Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00153-z
Meinrad Beer, Björn Schönnagel, Jochen Herrmann, Steffen Klömpken, Matthias Schaal, Michael Kaestner, Christian Apitz, Horst Brunner
Background: Non-invasive cardiac imaging has a growing role in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy planning, and follow-up in children and adolescents with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. This review is based on a systematic analysis of international peer-reviewed articles and additionally presents own clinical experiences. It provides an overview of technical advances, emerging clinical applications, and the aspect of artificial intelligence.
Main body: The main imaging modalities are echocardiography, CT, and MRI. For echocardiography, strain imaging allows a novel non-invasive assessment of tissue integrity, 3D imaging rapid holistic overviews of anatomy. Fast cardiac CT imaging new techniques-especially for coronary assessment as the main clinical indication-have significantly improved spatial and temporal resolution in adjunct with a major reduction in ionizing dose. For cardiac MRI, assessment of tissue integrity even without contrast agent application by mapping sequences is a major technical breakthrough. Fetal cardiac MRI is an emerging technology, which allows structural and functional assessment of fetal hearts including even 4D flow analyses. Last but not least, artificial intelligence will play an important role for improvements of data acquisition and interpretation in the near future.
Conclusion: Non-invasive cardiac imaging plays an integral part in the workup of children with heart disease. In recent years, its main application congenital heart disease has been widened for acquired cardiac diseases.
{"title":"Non-invasive pediatric cardiac imaging-current status and further perspectives.","authors":"Meinrad Beer, Björn Schönnagel, Jochen Herrmann, Steffen Klömpken, Matthias Schaal, Michael Kaestner, Christian Apitz, Horst Brunner","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00153-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00153-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-invasive cardiac imaging has a growing role in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy planning, and follow-up in children and adolescents with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. This review is based on a systematic analysis of international peer-reviewed articles and additionally presents own clinical experiences. It provides an overview of technical advances, emerging clinical applications, and the aspect of artificial intelligence.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>The main imaging modalities are echocardiography, CT, and MRI. For echocardiography, strain imaging allows a novel non-invasive assessment of tissue integrity, 3D imaging rapid holistic overviews of anatomy. Fast cardiac CT imaging new techniques-especially for coronary assessment as the main clinical indication-have significantly improved spatial and temporal resolution in adjunct with a major reduction in ionizing dose. For cardiac MRI, assessment of tissue integrity even without contrast agent application by mapping sequences is a major technical breakthrough. Fetal cardiac MRI is an emerging technology, which allows structural and functional assessment of fetal hearts including even 4D flow analyses. Last but not least, artificial intelligence will play an important role for improvements of data acquisition and interpretation in the near future.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Non-invasive cardiac imaging plays an integral part in the workup of children with heart disease. In recent years, its main application congenital heart disease has been widened for acquired cardiac diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9794482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10449661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-21DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00154-y
Paola Mian, Mathieu S Bolhuis, J Marina Maurer, Margriet van Stuijvenberg
Insulin is used to treat neonatal hyperglycaemia when blood glucose concentrations are consistently high, and to treat neonatal diabetes. Within this brief report, a review of the existing literature is conducted to determine if intravenous administration of insulin should be proceeded by priming of the intravenous system, adding of albumin, or non-priming to get a stable insulin dose. Within this literature search, we focused on experimental insulin adsorption data (in vitro studies).
