Due to the Covid-19 pandemic globally enforced safety precautions were implemented resulting in increased social distancing and isolation especially among people with dementia and their caregivers. This critical situation intensified the need to reach and support this already vulnerable population. Music therapists have answered the challenge by providing telehealth music therapy. However, the new online setting raises questions and dilemmas. As music therapists who have worked for many years with people with dementia and their caregivers, we pause to reflect on the new path we took and consider what we can learn and embrace from this new modality of practice.
{"title":"Reflections on the challenges of the new (online) music therapy setting for people with dementia","authors":"Ayelet Dassa, Kendra Ray, Amy Clements-Cortés","doi":"10.47513/mmd.v13i3.818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v13i3.818","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the Covid-19 pandemic globally enforced safety precautions were implemented resulting in increased social distancing and isolation especially among people with dementia and their caregivers. This critical situation intensified the need to reach and support this already vulnerable population. Music therapists have answered the challenge by providing telehealth music therapy. However, the new online setting raises questions and dilemmas. As music therapists who have worked for many years with people with dementia and their caregivers, we pause to reflect on the new path we took and consider what we can learn and embrace from this new modality of practice.","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"150 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72426384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy Clements-Cortés, S. Hanser, Melissa Mercadal-Brotons
This paper defines the common needs of people with dementia, and how these can be addressed through clinical music therapy and music-based approaches. It describes different types of dementia, brain activity, and functioning, as they relate to differential responses of people with dementia to music. The article explores the ways music affects and can affect behavior, and views how the research literature documents responsiveness to music. Implications of these findings for music therapy practices are also provided
{"title":"Foundations of dementia care for music therapy and music based interventions: Part I","authors":"Amy Clements-Cortés, S. Hanser, Melissa Mercadal-Brotons","doi":"10.47513/mmd.v13i3.824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v13i3.824","url":null,"abstract":"This paper defines the common needs of people with dementia, and how these can be addressed through clinical music therapy and music-based approaches. It describes different types of dementia, brain activity, and functioning, as they relate to differential responses of people with dementia to music. The article explores the ways music affects and can affect behavior, and views how the research literature documents responsiveness to music. Implications of these findings for music therapy practices are also provided","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"42 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80093998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While singing in music therapy with people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is vastly documented, scarce research deals with the impact of singing on their language abilities. This study addressed the issue of language decline in AD and explored the impact of group singing on the language abilities of people with moderate to severe-stage AD. Participants were randomized to experimental (n=16) or wait-list control (n=14) groups. The experimental group received eight music therapy group sessions, which focused on singing, while both groups received the standard treatment. The data analysis included pre-post picture description tests and examination of speech parameters throughout the group sessions. A significant difference was demonstrated between the groups in the proportion of non-coherent speech in relation to total speech used by participants. The experimental group did not exhibit a deterioration in coherent speech, while the control group exhibited an increase in non-coherent speech in proportion to the total speech used by participants. The findings also indicated that participants in the experimental group showed an improvement in speech parameters as well as in their ability to sing. Singing in music therapy with people with AD can play a significant role in preserving speech and encouraging conversation abilities. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, music therapy, group singing, language abilities, speech
{"title":"The impact of singing on the language abilities of people with moderate to severe-stage Alzheimer's disease","authors":"Ayelet Dassa, Dorit Amir","doi":"10.47513/mmd.v13i3.817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/mmd.v13i3.817","url":null,"abstract":"While singing in music therapy with people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is vastly documented, scarce research deals with the impact of singing on their language abilities. This study addressed the issue of language decline in AD and explored the impact of group singing on the language abilities of people with moderate to severe-stage AD. Participants were randomized to experimental (n=16) or wait-list control (n=14) groups. The experimental group received eight music therapy group sessions, which focused on singing, while both groups received the standard treatment. The data analysis included pre-post picture description tests and examination of speech parameters throughout the group sessions. A significant difference was demonstrated between the groups in the proportion of non-coherent speech in relation to total speech used by participants. The experimental group did not exhibit a deterioration in coherent speech, while the control group exhibited an increase in non-coherent speech in proportion to the total speech used by participants. The findings also indicated that participants in the experimental group showed an improvement in speech parameters as well as in their ability to sing. Singing in music therapy with people with AD can play a significant role in preserving speech and encouraging conversation abilities. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, music therapy, group singing, language abilities, speech ","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81902321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preterm infants, especially those born before 32 weeks of gestation, experience extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). Poor weight gain is associated with adverse neurocognitive outcomes. Many factors influence EUGR, including clinical, behavioral and developmental care modalities. This review describes the clinical and developmental factors that affect weight gain among preterm infants during their stay in the NICU, and evaluates the reported contributions of studies that used music therapy interventions to augment weight gain. We recommend that trials addressing weight gain during MT interventions should be long-term during NICU hospitalization, powered to detect even sub-optimal weight gain, include factors that directly influence weight gain and clinically-relevant morbidities of preterm infants, and incorporate developmental care and family centered care modalities, as much as possible. The use of proper methods to measure weight gain, such as individual Z-scores is recommended. We also recommend that the elements of the music therapy interventions that influence weight gain should be described systematically.
