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Non-invasive pediatric cardiac imaging-current status and further perspectives. 无创儿童心脏成像的现状及进一步展望。
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00153-z
Meinrad Beer, Björn Schönnagel, Jochen Herrmann, Steffen Klömpken, Matthias Schaal, Michael Kaestner, Christian Apitz, Horst Brunner

Background: Non-invasive cardiac imaging has a growing role in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy planning, and follow-up in children and adolescents with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. This review is based on a systematic analysis of international peer-reviewed articles and additionally presents own clinical experiences. It provides an overview of technical advances, emerging clinical applications, and the aspect of artificial intelligence.

Main body: The main imaging modalities are echocardiography, CT, and MRI. For echocardiography, strain imaging allows a novel non-invasive assessment of tissue integrity, 3D imaging rapid holistic overviews of anatomy. Fast cardiac CT imaging new techniques-especially for coronary assessment as the main clinical indication-have significantly improved spatial and temporal resolution in adjunct with a major reduction in ionizing dose. For cardiac MRI, assessment of tissue integrity even without contrast agent application by mapping sequences is a major technical breakthrough. Fetal cardiac MRI is an emerging technology, which allows structural and functional assessment of fetal hearts including even 4D flow analyses. Last but not least, artificial intelligence will play an important role for improvements of data acquisition and interpretation in the near future.

Conclusion: Non-invasive cardiac imaging plays an integral part in the workup of children with heart disease. In recent years, its main application congenital heart disease has been widened for acquired cardiac diseases.

背景:无创心脏成像在儿童和青少年先天性和获得性心脏病的诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗计划和随访中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本综述基于对国际同行评议文章的系统分析,并提出了自己的临床经验。它提供了技术进步,新兴临床应用和人工智能方面的概述。主体:主要成像方式为超声心动图、CT和MRI。对于超声心动图,应变成像允许一种新的非侵入性组织完整性评估,3D成像快速全面概述解剖结构。快速心脏CT成像新技术-特别是作为主要临床指征的冠状动脉评估-显著提高了空间和时间分辨率,同时大大降低了电离剂量。对于心脏MRI来说,通过定位序列来评估组织完整性是一项重大的技术突破,即使没有造影剂的应用。胎儿心脏MRI是一项新兴技术,可以对胎儿心脏进行结构和功能评估,甚至包括4D血流分析。最后但并非最不重要的是,在不久的将来,人工智能将在改善数据采集和解释方面发挥重要作用。结论:无创心脏显像在儿童心脏病检查中起着重要作用。近年来,其主要应用已从先天性心脏病扩大到后天性心脏病。
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引用次数: 1
Adsorption of insulin onto neonatal infusion sets: should intravenous administration of insulin to treat hyperglycemia in preterm babies on the NICU be proceeded by priming of the intravenous system, adding of albumin, or non-priming to get to a stable insulin dose? 胰岛素在新生儿输液器上的吸附:新生儿重症监护病房早产儿静脉注射胰岛素治疗高血糖是否应该通过启动静脉系统、添加白蛋白或不启动来获得稳定的胰岛素剂量?
Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00154-y
Paola Mian, Mathieu S Bolhuis, J Marina Maurer, Margriet van Stuijvenberg

Insulin is used to treat neonatal hyperglycaemia when blood glucose concentrations are consistently high, and to treat neonatal diabetes. Within this brief report, a review of the existing literature is conducted to determine if intravenous administration of insulin should be proceeded by priming of the intravenous system, adding of albumin, or non-priming to get a stable insulin dose. Within this literature search, we focused on experimental insulin adsorption data (in vitro studies).

当血糖浓度持续偏高时,胰岛素用于治疗新生儿高血糖,并用于治疗新生儿糖尿病。在这篇简短的报告中,对现有文献进行了回顾,以确定静脉注射胰岛素是否应该通过静脉系统启动、添加白蛋白或不启动来获得稳定的胰岛素剂量。在本文献检索中,我们重点关注实验性胰岛素吸附数据(体外研究)。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular detection and characterization of Shigella spp. harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in children with diarrhea in northwest Iran. 伊朗西北地区儿童腹泻中携带广谱β-内酰胺酶基因的志贺氏菌的分子检测与特征分析。
Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0
Sahar Sabour, Amir Teimourpour, Jafar Mohammadshahi, Hadi Peeridogaheh, Roghayeh Teimourpour, Taher Azimi, Zahra Hosseinali

