; Harden and Williard, 2012). Due to pronounced sexual dimorphism which results in significantly larger females, the mortality rates of males and juveniles in pots are high, creating biased populations of older female terrapins (Lovich and Gibbons, 1990; Dorcas et al., 2007). Terrapin population stability is highly dependent on the survival of breeding adults and juvenile recruitment, or entry into the breeding population. Therefore, mortality resulting from crab pots can devastate populations by altering age and sex ratios (Dorcas et al., 2007; Grosse et al., 2009; Crawford et al., 2014a). Reduced recruitment of males and young females into the breeding population will likely have detrimental effects on the stability of Diamondback terrapin populations, as has been documented in closely-related species (Congdon et al., 1993; Heppell, 1998; Gibbons et al., 2001; Dorcas et al., 2007; Crawford et al., 2014b).","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68279316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
land uses that adversely affect conservation on private land can lead to improved management that promotes ecosystem and conservation services. The study site is situated in the Southern Appalachians, located in southeastern North America, spanning from West Virginia to northern Alabama. The Southern Appalachians, cover roughly 37.4 million acres, with over 80% owned privately (Southern Appalachian Vitality Index, 2016a). Approximately 22% of riparian habitat is disturbed or degraded with 75% of disturbances related to agricultural land use (Southern Appalachian Vitality Index, 2016b). The Southern Appalachians are a biodiversity hotspot for aquatic species because many streams and rivers drain southwards, which allowed aquatic species to persist during successive glaciations. For example, approximately 345 fish species inhabit Southern Appalachian streams and rivers, which represent more species than occur in all of Europe (Stein et al., 2000; Sutherland et al., 2002). Many of the species, including threatened and endangered species, require high water quality and clean substrate making them sensitive to sediment pollution from agriculture, forestry, urban development, and road construction (Waters, 1995; Sutherland et al., 2002). The specific study site within the Southern Appalachians is the North Fork of the Roanoke River, which transects a largely agricultural watershed. Because the Roanoke Logperch, a federally endangered species, has been confirmed to inhabit the Using Rapid Bio-assessment and Habitat Evaluation Methods to Understand the Effects of Different Land Uses on a Privatelyowned River in Southwest Virginia
{"title":"Using Rapid Bio-assessment and Habitat Evaluation Methods to Understand the Effects of Different Land Uses on a Privately-owned River in Southwest Virginia","authors":"J. Fitzpatrick, V. Emrick","doi":"10.22186/jyi.37.6.47-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.37.6.47-54","url":null,"abstract":"land uses that adversely affect conservation on private land can lead to improved management that promotes ecosystem and conservation services. The study site is situated in the Southern Appalachians, located in southeastern North America, spanning from West Virginia to northern Alabama. The Southern Appalachians, cover roughly 37.4 million acres, with over 80% owned privately (Southern Appalachian Vitality Index, 2016a). Approximately 22% of riparian habitat is disturbed or degraded with 75% of disturbances related to agricultural land use (Southern Appalachian Vitality Index, 2016b). The Southern Appalachians are a biodiversity hotspot for aquatic species because many streams and rivers drain southwards, which allowed aquatic species to persist during successive glaciations. For example, approximately 345 fish species inhabit Southern Appalachian streams and rivers, which represent more species than occur in all of Europe (Stein et al., 2000; Sutherland et al., 2002). Many of the species, including threatened and endangered species, require high water quality and clean substrate making them sensitive to sediment pollution from agriculture, forestry, urban development, and road construction (Waters, 1995; Sutherland et al., 2002). The specific study site within the Southern Appalachians is the North Fork of the Roanoke River, which transects a largely agricultural watershed. Because the Roanoke Logperch, a federally endangered species, has been confirmed to inhabit the Using Rapid Bio-assessment and Habitat Evaluation Methods to Understand the Effects of Different Land Uses on a Privatelyowned River in Southwest Virginia","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43069824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methylphenidate (MP), a drug which blocks dopamine reuptake, is most commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a disorder associated with a disrupted dopamine system in the brain. Though generally effective at treating common ADHD symptomology (e.g. hyperactivity and impulsivity), MP is less effective at treating working memory deficits, which are also associated with ADHD. Within working memory, MP is more effective at treating deficits in the visuospatial component than it is in treating deficits in the audio-verbal component. This review aims to draw attention to the need for further research on the mechanisms through which MP alleviates working memory deficits. Determining these mechanisms may allow researchers to start developing ways to increase the efficacy of this drug at treating problems with auditory-verbal working memory.
