Mercy A. Arkorful, Katrina Gazo, A. Zweig, Laura Ott, T. Mendelson, Tagide N deCarvalho
Etheostoma is a genus of North American darter fish whose species have similar habitats and breeding seasons, yet hybridization is rare. Behavioral barriers have been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining species boundaries. Further, conspecific (same species) sperm precedence has also been observed when the gametes of two different species come into contact. In this study, we investigated if physical characteristics of sperm could be a mechanism for the lower fertilization success of heterospecific (different species) males when eggs are simultaneously exposed to conspecific and heterospecific sperm. We chose to examine the sperm of two closely related species, E. zonale and E. barrenense. Using toluidine blue and immunofluorescent labeling methods, we compared head diameter and tail length of sperm cells between the two species. We found that head diameter was significantly larger for E. barrenense sperm compared to E. zonale. This difference in cell morphology may point to a physical mechanism underlying conspecific sperm precedence in Etheostoma. Our results are the first to describe a morphological difference in sperm between species in this genus and provide initial evidence for the role of sperm morphology in prezygotic reproductive isolation.
{"title":"Larger sperm size may contribute to reproductive isolation between Etheostoma species.","authors":"Mercy A. Arkorful, Katrina Gazo, A. Zweig, Laura Ott, T. Mendelson, Tagide N deCarvalho","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.6.92-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.6.92-96","url":null,"abstract":"Etheostoma is a genus of North American darter fish whose species have similar habitats and breeding seasons, yet hybridization is rare. Behavioral barriers have been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining species boundaries. Further, conspecific (same species) sperm precedence has also been observed when the gametes of two different species come into contact. In this study, we investigated if physical characteristics of sperm could be a mechanism for the lower fertilization success of heterospecific (different species) males when eggs are simultaneously exposed to conspecific and heterospecific sperm. We chose to examine the sperm of two closely related species, E. zonale and E. barrenense. Using toluidine blue and immunofluorescent labeling methods, we compared head diameter and tail length of sperm cells between the two species. We found that head diameter was significantly larger for E. barrenense sperm compared to E. zonale. This difference in cell morphology may point to a physical mechanism underlying conspecific sperm precedence in Etheostoma. Our results are the first to describe a morphological difference in sperm between species in this genus and provide initial evidence for the role of sperm morphology in prezygotic reproductive isolation.","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"35 6 1","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46650914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.22186/JYI.35.6.97-105
Ebinesh Arulnathan, Bharath N. Lakshminarasimmaiah, Harshitha J Naik
lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma (Malfertheiner et al., 2009; Kuipers, 1997; IARC monograph, 1994) as being associated with H. pylori infection. Efforts were also focused on instituting modalities to counter these pathologies in the form of reinforcing the gastric wall and killing the causative bacteria. Deep insight into the microbial structure, virulence factors, pathogenesis, and associated pathological states has directed scientists and clinical researchers to design compactly constituted drug regimens comprising antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, etc.), anti-secretory agents (PPIs and H2 blockers), and topical medications (colloidal bismuth preparations) for the eradication of H. pylori. These endeavours should simplify and expedite the process of the absolute eradication of H. pylori from the stomach. However, it proves to be a significant challenge. This bacterial endurance has been attributed to phenotypic and genotypic variations such as the development of drug resistance (Ebinesh and Kailash, 2016; Broutet et al., 2003) and the impotency of antimicrobial agents in the stomach (Vakil and Megraud, 2007; Bloom and Polak, 1980). The role of the stomach and its microenvironment in eradication failure (Table 1) and future prospects for successful eradication will be discussed.