{"title":"The Effect of Music Therapy on Weight Gain among Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Possible Mechanisms","authors":"D. Yakobson, S. Shalit, S. Arnon","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.800","url":null,"abstract":"Preterm infants, especially those born before 32 weeks of gestation, experience extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR). Poor weight gain is associated with adverse neurocognitive outcomes. Many factors influence EUGR, including clinical, behavioral and developmental care modalities. This review describes the clinical and developmental factors that affect weight gain among preterm infants during their stay in the NICU, and evaluates the reported contributions of studies that used music therapy interventions to augment weight gain. We recommend that trials addressing weight gain during MT interventions should be long-term during NICU hospitalization, powered to detect even sub-optimal weight gain, include factors that directly influence weight gain and clinically-relevant morbidities of preterm infants, and incorporate developmental care and family centered care modalities, as much as possible. The use of proper methods to measure weight gain, such as individual Z-scores is recommended. We also recommend that the elements of the music therapy interventions that influence weight gain should be described systematically.","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"2 1","pages":"124-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83247218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nienke H van Dokkum, E. Kooi, Besrat Berhane, Anne-Greet Ravensbergen, L. Hakvoort, A. Jaschke, A. Bos
Music therapy is a novel intervention that may minimize neonatal stress. The mechanism of action is still largely unknown. We hypothesized that one mechanism of action regards altered brain oxygenation (either due to altered cerebral perfusion or altered cerebral oxygen consumption). We measured cerebral oxygenation before, during and after music therapy sessions using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). We extracted data on cerebral oxygen saturation (r c SO 2 ) and calculated cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction ( c FTOE). In addition, we measured heart rate. We included 20 infants, receiving 44 music therapy sessions. Median gestational age was 27 weeks, the majority were males. We identified two distinct reactions: in one group r c SO 2 increased and c FTOE decreased during therapy compared with before therapy, whereas in the other group r c SO 2 decreased and c FTOE increased during therapy compared with before therapy. The first may indicate a sedative effect, whereas the second may reflect a hyperalert state. The observed changes in heart rate may contribute to these observations through altered cerebral perfusion. The clinical significance of these two distinct reactions for music processing and (future) neurological functioning in these infants warrants further investigation.
音乐疗法是一种新的干预措施，可以最大限度地减少新生儿的压力。其作用机制在很大程度上仍是未知的。我们假设一种作用机制与脑氧合改变有关(由于脑灌注改变或脑氧消耗改变)。我们使用近红外光谱(NIRS)测量了音乐治疗前、期间和之后的脑氧合。我们提取脑氧饱和度(r c SO 2)数据并计算脑组织氧提取分数(c FTOE)。此外，我们还测量了心率。我们纳入了20名婴儿，接受了44次音乐治疗。中位胎龄为27周，多数为男性。我们发现了两种不同的反应:在一组中，与治疗前相比，治疗期间r c so2增加，c FTOE减少，而在另一组中，与治疗前相比，治疗期间r c so2减少，c FTOE增加。第一种可能表明镇静作用，而第二种可能反映高度警觉状态。观察到的心率变化可能通过改变脑灌注有助于这些观察。这两种不同的反应对这些婴儿的音乐处理和(未来的)神经功能的临床意义值得进一步研究。
{"title":"Neonatal Music Therapy and Cerebral Oxygenation in Extremely and Very Preterm Infants: a Pilot Study","authors":"Nienke H van Dokkum, E. Kooi, Besrat Berhane, Anne-Greet Ravensbergen, L. Hakvoort, A. Jaschke, A. Bos","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.813","url":null,"abstract":"Music therapy is a novel intervention that may minimize neonatal stress. The mechanism of action is still largely unknown. We hypothesized that one mechanism of action regards altered brain oxygenation (either due to altered cerebral perfusion or altered cerebral oxygen consumption). We measured cerebral oxygenation before, during and after music therapy sessions using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). We extracted data on cerebral oxygen saturation (r c SO 2 ) and calculated cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction ( c FTOE). In addition, we measured heart rate. We included 20 infants, receiving 44 music therapy sessions. Median gestational age was 27 weeks, the majority were males. We identified two distinct reactions: in one group r c SO 2 increased and c FTOE decreased during therapy compared with before therapy, whereas in the other group r c SO 2 decreased and c FTOE increased during therapy compared with before therapy. The first may indicate a sedative effect, whereas the second may reflect a hyperalert state. The observed changes in heart rate may contribute to these observations through altered cerebral perfusion. The clinical significance of these two distinct reactions for music processing and (future) neurological functioning in these infants warrants further investigation.","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83107322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mark Ettenberger, Barbara Sgobbi, Rieko Eguchi, Y. Ardila, Sergio Adolfo Torres Serrano, Mara Bolis, M. Agosti
AbstractThis article outlines the shifts in NICU music therapy due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Japan, and Colombia, from the beginning of the outbreak in each of the countries until September 2020. Detailed information will be provided on how the pandemic has changed hospital policies and has had an impact on the families and the music therapy services. Furthermore, the authors discuss current biosecurity protocols, parental visiting guidelines, telehealth strategies, and the financial impact of the pandemic. While the way healthcare workers and healthcare institutions cope with the current situation may be unique according to cultural and societal particularities in each country, many overlaps between the three countries were found.