{"title":"Adsorption of insulin onto neonatal infusion sets: should intravenous administration of insulin to treat hyperglycemia in preterm babies on the NICU be proceeded by priming of the intravenous system, adding of albumin, or non-priming to get to a stable insulin dose?","authors":"Paola Mian, Mathieu S Bolhuis, J Marina Maurer, Margriet van Stuijvenberg","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00154-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00154-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insulin is used to treat neonatal hyperglycaemia when blood glucose concentrations are consistently high, and to treat neonatal diabetes. Within this brief report, a review of the existing literature is conducted to determine if intravenous administration of insulin should be proceeded by priming of the intravenous system, adding of albumin, or non-priming to get a stable insulin dose. Within this literature search, we focused on experimental insulin adsorption data (in vitro studies).</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9772363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10540041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0
Sahar Sabour, Amir Teimourpour, Jafar Mohammadshahi, Hadi Peeridogaheh, Roghayeh Teimourpour, Taher Azimi, Zahra Hosseinali
Shigellosis is one of the acute bowel infections and remains a serious public health problem in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to survey the distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in northwest Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, from January 2019 to December 2020, 1280 fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Ardabil, Iran. Multiplex PCR assay was applied for the presence of ipaH, invC, wbgZ, rfpB, and rfc genes to detect Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using the Double Disc Test (DDT). The frequency of main ESBL encoding genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM was detected using multiplex PCR. The genetic similarity of S. sonnei isolates was determined using ERIC PCR. A total of 49 Shigella isolates (3.8%; 49/1280) including 42 (85.7%) S. sonnei, 5 (10.2%) S. flexneri, and 2 (4%) S. dysenteriae were identified. S. boydii was not detected in any fecal samples. ESBLs were produced by 10.2% of Shigella spp. including 3 S. sonnei, 1 S. flexneri, and 1 S. dysenteriae. The ESBL encoding genes include blaCTX-M and blaTEM found in 65.3% and 61.2% of isolates, respectively. blaSHV gene was not detected in any isolates. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed the differentiation of 42 S. sonnei strains into 6 clusters. Our study revealed a high frequency of ESBL-encoding genes among Shigella spp. in northwest Iran. The high prevalence of S. sonnei harboring ESBL genes, in the present work, is the main challenge for dysentery treatment, and this concern justifies the need for effective and regular monitoring of antibiotic usage among patients.
{"title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Shigella spp. harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in children with diarrhea in northwest Iran.","authors":"Sahar Sabour, Amir Teimourpour, Jafar Mohammadshahi, Hadi Peeridogaheh, Roghayeh Teimourpour, Taher Azimi, Zahra Hosseinali","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shigellosis is one of the acute bowel infections and remains a serious public health problem in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to survey the distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in northwest Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, from January 2019 to December 2020, 1280 fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Ardabil, Iran. Multiplex PCR assay was applied for the presence of ipaH, invC, wbgZ, rfpB, and rfc genes to detect Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using the Double Disc Test (DDT). The frequency of main ESBL encoding genes including bla<sub>CTX-M</sub>, bla<sub>SHV</sub>, and bla<sub>TEM</sub> was detected using multiplex PCR. The genetic similarity of S. sonnei isolates was determined using ERIC PCR. A total of 49 Shigella isolates (3.8%; 49/1280) including 42 (85.7%) S. sonnei, 5 (10.2%) S. flexneri, and 2 (4%) S. dysenteriae were identified. S. boydii was not detected in any fecal samples. ESBLs were produced by 10.2% of Shigella spp. including 3 S. sonnei, 1 S. flexneri, and 1 S. dysenteriae. The ESBL encoding genes include bla<sub>CTX-M</sub> and bla<sub>TEM</sub> found in 65.3% and 61.2% of isolates, respectively. bla<sub>SHV</sub> gene was not detected in any isolates. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed the differentiation of 42 S. sonnei strains into 6 clusters. Our study revealed a high frequency of ESBL-encoding genes among Shigella spp. in northwest Iran. The high prevalence of S. sonnei harboring ESBL genes, in the present work, is the main challenge for dysentery treatment, and this concern justifies the need for effective and regular monitoring of antibiotic usage among patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9732178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10537958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00151-1
Leonie Frank, Stephanie Brandt, Martin Wabitsch
Background: Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is a rare disease occurring in the first days of life. Characteristically, the infants show hard nodules in subcutaneous tissue, purple or erythematous in color and appear on the upper back, cheeks, buttocks and limbs. In most cases, SCFN is a self-limiting disease, as the nodules disappear in up to 6 months. A severe complication associated with SCFN is hypercalcaemia. Pathophysiological mechanisms causing SCFN or associated hypercalcaemia are not fully understood yet.
Methods: A systematic literature research including the six biggest databases for medical research has been used to identify all published case reports of SCFN. N = 206 publications has been identified containing n = 320 case reports. All cases have been classified into four subgroups (depending on reported serum-calcium-level): hypercalcaemia, normocalcaemia, hypocalcaemia or no information given. Reported maternal factors, birth characteristics, details about SCFN, diagnostics, therapy and long-term observations have been extracted from publications.