{"title":"Gastric Microenvironment Enables Persistence of Helicobacter pylori: a Physician's Combat Towards Eradication and Directions for the Future","authors":"Ebinesh Arulnathan, Bharath N. Lakshminarasimmaiah, Harshitha J Naik","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.6.97-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.6.97-105","url":null,"abstract":"lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma (Malfertheiner et al., 2009; Kuipers, 1997; IARC monograph, 1994) as being associated with H. pylori infection. Efforts were also focused on instituting modalities to counter these pathologies in the form of reinforcing the gastric wall and killing the causative bacteria. Deep insight into the microbial structure, virulence factors, pathogenesis, and associated pathological states has directed scientists and clinical researchers to design compactly constituted drug regimens comprising antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, etc.), anti-secretory agents (PPIs and H2 blockers), and topical medications (colloidal bismuth preparations) for the eradication of H. pylori. These endeavours should simplify and expedite the process of the absolute eradication of H. pylori from the stomach. However, it proves to be a significant challenge. This bacterial endurance has been attributed to phenotypic and genotypic variations such as the development of drug resistance (Ebinesh and Kailash, 2016; Broutet et al., 2003) and the impotency of antimicrobial agents in the stomach (Vakil and Megraud, 2007; Bloom and Polak, 1980). The role of the stomach and its microenvironment in eradication failure (Table 1) and future prospects for successful eradication will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45619352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
age of invading DNA prevents expression of viral elements, which prevents successful infection of the bacterium. The type II CRISPR system of Streptococcus pyogenes requires only one effector protein, Cas9, which can be targeted to make a double-stranded break in DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence (Jinek et al., 2012). Modified CRISPR systems, the vast majority of which use the Cas9 protein, have become revolutionary tools for genetic modification for two main reasons: ease of use and high versatility. Previous methods to modify the genomes of organisms have also relied on the introduction of double-stranded breaks, but were difficult and expensive to design (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). Examples of this include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). CRISPR systems, however, require only the design of a guide RNA complementary to a target site. Recent developments have created numerous modified CRISPR systems, which use the targeted Cas9 protein for purposes beyond the standard double-stranded cleavage (Brocken et al., 2017; B. Chen et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2013; Nishida et al., 2016; Qi et al., 2013). This review covers a brief history of CRISPR research, what is known about the biology of the native type II CRISPR system, and several of the numerous different CRISPR-based applications that have been developed in recent years. Adapted CRISPR systems have proven to be incredibly effective tools for biological and biomedical research due, in large part, to their versatility. Although Cas9 originally evolved to simply cleave invading viral elements in single-celled organisms, it has been used in adapted CRISPR systems to make targeted genetic and epigenetic alterations, image DNA elements, alter gene expression, and discover key genes inThe Biology of Native and Adapted CRISPRCas Systems
{"title":"The Biology of Native and Adapted CRISPR-Cas Systems","authors":"Jack D. Sanford, John E. Weldon","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.5.81-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.5.81-91","url":null,"abstract":"age of invading DNA prevents expression of viral elements, which prevents successful infection of the bacterium. The type II CRISPR system of Streptococcus pyogenes requires only one effector protein, Cas9, which can be targeted to make a double-stranded break in DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence (Jinek et al., 2012). Modified CRISPR systems, the vast majority of which use the Cas9 protein, have become revolutionary tools for genetic modification for two main reasons: ease of use and high versatility. Previous methods to modify the genomes of organisms have also relied on the introduction of double-stranded breaks, but were difficult and expensive to design (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). Examples of this include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). CRISPR systems, however, require only the design of a guide RNA complementary to a target site. Recent developments have created numerous modified CRISPR systems, which use the targeted Cas9 protein for purposes beyond the standard double-stranded cleavage (Brocken et al., 2017; B. Chen et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2013; Nishida et al., 2016; Qi et al., 2013). This review covers a brief history of CRISPR research, what is known about the biology of the native type II CRISPR system, and several of the numerous different CRISPR-based applications that have been developed in recent years. Adapted CRISPR systems have proven to be incredibly effective tools for biological and biomedical research due, in large part, to their versatility. Although Cas9 originally evolved to simply cleave invading viral elements in single-celled organisms, it has been used in adapted CRISPR systems to make targeted genetic and epigenetic alterations, image DNA elements, alter gene expression, and discover key genes inThe Biology of Native and Adapted CRISPRCas Systems","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44364955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