{"title":"COVID-19: Implications and considerations for NICU music therapy in Italy, Japan and Colombia","authors":"Mark Ettenberger, Barbara Sgobbi, Rieko Eguchi, Y. Ardila, Sergio Adolfo Torres Serrano, Mara Bolis, M. Agosti","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.798","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article outlines the shifts in NICU music therapy due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Japan, and Colombia, from the beginning of the outbreak in each of the countries until September 2020. Detailed information will be provided on how the pandemic has changed hospital policies and has had an impact on the families and the music therapy services. Furthermore, the authors discuss current biosecurity protocols, parental visiting guidelines, telehealth strategies, and the financial impact of the pandemic. While the way healthcare workers and healthcare institutions cope with the current situation may be unique according to cultural and societal particularities in each country, many overlaps between the three countries were found.","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73600112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Loewy, Andrew Rossetti, A. Telsey, Ann-Marie Dassler
Parents of neonates represent an integral area of potential clinical focus for practice consideration in NICU care. Fostering parents’ music as a unique forum, pre-emptive to the music they use for bonding with their infant, or for/with them exclusively, when their infants are not referred, can open many doors of critical relevance. Assessing the impact that early birth may have, and recognizing the experience of trauma that may potentially linger, can infringe upon valuable NICU time for parents and their infants. To address stress, and the potential of trauma, along with its definition and possible impact warrants knowledge of its symptomatology. In this article, stress will be defined, and the potential for acute stress and post traumatic stress disorder will be exemplified prior to addressing the potential parameters for music therapy involvement. Music psychotherapy for referred parents, with focused relevance to the ways in which impending fragility can be addressed with a holding environment of musical nurturance may provide meaningful moments of secured support. These moments, in turn, may likely serve as a safe space for the emergence of music connection with their infants. Our multi-disciplinary team will reflect upon experiences of collaborative practice with families who have experienced trauma related to premature birth. A case vignette highlighting the focal features of music psychotherapy with two parents and a video excerpt exemplifying their experience utilizing song of kin will follow. Keywords : NICU MT, neonatology, song of kin, music medicine, infant stimulation, trauma
{"title":"Assessing & treating trauma: Music psychotherapy for parents of neonates","authors":"J. Loewy, Andrew Rossetti, A. Telsey, Ann-Marie Dassler","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.829","url":null,"abstract":"Parents of neonates represent an integral area of potential clinical focus for practice consideration in NICU care. Fostering parents’ music as a unique forum, pre-emptive to the music they use for bonding with their infant, or for/with them exclusively, when their infants are not referred, can open many doors of critical relevance. Assessing the impact that early birth may have, and recognizing the experience of trauma that may potentially linger, can infringe upon valuable NICU time for parents and their infants. To address stress, and the potential of trauma, along with its definition and possible impact warrants knowledge of its symptomatology. In this article, stress will be defined, and the potential for acute stress and post traumatic stress disorder will be exemplified prior to addressing the potential parameters for music therapy involvement. Music psychotherapy for referred parents, with focused relevance to the ways in which impending fragility can be addressed with a holding environment of musical nurturance may provide meaningful moments of secured support. These moments, in turn, may likely serve as a safe space for the emergence of music connection with their infants. Our multi-disciplinary team will reflect upon experiences of collaborative practice with families who have experienced trauma related to premature birth. A case vignette highlighting the focal features of music psychotherapy with two parents and a video excerpt exemplifying their experience utilizing song of kin will follow. Keywords : NICU MT, neonatology, song of kin, music medicine, infant stimulation, trauma","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"222 3 1","pages":"138-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86185345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Coombes, Marion Musting, Ivad Al-Muzzafar, Christina Kalliodi
There is a growing body of music therapy work addressing the needs of infants born prematurely. This also includes work with parents and other family members during hospitalisation. A variety of music therapy interventions are utilised to support a range of treatment goals for this client population. This report describes and discusses such work that is in the early stages of development in 3 European countries: Estonia, Greece and Wales. The development and content of the interventions in each country is described, with recommendations as to the sustainability and future growth of each programme
{"title":"Baby steps: a report exploring the development of neonatal music therapy programmes in Estonia, Greece and Wales","authors":"Elizabeth Coombes, Marion Musting, Ivad Al-Muzzafar, Christina Kalliodi","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.801","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing body of music therapy work addressing the needs of infants born prematurely. This also includes work with parents and other family members during hospitalisation. A variety of music therapy interventions are utilised to support a range of treatment goals for this client population. This report describes and discusses such work that is in the early stages of development in 3 European countries: Estonia, Greece and Wales. The development and content of the interventions in each country is described, with recommendations as to the sustainability and future growth of each programme","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"170 1","pages":"132-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82670858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2020 will most certainly be a memorable year. The COVID-19 pandemic has seemingly altered our lives and our perspectives on participating in activities of daily living will likely shift in the years to come. While the pain, struggle and horror of the pandemic has affected so many, our thoughts lie particularly with those who passed away, their families and friends, and carers – both professional and personal – around the globe...