{"title":"The Use of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD: What is the Mechanism for Treating Working Memory Deficits?","authors":"Nidhila Masha, K. Dickerson","doi":"10.22186/jyi.37.5.39-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.37.5.39-42","url":null,"abstract":"Methylphenidate (MP), a drug which blocks dopamine reuptake, is most commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a disorder associated with a disrupted dopamine system in the brain. Though generally effective at treating common ADHD symptomology (e.g. hyperactivity and impulsivity), MP is less effective at treating working memory deficits, which are also associated with ADHD. Within working memory, MP is more effective at treating deficits in the visuospatial component than it is in treating deficits in the audio-verbal component. This review aims to draw attention to the need for further research on the mechanisms through which MP alleviates working memory deficits. Determining these mechanisms may allow researchers to start developing ways to increase the efficacy of this drug at treating problems with auditory-verbal working memory.","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47872467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cocaine is a stimulant and an extremely addictive drug. Its effects at the synaptic level are extremely prominent in the NAc (Adinoff, 2004). Cocaine works by competitively blocking the dopamine transporter (DAT) located on the presynaptic neuron, thereby blocking the reuptake of DA and potentiating its reinforcing effects. This can cause users to feel euphoric and later continue chasing that high feeling (Beuming et al., 2008). The route of administration can also influence the addictive properties of cocaine as it determines the speed and duration of the high. For example, when smoking, the maximal concentration and effects of cocaine are attained almost instantly (Quenzer and Meyer, 2013). In contrast, intranasal administration produces a slower achievement of peak drug concentration as well as lower reports on the intensity of the high (Kiluk et al., 2013). Thus, these differences in the rate and The Role of Synaptic Plasticity in the Pathophysiology of Cocaine Addiction
{"title":"The Role of Synaptic Plasticity in the Pathophysiology of Cocaine Addiction","authors":"Miriam Daneff, N. Jadavji","doi":"10.22186/jyi.37.4.33-38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.37.4.33-38","url":null,"abstract":"Cocaine is a stimulant and an extremely addictive drug. Its effects at the synaptic level are extremely prominent in the NAc (Adinoff, 2004). Cocaine works by competitively blocking the dopamine transporter (DAT) located on the presynaptic neuron, thereby blocking the reuptake of DA and potentiating its reinforcing effects. This can cause users to feel euphoric and later continue chasing that high feeling (Beuming et al., 2008). The route of administration can also influence the addictive properties of cocaine as it determines the speed and duration of the high. For example, when smoking, the maximal concentration and effects of cocaine are attained almost instantly (Quenzer and Meyer, 2013). In contrast, intranasal administration produces a slower achievement of peak drug concentration as well as lower reports on the intensity of the high (Kiluk et al., 2013). Thus, these differences in the rate and The Role of Synaptic Plasticity in the Pathophysiology of Cocaine Addiction","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ic calls emitted while foraging for insects (Fenton and Simmons, 2014). As each species has distinct echolocation call morphologies, identification of these calls can be accomplished via standard acoustic monitoring technology and software. Previously, this has been expensive ( > $5,000 USD), therefore most citizen scientists would have limited access this technology. In addition, handling of bats for species identification requires permitting by local state and federal agencies, as well as any handler to possess current rabies vaccinations. Bats are capable of inhabiting a variety of roosting sites in both natural and manmade structures (Kunz and Lumsden, 2003). However, many communities and state parks typically improve available roosting habitats for bats by deploying multi-chambered bat boxes, to create artificial roosting habitats that bats may occupy throughout the year (Tuttle et al., 2013). Occupancy