permeabilization (MOMP), which in turn triggers a cascade of events that lead to the degradation of the cytoplasm and nucleus (Pagliarini & Rutter, 2013; Parsons & Green, 2010). This process has a key part in innate immunity, with cell deaths alerting the immune system of infections. In addition to controlling cell death, mitochondria’s role in calcium ion homeostasis and the synthesis of iron-sulfur proteins further supports the plethora of roles mitochondrial proteins play in various cell signalling pathways (Tait & Green, 2012). Although these functions were discovered long ago, their detailed mechanisms are still unknown. MitoCarta, the most extensive mitochondrial protein database, suggests that the mitochondrial proteome still largely remains unchartered (Pagliarini & Rutter, 2013). Approximately a quarter of the catalogued genes are not annotated in gene ontology, suggesting significant knowledge gaps in the characterization of mitochondrial proteins. Given the proteins’ diverse roles, it is unsurprising that mitochondrial protein dysfunction underpins a spectrum of metabolic disorders that are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous (Nunnari & Suomalainen, 2012). Such disorders, ranging from inborn metabolic errors to the more common neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, plague children and adults alike (Calvo & Mootha, 2010; Lin & Beal, 2006; Szendroedi et al., 2012). Accordingly, a more comprehensive understanding of both the dynamic structures of the proteins and their complex interplay with neighbouring proteins should be developed. This would achieve more timely and definite diagnoses when used with current genomic diagnostic approaches, Super-Resolution Imaging Technologies in the Study of Mitochondrial Proteins
{"title":"Super-Resolution Imaging Technologies in the Study of Mitochondrial Proteins","authors":"H. Yeung, M. Man","doi":"10.22186/jyi.35.4.67-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.35.4.67-76","url":null,"abstract":"permeabilization (MOMP), which in turn triggers a cascade of events that lead to the degradation of the cytoplasm and nucleus (Pagliarini & Rutter, 2013; Parsons & Green, 2010). This process has a key part in innate immunity, with cell deaths alerting the immune system of infections. In addition to controlling cell death, mitochondria’s role in calcium ion homeostasis and the synthesis of iron-sulfur proteins further supports the plethora of roles mitochondrial proteins play in various cell signalling pathways (Tait & Green, 2012). Although these functions were discovered long ago, their detailed mechanisms are still unknown. MitoCarta, the most extensive mitochondrial protein database, suggests that the mitochondrial proteome still largely remains unchartered (Pagliarini & Rutter, 2013). Approximately a quarter of the catalogued genes are not annotated in gene ontology, suggesting significant knowledge gaps in the characterization of mitochondrial proteins. Given the proteins’ diverse roles, it is unsurprising that mitochondrial protein dysfunction underpins a spectrum of metabolic disorders that are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous (Nunnari & Suomalainen, 2012). Such disorders, ranging from inborn metabolic errors to the more common neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes, plague children and adults alike (Calvo & Mootha, 2010; Lin & Beal, 2006; Szendroedi et al., 2012). Accordingly, a more comprehensive understanding of both the dynamic structures of the proteins and their complex interplay with neighbouring proteins should be developed. This would achieve more timely and definite diagnoses when used with current genomic diagnostic approaches, Super-Resolution Imaging Technologies in the Study of Mitochondrial Proteins","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45904618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Granata, H. Sanchez, Phillip Loeschinger, Jodi F Evans
2015). The phenotypic characteristics associated with these properties are an active area of study and their expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) are thought to play a role. TLR transmembrane protein receptors are sensors of microorganisms and have a critical function in innate immunity (Waterman, Tomchuck, Henkle, & Betancourt, 2010). Many studies have also focused on the role of surface antigens. The surface antigens CD73, CD90 and CD105 are used to identify mesenchymal progenitors (Dominici et al., 2006), but also are likely to participate in their regulation of immune cells. Previous research groups have reported that mesenchymal progenitors derived from mouse aorta (mAo) highly express CD90 and CD105, but do not express CD73 (Fernandez et al., 2017). This population of mesenchymal progenitors (mAo), when in coculture with macrophages, promotes inflammation (Evans et al., 2015). In contrast, a mouse bone marrow derived cell line lacking expression of CD90 and CD105 suppresses macrophage activity (Fernandez et al., 2017). The mechanisms mediating this opposing regulation are yet to be determined but because CD105 is highly expressed in chronically inflamed tissues (Middleton et al., 2005), our goal was to focus on its role in the mAo’s ability to support the macrophage inflammatory response. CD105 or endoglin is a co-receptor for the TGFβ superfamily of receptors. TGFβ receptors are known for their function in regulating cell growth and differentiation of cells (Lin & Moustakas, 1994). Due to alternative splicing of the CD105 transcript, there is both a long isoform (L-CD105) and short isoform (S-CD105) of the CD105 protein (Dallas et al., 2008). The two isoforms share identical sequences (Bellon et al., 1993; Gougos & Letarte, 1990); however, L-CD105 contains an extra sequence leading to funcINTRODUCTION The development and use of cell-based therapeutics is at the forefront of modern medicine, and mesenchymal progenitor cells are a major focus of investigation. Mesenchymal progenitor cells are the multipotent precursors to connective tissue cells (Young et al., 1995) and have traditionally been studied due to their role in tissue repair after damage. They are also capable of regulating immune cell function through direct and indirect cell contact making them a novel tool in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases (Aggarwal & Pittenger, 2005). They can modulate the activity of many immune cell types including macrophages and can be immunosupportive or immunosuppressive. Some mesenchymal progenitors influence macrophages by alternating their orientation from the inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, rendering these progenitors immunosuppressive (Cho et al., 2014; Fernandez et al., 2017). Other studies show that mesenchymal progenitors are pro-inflammatory when co-cultured with macrophages making these progenitors immunosupportive (Anton, Banerjee, & Glod, 2012; Evans, Salvador, George, Trevino-Gutierrez, & Nunez, CD105 D
