Man in India最新文献

Pakistan is a part of South Asia that modern humans encountered soon after they left Africa ~50 - 70,000 years ago. Approximately 9,000 years ago they began establishing cities that eventually expanded to represent the Harappan culture, rivalling the early city states of Mesopotamia. The modern state constitutes the north western land mass of the Indian sub-continent and is now the abode of almost 200 million humans representing many ethnicities and linguistic groups. Studies utilising autosomal, Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA markers in selected Pakistani populations revealed a mixture of Western Eurasian-, South- and East Asian-specific lineages, some of which were unequivocally associated with past migrations. Overall in Pakistan, genetic relationships are generally predicted more accurately by geographic proximity than linguistic origin. The Dravidian-speaking Brahui population are a prime example of this. They currently reside in south-western Pakistan, surrounded by Indo-Europeans speakers with whom they share a common genetic origin. In contrast, the Hazara share the highest affinity with East Asians, despite their Indo-European linguistic affiliation. In this report we reexamine the genetic origins of the Brahuis, and compare them with diverse populations from India, including several Dravidian-speaking groups, and present a genetic perspective on ethnolinguistic groups in present-day Pakistan. Given the high affinity of Brahui to the other Indo-European Pakistani populations and the absence of population admixture with any of the examined Indian Dravidian groups, we conclude that Brahui are an example of cultural (linguistic) retention following a major population replacement.

The Santals are described as the largest most integrated and possibly the most resilient tribe in eastern India. "The paper aims at looking into the parameters that set Santals in the process of socio-economic and demographic transformation and subsequently search for, the plausible explanation for the underlying mechanism for such changes.... The paper discusses the growth of their population and finds that Santals are growing below national average with increase in concentration in some of the pockets in Bihar and West Bengal, while it is spreading towards evenness in Orissa. In the absence of 1991 census data on the tribe wise breakdown the analysis has been restricted to the 1961, 1971 and 1981 census returns and availability of the literature on the tribe."

Fertility is higher among the Kadu Kuruba tribe than the Jenu Kuruba tribe. Women who married at the age of 12 years have higher fertility than the women who married at the age of 16 years. The differences between two tribes in terms of fertility levels in age group are large. The practice of induced abortions or spontaneous ones are common among them. Most of the women who terminate pregnancy either before or after marriage, use only indigenous medicines. Among the Jenu Kuruba tribe more women are using indigenous medicines for preventing pregnancies, while among the Kadu Kurubas more women are using modern methods of contraceptives. The women who are using indigenous medicines to prevent pregnancies have lower fertility.

"The institution of polyandry has a long history in India. Having its origin in the remote past polyandry flourished through the ages; it witnessed change with the alteration of cultural perspectives, and gradually it started diminishing due to some obvious reasons. Polyandry has its own appeal...owing to which it has been discussed by [a] large number of social scientists from diversified angles. In the present paper the author has put forward a systematic review of the various observations made by the different authorities. Various factors relating to the emergence of polyandry and the related causes have been pin-pointed here. The study highlights that [the] once flourishing social institution [of] polyandry is now in a state of disappearance."

"This paper aims at finding out the socio-demographic perspective of...tribal and non-tribal females [in India] through a concrete pattern of field survey. The data gathered from 3,428 tribal and 2,447 non-tribal females have been analysed to examine the trends of differences in the status enjoyed by these women belonging to two different communities." Consideration is given to differences in literacy, nuptiality, marriage age, age structure, fertility, family planning, and infant mortality.