of these bat boxes can be affected by canopy cover, box design, level of human disturbance, and adequate solar exposure (White, 2004, Rueegger et al., 2018). Moreover, not all species are likely to use bat boxes at equal frequencies (Griffiths et al., 2017). However, little attention has been given to more recent methods for either more affordable bat species identification or monitoring of deployed bat boxes using non-invasive smartphone technology. These technologies can help increase the amount of available data on bat species presence and habitat use in urban environments. Smartphones have become increasingly utilized for data collection in environmental sciences by both citizen scientists and researchers (Gutowsky et al., 2013, Frigerio et al., 2018, Stitt et al., 2019), for the identification of flora and fauna incorporating geographic location and pattern recognition applications such as iNaturalist (Nugent, 2018). Several smartphone-based research devices have recently become Smartphones as a Non-Invasive Surveying Tool to Monitor Bats
觅食昆虫时发出的ic叫声（Fenton和Simmons，2014）。由于每个物种都有不同的回声定位叫声形态，可以通过标准的声学监测技术和软件来识别这些叫声。以前，这是昂贵的（＞5000美元），因此大多数公民科学家获得这项技术的机会有限。此外，处理蝙蝠以进行物种识别需要获得当地州和联邦机构的许可，以及任何处理者持有当前狂犬病疫苗的许可。蝙蝠能够栖息在各种自然和人造结构的栖息场所（Kunz和Lumsden，2003）。然而，许多社区和州立公园通常通过部署多室蝙蝠箱来改善蝙蝠的可用栖息栖息地，以创造蝙蝠全年可能占据的人工栖息栖息地（Tuttle等人，2013）。这些蝙蝠箱的占用情况可能会受到雨棚、箱的设计、人类干扰程度和充足的阳光照射的影响（White，2004，Rueegger等人，2018）。此外，并非所有物种都可能以相同的频率使用蝙蝠箱（Griffiths等人，2017）。然而，人们很少关注最近的方法，这些方法要么是更实惠的蝙蝠物种识别，要么是使用非侵入式智能手机技术监测部署的蝙蝠箱。这些技术可以帮助增加蝙蝠物种在城市环境中的存在和栖息地使用的可用数据量。公民科学家和研究人员越来越多地将智能手机用于环境科学中的数据收集（Gutowsky et al.，2013，Frigerio et al.，2018，Stitt et al.，2019），用于识别动植物，结合地理位置和模式识别应用，如iNaturalist（Nugent，2018）。最近，一些基于智能手机的研究设备已成为智能手机，成为监测蝙蝠的非侵入性测量工具
{"title":"Smartphones as a Non-Invasive Surveying Tool to Monitor Bats","authors":"Amanda-Jean Blackburn, S. Unger","doi":"10.22186/jyi.37.3.24-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.37.3.24-30","url":null,"abstract":"ic calls emitted while foraging for insects (Fenton and Simmons, 2014). As each species has distinct echolocation call morphologies, identification of these calls can be accomplished via standard acoustic monitoring technology and software. Previously, this has been expensive ( > $5,000 USD), therefore most citizen scientists would have limited access this technology. In addition, handling of bats for species identification requires permitting by local state and federal agencies, as well as any handler to possess current rabies vaccinations. Bats are capable of inhabiting a variety of roosting sites in both natural and manmade structures (Kunz and Lumsden, 2003). However, many communities and state parks typically improve available roosting habitats for bats by deploying multi-chambered bat boxes, to create artificial roosting habitats that bats may occupy throughout the year (Tuttle et al., 2013). Occupancy of these bat boxes can be affected by canopy cover, box design, level of human disturbance, and adequate solar exposure (White, 2004, Rueegger et al., 2018). Moreover, not all species are likely to use bat boxes at equal frequencies (Griffiths et al., 2017). However, little attention has been given to more recent methods for either more affordable bat species identification or monitoring of deployed bat boxes using non-invasive smartphone technology. These technologies can help increase the amount of available data on bat species presence and habitat use in urban environments. Smartphones have become increasingly utilized for data collection in environmental sciences by both citizen scientists and researchers (Gutowsky et al., 2013, Frigerio et al., 2018, Stitt et al., 2019), for the identification of flora and fauna incorporating geographic location and pattern recognition applications such as iNaturalist (Nugent, 2018). Several smartphone-based research devices have recently become Smartphones as a Non-Invasive Surveying Tool to Monitor Bats","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48745607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sequencing the Regulations on Human Germline Editing Research","authors":"N. Geringer","doi":"10.22186/JYI.37.2.22-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.37.2.22-23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43204244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