Shigellosis is one of the acute bowel infections and remains a serious public health problem in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to survey the distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in northwest Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, from January 2019 to December 2020, 1280 fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Ardabil, Iran. Multiplex PCR assay was applied for the presence of ipaH, invC, wbgZ, rfpB, and rfc genes to detect Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using the Double Disc Test (DDT). The frequency of main ESBL encoding genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM was detected using multiplex PCR. The genetic similarity of S. sonnei isolates was determined using ERIC PCR. A total of 49 Shigella isolates (3.8%; 49/1280) including 42 (85.7%) S. sonnei, 5 (10.2%) S. flexneri, and 2 (4%) S. dysenteriae were identified. S. boydii was not detected in any fecal samples. ESBLs were produced by 10.2% of Shigella spp. including 3 S. sonnei, 1 S. flexneri, and 1 S. dysenteriae. The ESBL encoding genes include blaCTX-M and blaTEM found in 65.3% and 61.2% of isolates, respectively. blaSHV gene was not detected in any isolates. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed the differentiation of 42 S. sonnei strains into 6 clusters. Our study revealed a high frequency of ESBL-encoding genes among Shigella spp. in northwest Iran. The high prevalence of S. sonnei harboring ESBL genes, in the present work, is the main challenge for dysentery treatment, and this concern justifies the need for effective and regular monitoring of antibiotic usage among patients.

志贺氏菌病是一种急性肠道感染,在资源贫乏的国家仍然是一个严重的公共卫生问题。本研究旨在调查伊朗西北部腹泻患者中产β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的志贺氏菌的分布。在本横断面研究中,从2019年1月至2020年12月,从伊朗阿达比尔的腹泻儿童中收集了1280份粪便样本。采用多重PCR法检测ipaH、invC、wbgZ、rfpB和rfc基因的存在,分别检测志贺氏菌、sonneshigella、痢疾志贺氏菌、flexneri志贺氏菌和boydii志贺氏菌。采用双圆盘试验(DDT)对产esbl分离株进行表型检测。采用多重PCR检测ESBL主要编码基因blaCTX-M、blaSHV、blaTEM的频率。采用ERIC PCR技术对sonnei菌株进行遗传相似性分析。共有49株志贺氏菌分离株(3.8%;其中sonnei沙门氏菌42株(85.7%)、flexneri沙门氏菌5株(10.2%)、dysenteriae沙门氏菌2株(4%)。粪便标本中未检出波氏弓形虫。10.2%的志贺氏菌产生ESBLs,包括3株sonnei、1株flexneri和1株痢疾杆菌。ESBL编码基因包括blaCTX-M和blaTEM,分别在65.3%和61.2%的分离株中发现。未检出blaSHV基因。ERIC-PCR图谱可将42株sonnei菌株划分为6个聚类。我们的研究发现,在伊朗西北部的志贺氏菌中,esbl编码基因的频率很高。在目前的工作中,携带ESBL基因的sonnei的高流行率是痢疾治疗的主要挑战,这一担忧证明了对患者抗生素使用进行有效和定期监测的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Subcutaneous fat necrosis in newborns: a systematic literature review of case reports and model of pathophysiology. 新生儿皮下脂肪坏死:病例报告和病理生理学模型的系统文献综述。
Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00151-1
Leonie Frank, Stephanie Brandt, Martin Wabitsch

Background: Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is a rare disease occurring in the first days of life. Characteristically, the infants show hard nodules in subcutaneous tissue, purple or erythematous in color and appear on the upper back, cheeks, buttocks and limbs. In most cases, SCFN is a self-limiting disease, as the nodules disappear in up to 6 months. A severe complication associated with SCFN is hypercalcaemia. Pathophysiological mechanisms causing SCFN or associated hypercalcaemia are not fully understood yet.

Methods: A systematic literature research including the six biggest databases for medical research has been used to identify all published case reports of SCFN. N = 206 publications has been identified containing n = 320 case reports. All cases have been classified into four subgroups (depending on reported serum-calcium-level): hypercalcaemia, normocalcaemia, hypocalcaemia or no information given. Reported maternal factors, birth characteristics, details about SCFN, diagnostics, therapy and long-term observations have been extracted from publications.