{"title":"CD105 Deficiency in Mouse Aorta-Derived Progenitor Cells Promotes an Enhanced Inflammatory Response to Lipopolysaccharide","authors":"Joseph Granata, H. Sanchez, Phillip Loeschinger, Jodi F Evans","doi":"10.22186/jyi.35.4.61-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.35.4.61-66","url":null,"abstract":"2015). The phenotypic characteristics associated with these properties are an active area of study and their expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) are thought to play a role. TLR transmembrane protein receptors are sensors of microorganisms and have a critical function in innate immunity (Waterman, Tomchuck, Henkle, & Betancourt, 2010). Many studies have also focused on the role of surface antigens. The surface antigens CD73, CD90 and CD105 are used to identify mesenchymal progenitors (Dominici et al., 2006), but also are likely to participate in their regulation of immune cells. Previous research groups have reported that mesenchymal progenitors derived from mouse aorta (mAo) highly express CD90 and CD105, but do not express CD73 (Fernandez et al., 2017). This population of mesenchymal progenitors (mAo), when in coculture with macrophages, promotes inflammation (Evans et al., 2015). In contrast, a mouse bone marrow derived cell line lacking expression of CD90 and CD105 suppresses macrophage activity (Fernandez et al., 2017). The mechanisms mediating this opposing regulation are yet to be determined but because CD105 is highly expressed in chronically inflamed tissues (Middleton et al., 2005), our goal was to focus on its role in the mAo’s ability to support the macrophage inflammatory response. CD105 or endoglin is a co-receptor for the TGFβ superfamily of receptors. TGFβ receptors are known for their function in regulating cell growth and differentiation of cells (Lin & Moustakas, 1994). Due to alternative splicing of the CD105 transcript, there is both a long isoform (L-CD105) and short isoform (S-CD105) of the CD105 protein (Dallas et al., 2008). The two isoforms share identical sequences (Bellon et al., 1993; Gougos & Letarte, 1990); however, L-CD105 contains an extra sequence leading to funcINTRODUCTION The development and use of cell-based therapeutics is at the forefront of modern medicine, and mesenchymal progenitor cells are a major focus of investigation. Mesenchymal progenitor cells are the multipotent precursors to connective tissue cells (Young et al., 1995) and have traditionally been studied due to their role in tissue repair after damage. They are also capable of regulating immune cell function through direct and indirect cell contact making them a novel tool in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases (Aggarwal & Pittenger, 2005). They can modulate the activity of many immune cell types including macrophages and can be immunosupportive or immunosuppressive. Some mesenchymal progenitors influence macrophages by alternating their orientation from the inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, rendering these progenitors immunosuppressive (Cho et al., 2014; Fernandez et al., 2017). Other studies show that mesenchymal progenitors are pro-inflammatory when co-cultured with macrophages making these progenitors immunosupportive (Anton, Banerjee, & Glod, 2012; Evans, Salvador, George, Trevino-Gutierrez, & Nunez, CD105 D","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"35 1","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46524154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
(Gentile et al., 2012). Extendedand intermediate-level exposure to both M-rated violent and E-rated, non-violent video games have been associated with attention difficulties in high-use and low-use youth players. Our earlier study was the first to explore the impact of brief exposure (45 minutes) to video game playing, wherein the impact of M-rated, very violent video games on short-term attention and concentration ability in low-use players was investigated. In this study, we examined M-rated, very violent video games on short-term attention and concentration ability in low-use players (Brawer & Buckwalter, 2015). Findings demonstrated that shortterm exposure (45”) to violent video games resulted in significantly impacted concentration and attention abilities after comparing pre and post DSF scores. Even though E10-rated video games are approved for children aged 10 and above, they are often played by much younger children. Given indications that both non-violent and very violent video game playing for intermediate and extended exposure periods are associated with attention difficulties in youth players, we decided to explore the impact of brief exposure to mildly violent, E10-rated video games. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the impact of mild violence in E10rated video games on attention and concentration ability in youth players immediately after video game immersion. This may also be the first study to examine brief exposure to any kind of video game playing on moderate-use players. Based on precedent studies relating to the impact of video games on concentration and attention, we hypothesized that adolescent, moderate-use video game players would perform significantly worse on a neuropsyImpact of Brief Exposure to an E10-Rated, Mildly-Violent Video Game on Teen Players’ Short-Term Attention and Concentration Ability