expanded to include unitary operators (termed “quantum strategies”), or (iii) both of the above occur. These quantum mechanical applications in games produce various novel and interesting results. In this review, the term “novel” refers to a result in quantum game theory that is favorable and could not be realized in classical game theory. Quantum game theory literature focuses on a number of such results to establish the topic’s significance. Pareto efficiency refers to an outcome in a game such that there are no other possible outcomes that give higher payoffs to a non-zero number of players without decreasing any player’s payoff. Conversely, Pareto inefficiency is observed when the Nash equilibrium of the game – an outcome where all players of a game do not have an incentive to change their strategies – does not exhibit Pareto efficiency (Nash, 1951). Games that are Pareto inefficient under the classical paradigm can be made efficient through the use of quantization, which is a novel result beneficial to the players (Eisert, Wilkens, and Lewenstein, 1999). Another key result is higher payoffs for players in the game, which directly indicates that they have benefitted from quantization (Meyer, 1999). Quantization can also lead to new coalitions among players in the game that gives higher payoffs to a greater number of players (Chen, Hogg, and Beausoleil, 2002). These results, obtained uniquely in quantum games, are significant as they expose a deep and rich econophysical connection wherein quantization is conducive to strategic coordination. Although the current lack of quantum technology imposes significant limitations on immediate practical applications of the theory, the accuracy of a few simple quantum games has been supported with experimental evidence through computer science, suggesting the potential relevance of the theory once necessary technological advances are made (Du et al., 2002; Prevedel et al., 2007; Schmid et al., 2010). Research conducted on quantum game theory may be clasA Review of Quantum Games
{"title":"A Review of Quantum Games","authors":"GaOn Kim, Eungwon Nho","doi":"10.22186/JYI.37.2.10-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.37.2.10-16","url":null,"abstract":"expanded to include unitary operators (termed “quantum strategies”), or (iii) both of the above occur. These quantum mechanical applications in games produce various novel and interesting results. In this review, the term “novel” refers to a result in quantum game theory that is favorable and could not be realized in classical game theory. Quantum game theory literature focuses on a number of such results to establish the topic’s significance. Pareto efficiency refers to an outcome in a game such that there are no other possible outcomes that give higher payoffs to a non-zero number of players without decreasing any player’s payoff. Conversely, Pareto inefficiency is observed when the Nash equilibrium of the game – an outcome where all players of a game do not have an incentive to change their strategies – does not exhibit Pareto efficiency (Nash, 1951). Games that are Pareto inefficient under the classical paradigm can be made efficient through the use of quantization, which is a novel result beneficial to the players (Eisert, Wilkens, and Lewenstein, 1999). Another key result is higher payoffs for players in the game, which directly indicates that they have benefitted from quantization (Meyer, 1999). Quantization can also lead to new coalitions among players in the game that gives higher payoffs to a greater number of players (Chen, Hogg, and Beausoleil, 2002). These results, obtained uniquely in quantum games, are significant as they expose a deep and rich econophysical connection wherein quantization is conducive to strategic coordination. Although the current lack of quantum technology imposes significant limitations on immediate practical applications of the theory, the accuracy of a few simple quantum games has been supported with experimental evidence through computer science, suggesting the potential relevance of the theory once necessary technological advances are made (Du et al., 2002; Prevedel et al., 2007; Schmid et al., 2010). Research conducted on quantum game theory may be clasA Review of Quantum Games","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43932544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Davis, Ty C. Stewart, S. Majumdar, Avijita Jain