Results: This is the first systematic literature research that summed up all published cases of SCFN from 1948 up to 2018. Information about serum calcium level was given in 64.3% of the cases. From those, the majority showed hypercalcaemia (70.5%) (normocalcaemia 25.1%, hypocalcemia 4.3%). 89.3% of newborns with hypercalcaemia showed suppressed levels of the parathormone. Maternal gestational diabetes, maternal hypertensive diseases during pregnancy, macrosomia (> 4000g), asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia are risk factors for SCFN. Histological findings showed a granulomatous inflammation in 98% of cases.

Conclusion: We identified that maternal, birth characteristics and therapeutic measures are probably risk factors for SCFN. These risk factors should be taken into account within the care of neonates.

背景:新生儿皮下脂肪坏死(SCFN)是一种发生在生命最初几天的罕见疾病。婴儿的特征是皮下组织有硬结节,颜色为紫色或红斑,出现在上背部、脸颊、臀部和四肢。在大多数病例中,SCFN是一种自限性疾病,结节会在6个月内消失。与SCFN相关的严重并发症是高钙血症。引起SCFN或相关高钙血症的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚。方法:系统的文献研究,包括六个最大的医学研究数据库,识别所有已发表的SCFN病例报告。已确定N = 206份出版物,其中包含N = 320例病例报告。所有病例被分为四个亚组(取决于报告的血钙水平):高钙血症、正常钙血症、低钙血症或无资料。已报道的母体因素、出生特征、SCFN的细节、诊断、治疗和长期观察均摘自出版物。结果:这是第一个系统的文献研究,总结了1948 - 2018年所有已发表的SCFN病例。64.3%的病例提供了血钙水平信息。其中,大多数表现为高钙血症(70.5%)(正常钙血症25.1%,低钙血症4.3%)。89.3%的新生儿高钙血症表现出甲状旁激素水平的抑制。妊娠期孕妇糖尿病、妊娠期孕妇高血压疾病、巨大儿(> 4000g)、窒息和治疗性低温是SCFN的危险因素。组织学结果显示98%的病例为肉芽肿性炎症。结论:我们发现母亲、出生特征和治疗措施可能是SCFN的危险因素。在新生儿护理中应考虑到这些风险因素。
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引用次数: 3
The interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy - a microanatomical inventory. 妊娠晚期胎儿肾脏中发育中的肾元间质-显微解剖检查。
Pub Date : 2022-08-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9
Will W Minuth

Background: A series of noxae can evoke the termination of nephron formation in preterm and low birth weight babies. This results in oligonephropathy with severe consequences for health in the later life. Although the clinical parameters have been extensively investigated, little is known about the initial damage. Previous pathological findings indicate the reduction in width of the nephrogenic zone and the lack of S-shaped bodies. Current morphological investigations suggest that due to the mutual patterning beside the forming nephron, also its structural neighbors, particularly the interjacent interstitium, must be affected. However, beside the findings on integrative and mastering functions, systematic microanatomical data explaining the configuration of the interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy is not available. Therefore, this work explains the typical features.

Results: The generated data depicts that the progenitor cells, nephrogenic niche, pretubular aggregate, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition are restricted to the subcapsular interstitium. During the proceeding development, only the distal pole of the renal vesicles and comma- and S-shaped bodies stays in further contact with it. The respective proximal pole is positioned opposite the peritubular interstitium at the connecting tubule of an underlying but previously formed nephron. The related medial aspect faces the narrow peritubular interstitium of a collecting duct (CD) ampulla first only at its tip, then at its head, conus, and neck, and finally at the differentiating CD tubule. The lateral aspect starts at the subcapsular interstitium, but then it is positioned along the wide perivascular interstitium of the neighboring ascending perforating radiate artery. When the nephron matures, the interstitial configuration changes again.

Conclusions: The present investigation illustrates that the interstitium at the forming nephron in the fetal kidney consists of existing, transient, stage-specific, and differently far matured compartments. According to the developmental needs, it changes its shape by formation, degradation, fusion, and rebuilding.