Results: This is the first systematic literature research that summed up all published cases of SCFN from 1948 up to 2018. Information about serum calcium level was given in 64.3% of the cases. From those, the majority showed hypercalcaemia (70.5%) (normocalcaemia 25.1%, hypocalcemia 4.3%). 89.3% of newborns with hypercalcaemia showed suppressed levels of the parathormone. Maternal gestational diabetes, maternal hypertensive diseases during pregnancy, macrosomia (> 4000g), asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia are risk factors for SCFN. Histological findings showed a granulomatous inflammation in 98% of cases.
Conclusion: We identified that maternal, birth characteristics and therapeutic measures are probably risk factors for SCFN. These risk factors should be taken into account within the care of neonates.
{"title":"Subcutaneous fat necrosis in newborns: a systematic literature review of case reports and model of pathophysiology.","authors":"Leonie Frank, Stephanie Brandt, Martin Wabitsch","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00151-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00151-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is a rare disease occurring in the first days of life. Characteristically, the infants show hard nodules in subcutaneous tissue, purple or erythematous in color and appear on the upper back, cheeks, buttocks and limbs. In most cases, SCFN is a self-limiting disease, as the nodules disappear in up to 6 months. A severe complication associated with SCFN is hypercalcaemia. Pathophysiological mechanisms causing SCFN or associated hypercalcaemia are not fully understood yet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature research including the six biggest databases for medical research has been used to identify all published case reports of SCFN. N = 206 publications has been identified containing n = 320 case reports. All cases have been classified into four subgroups (depending on reported serum-calcium-level): hypercalcaemia, normocalcaemia, hypocalcaemia or no information given. Reported maternal factors, birth characteristics, details about SCFN, diagnostics, therapy and long-term observations have been extracted from publications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This is the first systematic literature research that summed up all published cases of SCFN from 1948 up to 2018. Information about serum calcium level was given in 64.3% of the cases. From those, the majority showed hypercalcaemia (70.5%) (normocalcaemia 25.1%, hypocalcemia 4.3%). 89.3% of newborns with hypercalcaemia showed suppressed levels of the parathormone. Maternal gestational diabetes, maternal hypertensive diseases during pregnancy, macrosomia (> 4000g), asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia are risk factors for SCFN. Histological findings showed a granulomatous inflammation in 98% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified that maternal, birth characteristics and therapeutic measures are probably risk factors for SCFN. These risk factors should be taken into account within the care of neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9700527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10623827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9
Will W Minuth
Background: A series of noxae can evoke the termination of nephron formation in preterm and low birth weight babies. This results in oligonephropathy with severe consequences for health in the later life. Although the clinical parameters have been extensively investigated, little is known about the initial damage. Previous pathological findings indicate the reduction in width of the nephrogenic zone and the lack of S-shaped bodies. Current morphological investigations suggest that due to the mutual patterning beside the forming nephron, also its structural neighbors, particularly the interjacent interstitium, must be affected. However, beside the findings on integrative and mastering functions, systematic microanatomical data explaining the configuration of the interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy is not available. Therefore, this work explains the typical features.
Results: The generated data depicts that the progenitor cells, nephrogenic niche, pretubular aggregate, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition are restricted to the subcapsular interstitium. During the proceeding development, only the distal pole of the renal vesicles and comma- and S-shaped bodies stays in further contact with it. The respective proximal pole is positioned opposite the peritubular interstitium at the connecting tubule of an underlying but previously formed nephron. The related medial aspect faces the narrow peritubular interstitium of a collecting duct (CD) ampulla first only at its tip, then at its head, conus, and neck, and finally at the differentiating CD tubule. The lateral aspect starts at the subcapsular interstitium, but then it is positioned along the wide perivascular interstitium of the neighboring ascending perforating radiate artery. When the nephron matures, the interstitial configuration changes again.
Conclusions: The present investigation illustrates that the interstitium at the forming nephron in the fetal kidney consists of existing, transient, stage-specific, and differently far matured compartments. According to the developmental needs, it changes its shape by formation, degradation, fusion, and rebuilding.