complexes display interesting photophysical and photochemical properties and play an important role in energy and electron transfer processes (Balzani, 2003; Balzani et al., 2008; Balzani et al., 1996, Juris et al., 1988). These complexes have been shown to photocleave DNA via singlet oxygen (1O2) generation (Chouai et al., 2005; Friedman et al., 1990; Grover and Thorp, 1991; Jain et al., 2008; Neyhart et al., 1993). The Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer (3 MLCT) state of these complexes undergoes energy transfer to molecular oxygen (3 O2) to generate 1 O2, which reacts with DNA, cleaving the backbone (Chouai et al., 2005; Friedman et al., 1990; Grover and Thorp, 1991; Jain et al., 2008; Neyhart et al., 1993). Tumors often have low levels of oxygen; therefore, it is necessary to develop PDT agents that operate in the absence of oxygen. Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with sterically bulky ligands are known as photocisplatin analogs and have been reported to covalently bind with DNA upon irradiation with visible light in the absence of oxygen (Dickerson et al., 2014; Dmytro et al., 2017; Glazer, 2013; Howerton et al., 2012; Kohler et al., 2017; Wachter et al., 2012; Wyland et al., 2017; Albani et al., 2015; Knoll et al., 2014). The bulky ligands lower the energy of the ligand field (3LF) state relative to the 3 MLCT state, thus resulting in photoejection of the ligand (Allen et al., 1984; Caspar and Meyer, 1983; Ford, 1970; Ford, 1982; Garner et al., 2011; Malouf and Ford, 1974). The sterically-strained Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(biq)2(phen)] 2+ and [Ru(biq)(phen)2] 2+, (biq = 2,2’-biquinoline, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), undergo photoinduced ligand exchange and bind with DNA under hypoxic conditions after excitation by red light (λirr > 600 nm or 650 nm) (Albani et al. 2015). We have recently rePhotoinduced Inhibition of DNA Amplification by PCR with a Photocisplatin Analog
{"title":"Photoinduced Inhibition of DNA Amplification by PCR with a Photocisplatin Analog","authors":"D. Davis, Ty C. Stewart, S. Majumdar, Avijita Jain","doi":"10.22186/JYI.37.2.17-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.37.2.17-21","url":null,"abstract":"complexes display interesting photophysical and photochemical properties and play an important role in energy and electron transfer processes (Balzani, 2003; Balzani et al., 2008; Balzani et al., 1996, Juris et al., 1988). These complexes have been shown to photocleave DNA via singlet oxygen (1O2) generation (Chouai et al., 2005; Friedman et al., 1990; Grover and Thorp, 1991; Jain et al., 2008; Neyhart et al., 1993). The Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer (3 MLCT) state of these complexes undergoes energy transfer to molecular oxygen (3 O2) to generate 1 O2, which reacts with DNA, cleaving the backbone (Chouai et al., 2005; Friedman et al., 1990; Grover and Thorp, 1991; Jain et al., 2008; Neyhart et al., 1993). Tumors often have low levels of oxygen; therefore, it is necessary to develop PDT agents that operate in the absence of oxygen. Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with sterically bulky ligands are known as photocisplatin analogs and have been reported to covalently bind with DNA upon irradiation with visible light in the absence of oxygen (Dickerson et al., 2014; Dmytro et al., 2017; Glazer, 2013; Howerton et al., 2012; Kohler et al., 2017; Wachter et al., 2012; Wyland et al., 2017; Albani et al., 2015; Knoll et al., 2014). The bulky ligands lower the energy of the ligand field (3LF) state relative to the 3 MLCT state, thus resulting in photoejection of the ligand (Allen et al., 1984; Caspar and Meyer, 1983; Ford, 1970; Ford, 1982; Garner et al., 2011; Malouf and Ford, 1974). The sterically-strained Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(biq)2(phen)] 2+ and [Ru(biq)(phen)2] 2+, (biq = 2,2’-biquinoline, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), undergo photoinduced ligand exchange and bind with DNA under hypoxic conditions after excitation by red light (λirr > 600 nm or 650 nm) (Albani et al. 2015). We have recently rePhotoinduced Inhibition of DNA Amplification by PCR with a Photocisplatin Analog","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42246900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