{"title":"Impact of Brief Exposure to an E10-Rated, Mildly-Violent Video Game on Teen Players' Short-Term Attention and Concentration Ability","authors":"Jake Brawer, J. Galen Buckwalter","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.4.77-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.4.77-80","url":null,"abstract":"(Gentile et al., 2012). Extendedand intermediate-level exposure to both M-rated violent and E-rated, non-violent video games have been associated with attention difficulties in high-use and low-use youth players. Our earlier study was the first to explore the impact of brief exposure (45 minutes) to video game playing, wherein the impact of M-rated, very violent video games on short-term attention and concentration ability in low-use players was investigated. In this study, we examined M-rated, very violent video games on short-term attention and concentration ability in low-use players (Brawer & Buckwalter, 2015). Findings demonstrated that shortterm exposure (45”) to violent video games resulted in significantly impacted concentration and attention abilities after comparing pre and post DSF scores. Even though E10-rated video games are approved for children aged 10 and above, they are often played by much younger children. Given indications that both non-violent and very violent video game playing for intermediate and extended exposure periods are associated with attention difficulties in youth players, we decided to explore the impact of brief exposure to mildly violent, E10-rated video games. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the impact of mild violence in E10rated video games on attention and concentration ability in youth players immediately after video game immersion. This may also be the first study to examine brief exposure to any kind of video game playing on moderate-use players. Based on precedent studies relating to the impact of video games on concentration and attention, we hypothesized that adolescent, moderate-use video game players would perform significantly worse on a neuropsyImpact of Brief Exposure to an E10-Rated, Mildly-Violent Video Game on Teen Players’ Short-Term Attention and Concentration Ability","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42707574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
tions with a visible light spectrophotometer (Parrish amd Grammer, 2012). However, the shift in the absorption spectrum of the dye upon acidification, the pK of the shift, had to exactly match the pH range of the acidification, necessitating changes in dyes employed depending upon which pH decreases were observed. Moreover, the absorption properties of any colored additives to be investigated and the light scattering properties of any potential food sources, such as bacterial suspensions, made it difficult to interpret the spectral properties of the observed mixture due to the use of spectrophotometry. Thus, the use of pH probes was alternatively investigated. Due to the intracellular oxidation of glucose, phenol red and spectrophotometry can detect color change. It was assumed that exogenous glucose would produce significant acidification of the medium by the worms. As the sugar is oxidized through respiration, carbon dioxide is produced, which causes the medium to acidify. Previous studies have investigated the respiratory processes and demonstrated the dependence of absorption of pH indicators on time and weak dependence of respiration rate on glucose concentration (Parrish & Grammer, 2012). This study developed procedures to further detect respiration in C. elegans by using Vernier pH probes (Vernier Software and Technology, Beaverton, OR) and tested the effects of E. coli and different carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and maltose) on respiration rates. It was hypothesized that Vernier pH probes could be utilized to detect respiration and that E. coli and glucose would show the highest respiration rates, even if all carbohydrates were metabolized to some degree. The addition of E. coli should reveal increased respiration rates because it serves as the main food source for C. elegans. Glucose was also expected to reveal high INTRODUCTION Caenorhabditis elegans are 1 mm-long, non-parasitic nematodes that can be found in the soil. They are utilized as model organisms because they are transparent, easy to maintain, inexpensive, have a sequenced genome, and have a rapid life cycle (Corsi et al., 2015). Their primary food source is Escherichia coli, a gramnegative bacterium. C. elegans provide chemotaxis indices via chemotaxis assays; chemotaxis is the movement towards or away from an attractant or a repellent, respectively (Bargmann, 2006). A mitochondrial inhibitor, sodium azide, is utilized to stop the worms once they move to the test or control spots during chemotaxis assays. Sodium azide blocks cytochrome c oxidase and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, which causes the worms to die due to inhibition of the respiration processes (Massie et al., 2003). C. elegans can also move by swimming. During the swimming period, the nematodes carry out cellular respiration, which acidifies the medium. The acidification can be detected by phenol red, a pH indicator (Parrish & Grammer, 2012). Phenol red changes colors from red to yellow as the pH level
用可见光分光光度计测定（Parrish amd Grammer，2012）。然而，酸化时染料吸收光谱的偏移，即偏移的pK，必须与酸化的pH范围精确匹配，这就需要根据观察到的pH降低来改变所使用的染料。此外，由于使用了分光光度法，要研究的任何有色添加剂的吸收特性和任何潜在食物来源（如细菌悬浮液）的光散射特性使得很难解释观察到的混合物的光谱特性。因此，对pH探针的使用进行了替代性研究。由于葡萄糖的细胞内氧化，酚红和分光光度法可以检测颜色变化。据推测，外源葡萄糖会使蠕虫对培养基产生显著的酸化作用。当糖通过呼吸被氧化时，就会产生二氧化碳，从而使培养基酸化。先前的研究已经调查了呼吸过程，并证明了pH指标的吸收对时间的依赖性，以及呼吸速率对葡萄糖浓度的弱依赖性（Parrish&Grammer，2012）。本研究开发了使用Vernier pH探针（Vernier Software and Technology，Beaverton，OR）进一步检测秀丽隐杆线虫呼吸的程序，并测试了大肠杆菌和不同碳水化合物（葡萄糖、果糖和麦芽糖）对呼吸速率的影响。据推测，Vernier pH探针可用于检测呼吸，即使所有碳水化合物都被代谢到一定程度，大肠杆菌和葡萄糖也会显示出最高的呼吸率。添加大肠杆菌应该会显示出呼吸速率的增加，因为它是秀丽隐杆线虫的主要食物来源。葡萄糖也有望揭示高简介秀丽隐杆线虫是一种1毫米长的非寄生线虫，可以在土壤中找到。它们被用作模式生物，因为它们透明、易于维护、价格低廉、基因组测序且生命周期快（Corsi等人，2015）。它们的主要食物来源是大肠杆菌，一种革兰氏阴性细菌。秀丽隐杆线虫通过趋化性测定提供趋化性指数；趋化性是分别朝向或远离引诱剂或排斥剂的运动（Bargmann，2006）。一种线粒体抑制剂叠氮化钠被用来阻止蠕虫在趋化性测定过程中移动到测试或对照点。叠氮化钠阻断细胞色素c氧化酶和三磷酸腺苷（ATP）合酶，这会导致蠕虫由于呼吸过程的抑制而死亡（Massie等人，2003）。秀丽隐杆线虫也可以通过游泳来移动。在游泳期间，线虫进行细胞呼吸，使培养基酸化。酸化可以通过pH指示剂酚红检测（Parrish&Grammer，2012）。随着溶液pH值的降低，酚红的颜色从红色变为黄色；因此pH变为酸性。以前，通过检查实验溶液的吸光度H呼吸指示以及不同碳水化合物和大肠杆菌对秀丽隐杆线虫呼吸率的影响来分析颜色变化