{"title":"The interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy - a microanatomical inventory.","authors":"Will W Minuth","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00149-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A series of noxae can evoke the termination of nephron formation in preterm and low birth weight babies. This results in oligonephropathy with severe consequences for health in the later life. Although the clinical parameters have been extensively investigated, little is known about the initial damage. Previous pathological findings indicate the reduction in width of the nephrogenic zone and the lack of S-shaped bodies. Current morphological investigations suggest that due to the mutual patterning beside the forming nephron, also its structural neighbors, particularly the interjacent interstitium, must be affected. However, beside the findings on integrative and mastering functions, systematic microanatomical data explaining the configuration of the interstitium at the developing nephron in the fetal kidney during advanced pregnancy is not available. Therefore, this work explains the typical features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The generated data depicts that the progenitor cells, nephrogenic niche, pretubular aggregate, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition are restricted to the subcapsular interstitium. During the proceeding development, only the distal pole of the renal vesicles and comma- and S-shaped bodies stays in further contact with it. The respective proximal pole is positioned opposite the peritubular interstitium at the connecting tubule of an underlying but previously formed nephron. The related medial aspect faces the narrow peritubular interstitium of a collecting duct (CD) ampulla first only at its tip, then at its head, conus, and neck, and finally at the differentiating CD tubule. The lateral aspect starts at the subcapsular interstitium, but then it is positioned along the wide perivascular interstitium of the neighboring ascending perforating radiate artery. When the nephron matures, the interstitial configuration changes again.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present investigation illustrates that the interstitium at the forming nephron in the fetal kidney consists of existing, transient, stage-specific, and differently far matured compartments. According to the developmental needs, it changes its shape by formation, degradation, fusion, and rebuilding.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9411487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40638378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00148-w
Motaharehsadat Heydarian, Christian Schulz, Tobias Stoeger, Anne Hilgendorff
In the neonatal lung, exposure to both prenatal and early postnatal risk factors converge into the development of injury and ultimately chronic disease, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The focus of many studies has been the characteristic inflammatory responses provoked by these exposures. Here, we review the relationship between immaturity and prenatal conditions, as well as postnatal exposure to mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity, with the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulatory networks. In these conditions, cytokine release, protease activity, and sustained presence of innate immune cells in the lung result in pathologic processes contributing to lung injury. We highlight the recruitment and function of myeloid innate immune cells, in particular, neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages in the BPD lung in human patients and animal models. We also discuss dissimilarities between the infant and adult immune system as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
{"title":"Association of immune cell recruitment and BPD development.","authors":"Motaharehsadat Heydarian, Christian Schulz, Tobias Stoeger, Anne Hilgendorff","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00148-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00148-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the neonatal lung, exposure to both prenatal and early postnatal risk factors converge into the development of injury and ultimately chronic disease, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The focus of many studies has been the characteristic inflammatory responses provoked by these exposures. Here, we review the relationship between immaturity and prenatal conditions, as well as postnatal exposure to mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity, with the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulatory networks. In these conditions, cytokine release, protease activity, and sustained presence of innate immune cells in the lung result in pathologic processes contributing to lung injury. We highlight the recruitment and function of myeloid innate immune cells, in particular, neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages in the BPD lung in human patients and animal models. We also discuss dissimilarities between the infant and adult immune system as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9346035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40663733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-23DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00147-x
Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff
{"title":"Correction: Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices: Position Statement of the German Society for Child and Adolescent Medicine e.V. (DGKJ), Commission for Nutrition.","authors":"Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00147-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00147-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9308842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40531031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-13DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00146-y
Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff
Human milk contains more than 150 different oligosaccharides, which together are among to the quantitatively predominant solid components of breast milk. The oligosaccharide content and composition of human milk show large inter-individual differences. Oligosaccharide content is mostly influenced by genetic variants of the mother's secretor status. Oligosaccharides in human milk are utilized by infants' intestinal bacteria, affecting bacterial composition and metabolic activity. Maternal secretor status, and respective differing fucosylated oligosaccharide content, has been associated both with reduced and increased risk of infection in different populations of breastfed infants, possibly due to environmental conditions and the infant's genotype. There are no safety concerns regarding the addition of previously approved oligosaccharides to infant formula; however, no firm conclusions can be drawn about clinically relevant benefits either. Therefore, infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharide additives are currently not preferentially recommended over infant formulas without such additives. We consider the use of terms such as "human milk oligosaccharides" and corresponding abbreviations such as "HMO" in any advertising of infant formula to be an inappropriate idealization of infant formula. Manufacturers should stop this practice, and such marketing practices should be prevented by responsible supervisory authorities. Pediatricians should inform families that infant formulas supplemented with synthetic oligosaccharides do not resemble the complex oligosaccharide composition of human milk.