line and width, shape of the valve ends, the polarity of the transapical axis, the size of the central interspace, and the length of cell end overlap (Tomas et al., 1997). While many phenotypic markers of the genus can be properly identified under light microscopy, species-specific identification is extremely tedious, time consuming and most often requires the eye of a taxonomic expert (Lim et al., 2012). The defining features are too small to be accurately confirmed via light microscopy (Tomas et al., 1997) because of the limited number and quality of the lenses it uses, as well as the wavelength of light it utilized for illumination. Scanning electron microscopy uses electrons instead of photons to view phytoplankton in depth, making it capable of capturing those modest variations between species of the same genus. Due to the nature of SEM, the sample must be completely dry before placement within the microscope, unless variablepressure or environmental SEM is employed. Biological samples are saturated in water, so when they are dehydrated they begin to decompose and shrivel up into unidentifiable masses. This is especially problematic when working with marine life, because the loss of sea water is often leaves salt crystals in the outer membrane, impeding observation of some features. Marine diatoms are more stout than some other phytoplankton because they are protected by a hard, siliceous cell wall called a frustule (Tomas et al., 1997). These protect the diatoms from heavy alterations during electron microscopy processing, and are usually still identifiable under SEM observation. Some flagellates, which are soft bodied, 1 Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo
线条和宽度、瓣膜末端的形状、跨根尖轴的极性、中心间隙的大小和细胞末端重叠的长度(Tomas et al.， 1997)。虽然该属的许多表型标记可以在光学显微镜下正确识别，但物种特异性鉴定非常繁琐，耗时，并且通常需要分类学专家的眼睛(Lim et al.， 2012)。由于它使用的透镜数量和质量有限，以及用于照明的光的波长有限，因此定义特征太小，无法通过光学显微镜准确确认(Tomas等人，1997)。扫描电子显微镜使用电子而不是光子来深入观察浮游植物，使其能够捕捉到同一属物种之间的适度变化。由于扫描电镜的性质，除非采用变压扫描电镜或环境扫描电镜，否则样品在放置在显微镜内之前必须完全干燥。生物样本在水中是饱和的，所以当它们脱水时，它们开始分解并萎缩成无法辨认的团块。这在研究海洋生物时尤其成问题，因为海水的流失通常会在外膜上留下盐晶体，阻碍了对某些特征的观察。海洋硅藻比其他一些浮游植物更结实，因为它们受到一种坚硬的硅质细胞壁的保护，这种细胞壁被称为胞壁(Tomas et al.， 1997)。这些保护硅藻在电子显微镜处理过程中免受严重的改变，并且通常在扫描电镜观察下仍然可以识别。一些鞭毛虫，它们是软体动物，1夏威夷大学海洋科学系
{"title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy of Phytoplankton: Achieving High-Quality Images Through the Use of Safer Alternative Chemical Fixative","authors":"A. Dolgin, J. Adolf","doi":"10.22186/JYI.37.1.1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.37.1.1-9","url":null,"abstract":"line and width, shape of the valve ends, the polarity of the transapical axis, the size of the central interspace, and the length of cell end overlap (Tomas et al., 1997). While many phenotypic markers of the genus can be properly identified under light microscopy, species-specific identification is extremely tedious, time consuming and most often requires the eye of a taxonomic expert (Lim et al., 2012). The defining features are too small to be accurately confirmed via light microscopy (Tomas et al., 1997) because of the limited number and quality of the lenses it uses, as well as the wavelength of light it utilized for illumination. Scanning electron microscopy uses electrons instead of photons to view phytoplankton in depth, making it capable of capturing those modest variations between species of the same genus. Due to the nature of SEM, the sample must be completely dry before placement within the microscope, unless variablepressure or environmental SEM is employed. Biological samples are saturated in water, so when they are dehydrated they begin to decompose and shrivel up into unidentifiable masses. This is especially problematic when working with marine life, because the loss of sea water is often leaves salt crystals in the outer membrane, impeding observation of some features. Marine diatoms are more stout than some other phytoplankton because they are protected by a hard, siliceous cell wall called a frustule (Tomas et al., 1997). These protect the diatoms from heavy alterations during electron microscopy processing, and are usually still identifiable under SEM observation. Some flagellates, which are soft bodied, 1 Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"266 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41305725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of a continuously-distributed personality trait (Edens et al., 2006). Although the clinical and theoretical importance of psychopathy is well-established, a number of issues regarding the construct, including the factors that predict and explain psychopathic symptomatology, are yet to