背景:一系列损伤可引起早产儿和低出生体重儿肾元形成的终止。这导致少肾病,对晚年的健康造成严重后果。虽然临床参数已被广泛研究,但对初始损害知之甚少。既往病理表现为肾源区宽度减小,缺少s型体。目前的形态学研究表明,由于形成肾元旁边的相互模式,它的结构邻居,特别是间质,也一定受到影响。然而,除了综合和掌握功能的研究结果外,还没有系统的显微解剖学数据来解释妊娠晚期胎儿肾脏中发育中的肾元间质的结构。因此,本文阐述了典型特征。结果:生成的数据表明,祖细胞、肾源性生态位、肾小管前聚集和间质向上皮的转变仅限于包膜下间质。在随后的发育过程中,只有肾小泡的远端和逗号形和s形体与肾小泡保持进一步的接触。近端分别位于小管周围间质对面,位于下方但先前形成的肾元的连接小管处。相关的内侧面面向集合管壶腹狭窄的小管周围间质,首先是在其尖端,然后是其头部、圆锥和颈部,最后是分化的CD小管。侧面从包膜下间质开始,然后沿着邻近的上行穿通辐射动脉的宽血管周围间质。当肾元成熟时,间质结构再次改变。结论:本研究表明,胎儿肾脏形成肾元的间质由现有的、短暂的、阶段特异性的和不同程度成熟的室室组成。根据发育的需要,它通过形成、降解、融合和重建来改变其形状。
{"title":"The interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy - a microanatomical inventory.","authors":"Will W Minuth","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A series of noxae can evoke the termination of nephron formation in preterm and low birth weight babies. This results in oligonephropathy with severe consequences for health in the later life. Although the clinical parameters have been extensively investigated, little is known about the initial damage. Previous pathological findings indicate the reduction in width of the nephrogenic zone and the lack of S-shaped bodies. Current morphological investigations suggest that due to the mutual patterning beside the forming nephron, also its structural neighbors, particularly the interjacent interstitium, must be affected. However, beside the findings on integrative and mastering functions, systematic microanatomical data explaining the configuration of the interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy is not available. Therefore, this work explains the typical features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The generated data depicts that the progenitor cells, nephrogenic niche, pretubular aggregate, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition are restricted to the subcapsular interstitium. During the proceeding development, only the distal pole of the renal vesicles and comma- and S-shaped bodies stays in further contact with it. The respective proximal pole is positioned opposite the peritubular interstitium at the connecting tubule of an underlying but previously formed nephron. The related medial aspect faces the narrow peritubular interstitium of a collecting duct (CD) ampulla first only at its tip, then at its head, conus, and neck, and finally at the differentiating CD tubule. The lateral aspect starts at the subcapsular interstitium, but then it is positioned along the wide perivascular interstitium of the neighboring ascending perforating radiate artery. When the nephron matures, the interstitial configuration changes again.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present investigation illustrates that the interstitium at the forming nephron in the fetal kidney consists of existing, transient, stage-specific, and differently far matured compartments. According to the developmental needs, it changes its shape by formation, degradation, fusion, and rebuilding.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9411487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40638378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Association of immune cell recruitment and BPD development. 免疫细胞募集与BPD发展的关系。
Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00148-w
Motaharehsadat Heydarian, Christian Schulz, Tobias Stoeger, Anne Hilgendorff

In the neonatal lung, exposure to both prenatal and early postnatal risk factors converge into the development of injury and ultimately chronic disease, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The focus of many studies has been the characteristic inflammatory responses provoked by these exposures. Here, we review the relationship between immaturity and prenatal conditions, as well as postnatal exposure to mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity, with the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulatory networks. In these conditions, cytokine release, protease activity, and sustained presence of innate immune cells in the lung result in pathologic processes contributing to lung injury. We highlight the recruitment and function of myeloid innate immune cells, in particular, neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages in the BPD lung in human patients and animal models. We also discuss dissimilarities between the infant and adult immune system as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

在新生儿肺部,暴露于产前和产后早期的危险因素汇聚成损伤和最终慢性疾病的发展,也称为支气管肺发育不良(BPD)。许多研究的重点是这些暴露引起的特征性炎症反应。在这里,我们回顾了不成熟与产前条件、产后机械通气暴露和氧中毒之间的关系,以及促炎和抗炎调节网络的不平衡。在这些情况下,细胞因子释放、蛋白酶活性和先天免疫细胞在肺中的持续存在导致肺损伤的病理过程。我们强调骨髓先天免疫细胞的募集和功能,特别是中性粒细胞和单核/巨噬细胞在BPD患者和动物模型中的肺。我们还讨论了婴儿和成人免疫系统之间的差异,作为开发新治疗策略的基础。
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引用次数: 5
Correction: Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices: Position Statement of the German Society for Child and Adolescent Medicine e.V. (DGKJ), Commission for Nutrition. 更正:含有合成低聚糖的婴儿配方奶粉和各自的营销做法:德国儿童和青少年医学协会(DGKJ),营养委员会的立场声明。
Pub Date : 2022-07-23 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00147-x
Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff
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引用次数: 2
Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices. 含有合成低聚糖的婴儿配方奶粉及其营销方式。
IF 2.4 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2022-07-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00146-y
Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff

Human milk contains more than 150 different oligosaccharides, which together are among to the quantitatively predominant solid components of breast milk. The oligosaccharide content and composition of human milk show large inter-individual differences. Oligosaccharide content is mostly influenced by genetic variants of the mother's secretor status. Oligosaccharides in human milk are utilized by infants' intestinal bacteria, affecting bacterial composition and metabolic activity. Maternal secretor status, and respective differing fucosylated oligosaccharide content, has been associated both with reduced and increased risk of infection in different populations of breastfed infants, possibly due to environmental conditions and the infant's genotype. There are no safety concerns regarding the addition of previously approved oligosaccharides to infant formula; however, no firm conclusions can be drawn about clinically relevant benefits either. Therefore, infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharide additives are currently not preferentially recommended over infant formulas without such additives. We consider the use of terms such as "human milk oligosaccharides" and corresponding abbreviations such as "HMO" in any advertising of infant formula to be an inappropriate idealization of infant formula. Manufacturers should stop this practice, and such marketing practices should be prevented by responsible supervisory authorities. Pediatricians should inform families that infant formulas supplemented with synthetic oligosaccharides do not resemble the complex oligosaccharide composition of human milk.

母乳中含有 150 多种不同的低聚糖,这些低聚糖在数量上是母乳中最主要的固体成分。母乳中的低聚糖含量和组成在个体间存在很大差异。低聚糖含量主要受母亲分泌状态的遗传变异影响。母乳中的低聚糖会被婴儿的肠道细菌利用,从而影响细菌的组成和代谢活动。在不同的母乳喂养婴儿群体中,母体分泌物状态和各自不同的岩藻糖寡糖含量与感染风险的降低和增加都有关联,这可能是环境条件和婴儿基因型造成的。在婴儿配方奶粉中添加已获批准的低聚糖不存在安全问题,但也不能得出与临床相关的益处的确切结论。因此,与不含合成低聚糖添加剂的婴儿配方奶粉相比,目前并不优先推荐含合成低聚糖添加剂的婴儿配方奶粉。我们认为,在任何婴儿配方奶粉广告中使用 "人乳低聚糖 "等术语和 "HMO "等相应缩写,都是对婴儿配方奶粉的不恰当理想化描述。生产商应停止这种做法,负责任的监管机构应防止此类营销行为。儿科医生应告知家人,添加合成低聚糖的婴儿配方奶粉与母乳中复杂的低聚糖成分并不相似。
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引用次数: 0
High-resolution label-free mapping of murine kidney vasculature by raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy: an ex vivo study. 用光栅扫描光声介观镜对小鼠肾脏血管系统进行高分辨率无标签测绘:一项离体研究。
Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00144-0
Colin A Goebel, Emma Brown, Fabian B Fahlbusch, Alexandra L Wagner, Adrian Buehler, Thomas Raupach, Martin Hohmann, Moritz Späth, Neal Burton, Joachim Woelfle, Michael Schmidt, Andrea Hartner, Adrian P Regensburger, Ferdinand Knieling

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global burden affecting both children and adults. Novel imaging modalities hold great promise to visualize and quantify structural, functional, and molecular organ damage. The aim of the study was to visualize and quantify murine renal vasculature using label-free raster scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) in explanted organs from mice with renal injury.

Material and methods: For the experiments, freshly bisected kidneys of alpha 8 integrin knock-out (KO) and wildtype mice (WT) were used. A total of n=7 female (n=4 KO, n=3 WT) and n=6 male animals (n=2 KO, n=4 WT) aged 6 weeks were examined with RSOM optoacoustic imaging systems (RSOM Explorer P50 at SWL 532nm and/or ms-P50 imaging system at 532 nm, 555 nm, 579 nm, and 606 nm). Images were reconstructed using a dedicated software, analyzed for size and vascular area and compared to standard histologic sections.