{"title":"Infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharides and respective marketing practices.","authors":"Christoph Bührer, Regina Ensenauer, Frank Jochum, Hermann Kalhoff, Berthold Koletzko, Burkhard Lawrenz, Walter Mihatsch, Carsten Posovszky, Silvia Rudloff","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00146-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-022-00146-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human milk contains more than 150 different oligosaccharides, which together are among to the quantitatively predominant solid components of breast milk. The oligosaccharide content and composition of human milk show large inter-individual differences. Oligosaccharide content is mostly influenced by genetic variants of the mother's secretor status. Oligosaccharides in human milk are utilized by infants' intestinal bacteria, affecting bacterial composition and metabolic activity. Maternal secretor status, and respective differing fucosylated oligosaccharide content, has been associated both with reduced and increased risk of infection in different populations of breastfed infants, possibly due to environmental conditions and the infant's genotype. There are no safety concerns regarding the addition of previously approved oligosaccharides to infant formula; however, no firm conclusions can be drawn about clinically relevant benefits either. Therefore, infant formulas with synthetic oligosaccharide additives are currently not preferentially recommended over infant formulas without such additives. We consider the use of terms such as \"human milk oligosaccharides\" and corresponding abbreviations such as \"HMO\" in any advertising of infant formula to be an inappropriate idealization of infant formula. Manufacturers should stop this practice, and such marketing practices should be prevented by responsible supervisory authorities. Pediatricians should inform families that infant formulas supplemented with synthetic oligosaccharides do not resemble the complex oligosaccharide composition of human milk.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40588025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00144-0
Colin A Goebel, Emma Brown, Fabian B Fahlbusch, Alexandra L Wagner, Adrian Buehler, Thomas Raupach, Martin Hohmann, Moritz Späth, Neal Burton, Joachim Woelfle, Michael Schmidt, Andrea Hartner, Adrian P Regensburger, Ferdinand Knieling
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global burden affecting both children and adults. Novel imaging modalities hold great promise to visualize and quantify structural, functional, and molecular organ damage. The aim of the study was to visualize and quantify murine renal vasculature using label-free raster scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) in explanted organs from mice with renal injury.
Material and methods: For the experiments, freshly bisected kidneys of alpha 8 integrin knock-out (KO) and wildtype mice (WT) were used. A total of n=7 female (n=4 KO, n=3 WT) and n=6 male animals (n=2 KO, n=4 WT) aged 6 weeks were examined with RSOM optoacoustic imaging systems (RSOM Explorer P50 at SWL 532nm and/or ms-P50 imaging system at 532 nm, 555 nm, 579 nm, and 606 nm). Images were reconstructed using a dedicated software, analyzed for size and vascular area and compared to standard histologic sections.
Results: RSOM enabled mapping of murine kidney size and vascular area, revealing differences between kidney sizes of male (m) and female (f) mice (merged frequencies (MF) f vs. m: 52.42±6.24 mm2 vs. 69.18±15.96 mm2, p=0.0156) and absolute vascular area (MF f vs. m: 35.67±4.22 mm2 vs. 49.07±13.48 mm2, p=0.0036). Without respect to sex, the absolute kidney area was found to be smaller in knock-out (KO) than in wildtype (WT) mice (WT vs. KO: MF: p=0.0255) and showed a similar trend for the relative vessel area (WT vs. KO: MF p=0.0031). Also the absolute vessel areas of KO compared to WT were found significantly different (MF p=0.0089). A significant decrease in absolute vessel area was found in KO compared to WT male mice (MF WT vs. KO: 54.37±9.35 mm2 vs. 34.93±13.82 mm2, p=0.0232). In addition, multispectral RSOM allowed visualization of oxygenated and deoxygenated parenchymal regions by spectral unmixing.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the capability of RSOM for label-free visualization of differences in vascular morphology in ex vivo murine renal tissue at high resolution. Due to its scalability optoacoustic imaging provides an emerging modality with potential for further preclinical and clinical imaging applications.