{"title":"pH Indication of Respiration and Effects of Different Carbohydrates and Escherichia coli on Respiration Rates in Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"P. S. Patel, R. Grammer","doi":"10.22186/jyi.35.3.56-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.35.3.56-60","url":null,"abstract":"tions with a visible light spectrophotometer (Parrish amd Grammer, 2012). However, the shift in the absorption spectrum of the dye upon acidification, the pK of the shift, had to exactly match the pH range of the acidification, necessitating changes in dyes employed depending upon which pH decreases were observed. Moreover, the absorption properties of any colored additives to be investigated and the light scattering properties of any potential food sources, such as bacterial suspensions, made it difficult to interpret the spectral properties of the observed mixture due to the use of spectrophotometry. Thus, the use of pH probes was alternatively investigated. Due to the intracellular oxidation of glucose, phenol red and spectrophotometry can detect color change. It was assumed that exogenous glucose would produce significant acidification of the medium by the worms. As the sugar is oxidized through respiration, carbon dioxide is produced, which causes the medium to acidify. Previous studies have investigated the respiratory processes and demonstrated the dependence of absorption of pH indicators on time and weak dependence of respiration rate on glucose concentration (Parrish & Grammer, 2012). This study developed procedures to further detect respiration in C. elegans by using Vernier pH probes (Vernier Software and Technology, Beaverton, OR) and tested the effects of E. coli and different carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and maltose) on respiration rates. It was hypothesized that Vernier pH probes could be utilized to detect respiration and that E. coli and glucose would show the highest respiration rates, even if all carbohydrates were metabolized to some degree. The addition of E. coli should reveal increased respiration rates because it serves as the main food source for C. elegans. Glucose was also expected to reveal high INTRODUCTION Caenorhabditis elegans are 1 mm-long, non-parasitic nematodes that can be found in the soil. They are utilized as model organisms because they are transparent, easy to maintain, inexpensive, have a sequenced genome, and have a rapid life cycle (Corsi et al., 2015). Their primary food source is Escherichia coli, a gramnegative bacterium. C. elegans provide chemotaxis indices via chemotaxis assays; chemotaxis is the movement towards or away from an attractant or a repellent, respectively (Bargmann, 2006). A mitochondrial inhibitor, sodium azide, is utilized to stop the worms once they move to the test or control spots during chemotaxis assays. Sodium azide blocks cytochrome c oxidase and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, which causes the worms to die due to inhibition of the respiration processes (Massie et al., 2003). C. elegans can also move by swimming. During the swimming period, the nematodes carry out cellular respiration, which acidifies the medium. The acidification can be detected by phenol red, a pH indicator (Parrish & Grammer, 2012). Phenol red changes colors from red to yellow as the pH level ","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49447738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
one in eight women have been affected due to breast cancer. This disease impacts over 1.5 million women each year and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths among women. A research study by Siegel, Miller, and Jemal (2017) showed that approximately 231,840 new kinds of invasive breast cancer were determined among women. Furthermore, 60,290 cases were added in its natural breast cancer. From 2012 to 2015, over 40,290 cancer patients, especially women passed away due to the breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of leading causes (world’s second position) of death among both men and women. There are two types of breast cancer: non-invasive breast cancer and invasive breast cancer (Susan, 2016b). Early breast cancer that is confined to a very specific area of the breast and has not spread to surrounding tissues in the breast or armpit is known as non-invasive breast cancer. Non-invasive breast cancer (pre-cancerous) is an initial stage in which abnormal cells have not spread into the surrounding tissues. Early breast cancers that have spread beyond a very specific area of the breast to the surrounding area and/or armpit tissue are known as early invasive breast cancer. Invasive breast cancer usually first spreads to the lymph nodes from the original site, and then into the surrounding breast tissue. Mucinous (colloid) carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and tubular carcinoma are types of invasive breast cancer. A new bump or mass in the breast is a common indicator of breast cancer. Symptoms include skin irritation or dimpling, swellINTRODUCTION Cancer is a collection of more than 100 diseases which is uncontrollable and incurable in nature. It may occur at any time and any at age and in any part of the body and is a major health burden in both developed and developing countries (Bhagat & Chaturvedi, 2016). As of 2009, the number of cancer patients has increased continuously (Ali, Wani, & Saleem, 2011). Around 8.8 million cancer patients died in 2015 and 1 in 6 patients died due to cancer. Cancer is a family of diseases in which cells in the tissues of the body grow and divide without normal control (Yasmin, Sharif, & Mohsin, 2013). This uncontrolled division of cells aggregates the cells and forms a mass or lump called a tumor. These tumors may be cancerous or non-cancerous, which is also known as malignant and benign respectively. Malignant tumors can grow and spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. According to Susan (2016a), Curcumin Breast Cancer Therapeutic Agent to Replace Allopathic Treatments with Extensive Side Effects