Results: RSOM enabled mapping of murine kidney size and vascular area, revealing differences between kidney sizes of male (m) and female (f) mice (merged frequencies (MF) f vs. m: 52.42±6.24 mm2 vs. 69.18±15.96 mm2, p=0.0156) and absolute vascular area (MF f vs. m: 35.67±4.22 mm2 vs. 49.07±13.48 mm2, p=0.0036). Without respect to sex, the absolute kidney area was found to be smaller in knock-out (KO) than in wildtype (WT) mice (WT vs. KO: MF: p=0.0255) and showed a similar trend for the relative vessel area (WT vs. KO: MF p=0.0031). Also the absolute vessel areas of KO compared to WT were found significantly different (MF p=0.0089). A significant decrease in absolute vessel area was found in KO compared to WT male mice (MF WT vs. KO: 54.37±9.35 mm2 vs. 34.93±13.82 mm2, p=0.0232). In addition, multispectral RSOM allowed visualization of oxygenated and deoxygenated parenchymal regions by spectral unmixing.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the capability of RSOM for label-free visualization of differences in vascular morphology in ex vivo murine renal tissue at high resolution. Due to its scalability optoacoustic imaging provides an emerging modality with potential for further preclinical and clinical imaging applications.

背景:慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)是影响儿童和成人的全球性负担。新的成像方式对可视化和量化结构、功能和分子器官损伤有很大的希望。本研究的目的是利用无标记光栅扫描光声mesoscopy (RSOM)对小鼠肾损伤移植器官进行可视化和定量观察。材料和方法:实验采用α 8整合素敲除小鼠(KO)和野生型小鼠(WT)新鲜切肾。采用RSOM光声成像系统(RSOM Explorer P50在SWL 532nm和/或ms-P50成像系统在532nm、555 nm、579 nm和606 nm)对6周龄雌性动物n=7 (n=4 KO, n=3 WT)和雄性动物n=6 (n=2 KO, n=4 WT)进行检测。使用专用软件重建图像,分析大小和血管面积,并与标准组织学切片进行比较。结果:RSOM实现了小鼠肾脏大小和血管面积的制图,揭示了雄性小鼠(m)和雌性小鼠(f)肾脏大小(合并频率(MF) f比m: 52.42±6.24 mm2比69.18±15.96 mm2, p=0.0156)和绝对血管面积(MF f比m: 35.67±4.22 mm2比49.07±13.48 mm2, p=0.0036)的差异。与性别无关,敲除型(KO)小鼠的绝对肾脏面积比野生型(WT)小鼠小(WT vs. KO: MF: p=0.0255),相对血管面积也呈现类似趋势(WT vs. KO: MF p=0.0031)。与WT相比,KO的绝对血管面积也有显著差异(MF p=0.0089)。与WT雄性小鼠相比,KO的绝对血管面积显著减少(MF WT vs. KO: 54.37±9.35 mm2 vs. 34.93±13.82 mm2, p=0.0232)。此外,通过光谱分解,多光谱RSOM可以可视化氧化和脱氧实质区域。结论:本研究证明了RSOM能够在高分辨率下无标记地显示小鼠离体肾组织血管形态的差异。由于其可扩展性,光声成像提供了一种具有进一步临床前和临床成像应用潜力的新兴模式。
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引用次数: 1
Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population. 志贺氏效应蛋白的分子机制:腹泻儿童人群中的常见病原体。
Pub Date : 2022-06-19 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z
Ahmad Nasser, Mehrdad Mosadegh, Taher Azimi, Aref Shariati

Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.

不同的胃肠道病原体引起腹泻,这是5岁以下儿童非常常见的问题。在细菌性病原体中,志贺氏菌是导致儿童腹泻的主要原因之一,约占5岁以下儿童死亡总数的11%。1至4岁婴儿和儿童的志贺氏菌病死率分别为13.9%和9.4%。志贺氏菌使用独特的效应蛋白来调节细胞内通路。志贺氏菌不能侵袭根尖部位的上皮细胞;因此,它需要通过其他细胞而不是上皮细胞通过上皮细胞。通过上皮后,巨噬细胞吞噬志贺氏菌,志贺氏菌应准备好表现出至少两种类型的反应:(I)逃离吞噬细胞和(II)介导对复发PMN的侵袭和损伤。PMN的存在和邀约在更大程度上导致肠膜损伤和更大的细菌渗透。志贺氏菌向基底外侧间隙浸润介导(A)细胞附着,(B)细胞进入,(C)逃避自噬识别,(D)液泡形成和液泡破裂,(E)细胞内生命,(F)志贺氏菌毒素和(G)免疫应答。在这篇综述中,试图解释每个因素在志贺氏菌感染中的作用。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
Molecular and cellular pediatrics
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