背景:慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)是影响儿童和成人的全球性负担。新的成像方式对可视化和量化结构、功能和分子器官损伤有很大的希望。本研究的目的是利用无标记光栅扫描光声mesoscopy (RSOM)对小鼠肾损伤移植器官进行可视化和定量观察。材料和方法:实验采用α 8整合素敲除小鼠(KO)和野生型小鼠(WT)新鲜切肾。采用RSOM光声成像系统(RSOM Explorer P50在SWL 532nm和/或ms-P50成像系统在532nm、555 nm、579 nm和606 nm)对6周龄雌性动物n=7 (n=4 KO, n=3 WT)和雄性动物n=6 (n=2 KO, n=4 WT)进行检测。使用专用软件重建图像,分析大小和血管面积,并与标准组织学切片进行比较。结果:RSOM实现了小鼠肾脏大小和血管面积的制图,揭示了雄性小鼠(m)和雌性小鼠(f)肾脏大小(合并频率(MF) f比m: 52.42±6.24 mm2比69.18±15.96 mm2, p=0.0156)和绝对血管面积(MF f比m: 35.67±4.22 mm2比49.07±13.48 mm2, p=0.0036)的差异。与性别无关,敲除型(KO)小鼠的绝对肾脏面积比野生型(WT)小鼠小(WT vs. KO: MF: p=0.0255),相对血管面积也呈现类似趋势(WT vs. KO: MF p=0.0031)。与WT相比,KO的绝对血管面积也有显著差异(MF p=0.0089)。与WT雄性小鼠相比,KO的绝对血管面积显著减少(MF WT vs. KO: 54.37±9.35 mm2 vs. 34.93±13.82 mm2, p=0.0232)。此外,通过光谱分解,多光谱RSOM可以可视化氧化和脱氧实质区域。结论:本研究证明了RSOM能够在高分辨率下无标记地显示小鼠离体肾组织血管形态的差异。由于其可扩展性,光声成像提供了一种具有进一步临床前和临床成像应用潜力的新兴模式。
{"title":"High-resolution label-free mapping of murine kidney vasculature by raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy: an ex vivo study.","authors":"Colin A Goebel, Emma Brown, Fabian B Fahlbusch, Alexandra L Wagner, Adrian Buehler, Thomas Raupach, Martin Hohmann, Moritz Späth, Neal Burton, Joachim Woelfle, Michael Schmidt, Andrea Hartner, Adrian P Regensburger, Ferdinand Knieling","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00144-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00144-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global burden affecting both children and adults. Novel imaging modalities hold great promise to visualize and quantify structural, functional, and molecular organ damage. The aim of the study was to visualize and quantify murine renal vasculature using label-free raster scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy (RSOM) in explanted organs from mice with renal injury.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>For the experiments, freshly bisected kidneys of alpha 8 integrin knock-out (KO) and wildtype mice (WT) were used. A total of n=7 female (n=4 KO, n=3 WT) and n=6 male animals (n=2 KO, n=4 WT) aged 6 weeks were examined with RSOM optoacoustic imaging systems (RSOM Explorer P50 at SWL 532nm and/or ms-P50 imaging system at 532 nm, 555 nm, 579 nm, and 606 nm). Images were reconstructed using a dedicated software, analyzed for size and vascular area and compared to standard histologic sections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RSOM enabled mapping of murine kidney size and vascular area, revealing differences between kidney sizes of male (m) and female (f) mice (merged frequencies (MF) f vs. m: 52.42±6.24 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 69.18±15.96 mm<sup>2</sup>, p=0.0156) and absolute vascular area (MF f vs. m: 35.67±4.22 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 49.07±13.48 mm<sup>2</sup>, p=0.0036). Without respect to sex, the absolute kidney area was found to be smaller in knock-out (KO) than in wildtype (WT) mice (WT vs. KO: MF: p=0.0255) and showed a similar trend for the relative vessel area (WT vs. KO: MF p=0.0031). Also the absolute vessel areas of KO compared to WT were found significantly different (MF p=0.0089). A significant decrease in absolute vessel area was found in KO compared to WT male mice (MF WT vs. KO: 54.37±9.35 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 34.93±13.82 mm<sup>2</sup>, p=0.0232). In addition, multispectral RSOM allowed visualization of oxygenated and deoxygenated parenchymal regions by spectral unmixing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates the capability of RSOM for label-free visualization of differences in vascular morphology in ex vivo murine renal tissue at high resolution. Due to its scalability optoacoustic imaging provides an emerging modality with potential for further preclinical and clinical imaging applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9253231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40584223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-19DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z
Ahmad Nasser, Mehrdad Mosadegh, Taher Azimi, Aref Shariati
Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.
{"title":"Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population.","authors":"Ahmad Nasser, Mehrdad Mosadegh, Taher Azimi, Aref Shariati","doi":"10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9207015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39999397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}