{"title":"Curcumin- Breast Cancer Therapeutic Agent to Replace Allopathic Treatments with Extensive Side Effects","authors":"Neha Vutakuri","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.2.38-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.2.38-44","url":null,"abstract":"one in eight women have been affected due to breast cancer. This disease impacts over 1.5 million women each year and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deaths among women. A research study by Siegel, Miller, and Jemal (2017) showed that approximately 231,840 new kinds of invasive breast cancer were determined among women. Furthermore, 60,290 cases were added in its natural breast cancer. From 2012 to 2015, over 40,290 cancer patients, especially women passed away due to the breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of leading causes (world’s second position) of death among both men and women. There are two types of breast cancer: non-invasive breast cancer and invasive breast cancer (Susan, 2016b). Early breast cancer that is confined to a very specific area of the breast and has not spread to surrounding tissues in the breast or armpit is known as non-invasive breast cancer. Non-invasive breast cancer (pre-cancerous) is an initial stage in which abnormal cells have not spread into the surrounding tissues. Early breast cancers that have spread beyond a very specific area of the breast to the surrounding area and/or armpit tissue are known as early invasive breast cancer. Invasive breast cancer usually first spreads to the lymph nodes from the original site, and then into the surrounding breast tissue. Mucinous (colloid) carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and tubular carcinoma are types of invasive breast cancer. A new bump or mass in the breast is a common indicator of breast cancer. Symptoms include skin irritation or dimpling, swellINTRODUCTION Cancer is a collection of more than 100 diseases which is uncontrollable and incurable in nature. It may occur at any time and any at age and in any part of the body and is a major health burden in both developed and developing countries (Bhagat & Chaturvedi, 2016). As of 2009, the number of cancer patients has increased continuously (Ali, Wani, & Saleem, 2011). Around 8.8 million cancer patients died in 2015 and 1 in 6 patients died due to cancer. Cancer is a family of diseases in which cells in the tissues of the body grow and divide without normal control (Yasmin, Sharif, & Mohsin, 2013). This uncontrolled division of cells aggregates the cells and forms a mass or lump called a tumor. These tumors may be cancerous or non-cancerous, which is also known as malignant and benign respectively. Malignant tumors can grow and spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. According to Susan (2016a), Curcumin Breast Cancer Therapeutic Agent to Replace Allopathic Treatments with Extensive Side Effects","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"143 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41283155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elliot Reid, Jared Barkes, Cameron B. Morrison, A. Ung, Roshni Patel, Chase Rebarker, Parth Panchal, S. Vasa
and expiration --can be as high as 60-70% (Wallace, Willis, Nwaze, & Dieng, 2017; Zaffran et al., 2013). Although vaccine coolers are designed to keep vaccines cold, a poorly designed apparatus can result in accidental freezing of vaccines so that sub-potent vaccines can sometimes be administered (Chen, & Kristensen, 2009). A 2007 study found that in vaccine reports tracked longitudinally, 75-100% of vaccines were exposed to freezing temperatures; the authors recommend im-proved cold-chain transport equipment as a solution (Matthias, Robertson, Garrison, Newland, & Nelson, 2007). Vaccine freezing or overheating issues are not relegated solely to older studies or developing nations. The 2013-2014 H1N1pdm09 virus outbreak in the United States can likely be attributed to vaccine shipments being exposed to high temperatures (Caspard, Coelingh, Mallory, & Ambrose, 2016). The cost of most vaccines today ranges from $3.50-$7.50 per administration (Gates, 2012), so wastage results in a considerable economic loss. Importantly, when vaccines lose potency, there is a loss of confidence in vaccine therapy (Larson, Cooper, Eskola, Katz, & Ratzan, 2011). Thus, reducing vaccine wastage while in-creasing potency will provide more effective immunization in the rural, developing world at a reduced cost per dose. One way to address aspects of the wastage issue is the development of small coolers capable of transporting vaccines, maintained in the proper temperature range, from the regional health center to the distant client; this trip is termed the end stage of the cold chain. Coolers employing phase change materials including ice are capable of maintaining the desired temperature range for a period, but vaccines in such coolers are sometimes subject to overheating or freezing because of the lack of temperature regulation. INTRODUCTION Vaccines are a major economic cost and component of the worldwide battle against infectious disease. In 2011, UNICEF bought 2.5 billion doses of vaccines, and spent more than one billion dollars on vaccines (UNICEF, 2011). Within the category of develop-ment assistance for maternal and child health, donors spent $3.2 billion on child vaccines in 2014 (Dieleman, Murray, & Haaken-stad, 2015). Still, for children in developing countries, health care inequities are prominent, and access to preventative therapies and drugs is limited (Gates, 2012). One reason these countries lack enough vaccination coverage is due to insufficient cold storage (without freezing) in the vaccine supply chain (Humphreys, 2011). Breakdown of the vaccine cold chain is believed to be a major contributor to late 20th-century polio outbreaks in southern Africa (Schoub, & Cameron, 1996). Many vaccines must be maintained in a temperature range of 2-8°C to remain potent. Indeed, previous studies have shown that cold chain wastage--due to the failure to maintain vaccines in a safe temperature range, the need to discard unused portions of opened vaccine vials, and imp