be resolved (Edens et al., 2006). Psychopathic traits are highly compatible with risk-taking, antisocial behaviors. This association is reflected by the fact that, despite psychopathic individuals comprise less than 1% of the general population (Coid et al., 2009), approximately 10 to 25% of adult offenders can be classified as psychopaths (Serin et al., 2011). Offenders with psychopathic tendencies are often versatile in their offending, highly prolific, and have longer and more violent criminal careers compared to non-psychopathic offenders (Serin et al., 2011). Psychopathic tendencies are also positively correlated with sexual aggression (Porter et al., 2003), violent sexual offences (Brown and Forth, 1997), and sexual sadism (Knight and Guay, 2006), a paraphilia that includes sexual arousal to fantasies, urges, or acts of inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation onto another person (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Yet, not all psychopaths are criminals as many psychopathic individuals are able to function in society without offending (Serin et al., 2011). Rates of psychopathy in corporate positions have been estimated to be five times higher than those of the general population (Babiak et al., 2010) but this might still reflect negative societal effects as is echoed by Hare’s sentiment that “[we] are more likely to lose our life savings to an oily tongued swindler than our lives to a steely-eyed killer” (Hare, 1993). This great negative influence that the psychopathic population exerts onto society has spurred interest in creating a transtheoretical model capable of explaining the deficits behind key traits that ordinarily buffer or moderate the antisocial or violent behaviors that characterize psychopathy (Serin et al., 2011). The Fear Factor: Fear Deficits in Psychopathy as an Index of Limbic Dysregulation
{"title":"The Fear Factor: Fear Deficits in Psychopathy as an Index of Limbic Dysregulation","authors":"Vasileia Karasavva","doi":"10.22186/JYI.36.6.73-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.36.6.73-80","url":null,"abstract":"of a continuously-distributed personality trait (Edens et al., 2006). Although the clinical and theoretical importance of psychopathy is well-established, a number of issues regarding the construct, including the factors that predict and explain psychopathic symptomatology, are yet to be resolved (Edens et al., 2006). Psychopathic traits are highly compatible with risk-taking, antisocial behaviors. This association is reflected by the fact that, despite psychopathic individuals comprise less than 1% of the general population (Coid et al., 2009), approximately 10 to 25% of adult offenders can be classified as psychopaths (Serin et al., 2011). Offenders with psychopathic tendencies are often versatile in their offending, highly prolific, and have longer and more violent criminal careers compared to non-psychopathic offenders (Serin et al., 2011). Psychopathic tendencies are also positively correlated with sexual aggression (Porter et al., 2003), violent sexual offences (Brown and Forth, 1997), and sexual sadism (Knight and Guay, 2006), a paraphilia that includes sexual arousal to fantasies, urges, or acts of inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation onto another person (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Yet, not all psychopaths are criminals as many psychopathic individuals are able to function in society without offending (Serin et al., 2011). Rates of psychopathy in corporate positions have been estimated to be five times higher than those of the general population (Babiak et al., 2010) but this might still reflect negative societal effects as is echoed by Hare’s sentiment that “[we] are more likely to lose our life savings to an oily tongued swindler than our lives to a steely-eyed killer” (Hare, 1993). This great negative influence that the psychopathic population exerts onto society has spurred interest in creating a transtheoretical model capable of explaining the deficits behind key traits that ordinarily buffer or moderate the antisocial or violent behaviors that characterize psychopathy (Serin et al., 2011). The Fear Factor: Fear Deficits in Psychopathy as an Index of Limbic Dysregulation","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45894359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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