{"title":"Special issue on music therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Back to normal?","authors":"Mark Ettenberger, J. Loewy","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.830","url":null,"abstract":"2020 will most certainly be a memorable year. The COVID-19 pandemic has seemingly altered our lives and our perspectives on participating in activities of daily living will likely shift in the years to come. While the pain, struggle and horror of the pandemic has affected so many, our thoughts lie particularly with those who passed away, their families and friends, and carers – both professional and personal – around the globe...","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"63 1","pages":"81-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74479971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This duoethnographic exploration expounds on the journeys of two women who pioneered music therapy in the NICUs in their respective countries. The dialogue uses their practice wisdom and research to illuminate core issues that have served the development of music as process and intervention for infants, families and those in the context of the NICU. They conclude with recommendations for the future. Monika Nocker-Ribaupierre (MNR): I was a musician and I worked in the theatre. The premature birth of my daughter in the 1970s, experiencing my own helplessness and that of my family and friends, all of this led my life in an unexpected new direction: to music therapy in the NICU. My overall goal was to promote both the infant’s development in connection with support of the mother’s resilience – because there is no development without bonding. Next step was to open NICUs in my country to music therapy, also to strengthen our NICU music therapists and helping to develop an international network. Throughout all these years Helen Shoemark has been my most important and valuable colleague. Helen Shoemark (HS): I was a music therapist working in special education and early intervention for 15 years before. I started the program in the NICU at the Royal Children’s Hospital in 1994, and grew the role of music therapy in the pediatric NICU/ Newborn Surgical Unit through my research. Because of my experience in family-centered early intervention, my focus in the NICU is on supporting the expressive capacities of both infant and parents. My other focus is in supporting clinicians develop programs that are ecologically situated, theoretically- informed, and pragmatically realistic. Monika Nocker-Ribaupierre was one of my earliest mentors, and I have always been inspired by the strength of her commitment, understanding, and support for the experience of the mothers in the NICU.
{"title":"Growth and identity of music therapy in the NICU: Pioneering perspectives","authors":"H. Shoemark, M. Nöcker-Ribaupierre","doi":"10.47513/MMD.V13I2.802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47513/MMD.V13I2.802","url":null,"abstract":"This duoethnographic exploration expounds on the journeys of two women who pioneered music therapy in the NICUs in their respective countries. The dialogue uses their practice wisdom and research to illuminate core issues that have served the development of music as process and intervention for infants, families and those in the context of the NICU. They conclude with recommendations for the future. Monika Nocker-Ribaupierre (MNR): I was a musician and I worked in the theatre. The premature birth of my daughter in the 1970s, experiencing my own helplessness and that of my family and friends, all of this led my life in an unexpected new direction: to music therapy in the NICU. My overall goal was to promote both the infant’s development in connection with support of the mother’s resilience – because there is no development without bonding. Next step was to open NICUs in my country to music therapy, also to strengthen our NICU music therapists and helping to develop an international network. Throughout all these years Helen Shoemark has been my most important and valuable colleague. Helen Shoemark (HS): I was a music therapist working in special education and early intervention for 15 years before. I started the program in the NICU at the Royal Children’s Hospital in 1994, and grew the role of music therapy in the pediatric NICU/ Newborn Surgical Unit through my research. Because of my experience in family-centered early intervention, my focus in the NICU is on supporting the expressive capacities of both infant and parents. My other focus is in supporting clinicians develop programs that are ecologically situated, theoretically- informed, and pragmatically realistic. Monika Nocker-Ribaupierre was one of my earliest mentors, and I have always been inspired by the strength of her commitment, understanding, and support for the experience of the mothers in the NICU.","PeriodicalId":74233,"journal":{"name":"Music and medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"84-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74584169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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