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gia, during which individuals quickly consume excessive amounts of food (Perello, Valdivia, Romero, & Raingo, 2014), often including palatable, high-fat food. Rodents provided with intermittent (as opposed to continuous or daily) access to high-fat food have served an important role in modeling and investigating the pathophysiology of this disorder (Corwin, Avena, & Boggiano, 2011). Mice and rats provided with palatable food rapidly consume upwards to 80% of their daily caloric intake within a 2-hour period of limited access (Bake, Morgan, & Mercer, 2014; Bake, Murphy, Morgan, & Mercer, 2014). This resembles feeding behaviors observed in humans with BED. Animal studies have also used social isolation to model the depressive-like behaviors observed in humans. This is important because real or perceived social isolation and loneliness are major precipitants of depression (Matthews et al., 2016). Housing mice alone, for example, increase immobility during the tail suspension test (Ieraci, Mallei, & Popoli, 2016), a popular method for assessing behavioral despair and for screening anti-depressant drugs (Castagné, Moser, Roux, & Porsolt, 2010). Consistent with the comorbidity that depression shares with eating disorders in humans, prolonged social isolation has also been shown to increase total food intake in rodents (Perez et al., 1997; Sun et al., 2014; Yamada et al., 2015). Only one study assessed the effects of social isolation on food intake in female mice (Yamada et al., 2015). Importantly though, the effects of social isolation on binge-eating of palatable food in female mice have not yet been investigated. We used social isolation as a model for depression and investigated its impact on feeding behavior during a test of binge-eating in female mice. Mice were individually housed (social isolation) or pair-housed (control) and provided with intermittent access to high-fat food. After 4 weeks, the tail suspension test was used to measure isolation-induced despair. To examine co-occurring binge-eating behavior in detail, we measured food intake at 5 time INTRODUCTION Depression is a highly prevalent mental disorder affecting 6.7% of adults (16.1 million) in the United States annually (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2010). Eating disorders including binge-eating, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa affect an estimated 4.6% of the population each year (Le Grange, Swanson, Crow, & Merikangas, 2012). Depression and eating disorders are significantly comorbid conditions (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, & Kessler, 2007). For example, approximately 32.3% of patients with the binge-eating disorder (BED) also meet criteria for major depressive disorder (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, & Kessler, 2007). Women are nearly twice as likely than men to be diagnosed with depression (Noble, 2005). Women are also more susceptible to developing BED than men (Hudson et al., 2007). In fact,
{"title":"Binge-Eating Behavior in Socially-Insolated Female Mice","authors":"Jenny Kry, J. Cordeira","doi":"10.22186/JYI.35.1.7-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.35.1.7-11","url":null,"abstract":"gia, during which individuals quickly consume excessive amounts of food (Perello, Valdivia, Romero, & Raingo, 2014), often including palatable, high-fat food. Rodents provided with intermittent (as opposed to continuous or daily) access to high-fat food have served an important role in modeling and investigating the pathophysiology of this disorder (Corwin, Avena, & Boggiano, 2011). Mice and rats provided with palatable food rapidly consume upwards to 80% of their daily caloric intake within a 2-hour period of limited access (Bake, Morgan, & Mercer, 2014; Bake, Murphy, Morgan, & Mercer, 2014). This resembles feeding behaviors observed in humans with BED. Animal studies have also used social isolation to model the depressive-like behaviors observed in humans. This is important because real or perceived social isolation and loneliness are major precipitants of depression (Matthews et al., 2016). Housing mice alone, for example, increase immobility during the tail suspension test (Ieraci, Mallei, & Popoli, 2016), a popular method for assessing behavioral despair and for screening anti-depressant drugs (Castagné, Moser, Roux, & Porsolt, 2010). Consistent with the comorbidity that depression shares with eating disorders in humans, prolonged social isolation has also been shown to increase total food intake in rodents (Perez et al., 1997; Sun et al., 2014; Yamada et al., 2015). Only one study assessed the effects of social isolation on food intake in female mice (Yamada et al., 2015). Importantly though, the effects of social isolation on binge-eating of palatable food in female mice have not yet been investigated. We used social isolation as a model for depression and investigated its impact on feeding behavior during a test of binge-eating in female mice. Mice were individually housed (social isolation) or pair-housed (control) and provided with intermittent access to high-fat food. After 4 weeks, the tail suspension test was used to measure isolation-induced despair. To examine co-occurring binge-eating behavior in detail, we measured food intake at 5 time INTRODUCTION Depression is a highly prevalent mental disorder affecting 6.7% of adults (16.1 million) in the United States annually (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2010). Eating disorders including binge-eating, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa affect an estimated 4.6% of the population each year (Le Grange, Swanson, Crow, & Merikangas, 2012). Depression and eating disorders are significantly comorbid conditions (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, & Kessler, 2007). For example, approximately 32.3% of patients with the binge-eating disorder (BED) also meet criteria for major depressive disorder (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, & Kessler, 2007). Women are nearly twice as likely than men to be diagnosed with depression (Noble, 2005). Women are also more susceptible to developing BED than men (Hudson et al., 2007). In fact, ","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47735485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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