Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00278-z
Dongxiao Ji, Yagai Lin, Xinyue Guo, Brindha Ramasubramanian, Rongwu Wang, Norbert Radacsi, Rajan Jose, Xiaohong Qin, Seeram Ramakrishna
Electrospinning is used to fabricate microscale to nanoscale materials from polymeric solutions based on electrohydrodynamics. Material modifications are achieved through physical and chemical processes, producing diverse material architectures, from laboratory to industrial scales, for conventional and emerging applications. This Primer explains electrospinning technology, encompassing principles, methodologies, equipment, materials, applications, scalability and optimization. The article begins by elucidating the working principles, providing an overview of electrospinning methods and process parameters at laboratory and industrial scales, and discussing emerging equipment. Methods are described for tailoring the composition, architecture and properties of electrospun fibres and fibre assemblies. The versatility of these properties makes electrospun materials suitable for diverse applications spanning environmental, energy and medical applications, textiles, wearables, agriculture and advanced materials. The Primer concludes by discussing the constraints of current electrospinning techniques and offers a perspective on the field’s potential future trajectory. Ultra-fine nanofibres can be produced by manipulating polymer solutions, melts or suspensions with a strong electric field. This electrospinning process enables the properties of nanofibres to be tuned. In this Primer, electrospinning technology is explored, including the underlying principles, experimental techniques, characterization and applications in biomedicine, wearables and environmental purification.
{"title":"Electrospinning of nanofibres","authors":"Dongxiao Ji, Yagai Lin, Xinyue Guo, Brindha Ramasubramanian, Rongwu Wang, Norbert Radacsi, Rajan Jose, Xiaohong Qin, Seeram Ramakrishna","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00278-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00278-z","url":null,"abstract":"Electrospinning is used to fabricate microscale to nanoscale materials from polymeric solutions based on electrohydrodynamics. Material modifications are achieved through physical and chemical processes, producing diverse material architectures, from laboratory to industrial scales, for conventional and emerging applications. This Primer explains electrospinning technology, encompassing principles, methodologies, equipment, materials, applications, scalability and optimization. The article begins by elucidating the working principles, providing an overview of electrospinning methods and process parameters at laboratory and industrial scales, and discussing emerging equipment. Methods are described for tailoring the composition, architecture and properties of electrospun fibres and fibre assemblies. The versatility of these properties makes electrospun materials suitable for diverse applications spanning environmental, energy and medical applications, textiles, wearables, agriculture and advanced materials. The Primer concludes by discussing the constraints of current electrospinning techniques and offers a perspective on the field’s potential future trajectory. Ultra-fine nanofibres can be produced by manipulating polymer solutions, melts or suspensions with a strong electric field. This electrospinning process enables the properties of nanofibres to be tuned. In this Primer, electrospinning technology is explored, including the underlying principles, experimental techniques, characterization and applications in biomedicine, wearables and environmental purification.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139095090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00276-1
Hye Jin Kang, Takafumi Minamimoto, Jürgen Wess, Bryan L. Roth
Chemogenetics is an approach for engineering proteins to enable their modulation by otherwise inert small molecules. Although kinases, enzymes and ion channels have been used for chemogenetics, the most widely used platform is based on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). DREADDs have been used ubiquitously to modulate cellular signalling and neuronal activity and are a key technology for modern causal neuroscience. Here we provide a Primer on key aspects of DREADD technology, emphasizing how to reliably design and validate chemogenetic transducers and actuators. We also provide recommendations for the use of DREADDs for specialized applications including modulating metabolically essential peripheral tissues and distinct neuronal populations in non-human primates. Chemogenetics is a technique for modulating engineered proteins using small molecules. In this Primer, Kang et al. describe the key aspects of designing receptors and small molecules and their use in neuroscience applications.
{"title":"Chemogenetics for cell-type-specific modulation of signalling and neuronal activity","authors":"Hye Jin Kang, Takafumi Minamimoto, Jürgen Wess, Bryan L. Roth","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00276-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00276-1","url":null,"abstract":"Chemogenetics is an approach for engineering proteins to enable their modulation by otherwise inert small molecules. Although kinases, enzymes and ion channels have been used for chemogenetics, the most widely used platform is based on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). DREADDs have been used ubiquitously to modulate cellular signalling and neuronal activity and are a key technology for modern causal neuroscience. Here we provide a Primer on key aspects of DREADD technology, emphasizing how to reliably design and validate chemogenetic transducers and actuators. We also provide recommendations for the use of DREADDs for specialized applications including modulating metabolically essential peripheral tissues and distinct neuronal populations in non-human primates. Chemogenetics is a technique for modulating engineered proteins using small molecules. In this Primer, Kang et al. describe the key aspects of designing receptors and small molecules and their use in neuroscience applications.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00285-0
This PrimeView highlights the utility of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in neuroscience to study neuronal activity and signalling in cells, rodents and non-human primates.
{"title":"Chemogenetics for cell-type-specific modulation of signalling and neuronal activity","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00285-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00285-0","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the utility of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in neuroscience to study neuronal activity and signalling in cells, rodents and non-human primates.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-023-00285-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138630864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00274-3
Daniel H. Lysak, Katelyn Downey, Lindsay S. Cahill, Wolfgang Bermel, Andre J. Simpson
Understanding biological processes at the molecular level is a pillar of modern science, and unique insight can be gained by studying living organisms in real time. As a non-destructive and non-targeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profile of living organisms during biochemical processes or in response to an applied stressor. In vivo NMR spectroscopy — the study of living organisms by NMR — is discussed here, including the most common and state-of-the-art experimental approaches spanning both solution-state and magic-angle spinning NMR. Key information that can be obtained and important applications — primarily monitoring biochemical processes such as growth and stress responses — are also examined. To date, in vivo NMR has been used in metabolomics studies of microorganisms, plants and invertebrates but it also has potential for medical and pharmaceutical research. Current limitations, best practices for reproducibility and optimizations are also described, including experiments and technologies capable of improving in vivo analysis. This Primer is designed to form a solid foundation for those looking to better understand or incorporate in vivo NMR studies into their own research as well as to shed light on the future of in vivo NMR. In vivo NMR spectroscopy of whole, living multicellular organisms involves maintaining live organisms within an NMR spectrometer and analysing their metabolic profiles in real time. In this Primer, Lysak and colleagues describe experimental approaches for in vivo NMR, including solution-state and magic-angle spinning NMR.
{"title":"In vivo NMR spectroscopy","authors":"Daniel H. Lysak, Katelyn Downey, Lindsay S. Cahill, Wolfgang Bermel, Andre J. Simpson","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00274-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00274-3","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding biological processes at the molecular level is a pillar of modern science, and unique insight can be gained by studying living organisms in real time. As a non-destructive and non-targeted technique, NMR spectroscopy is uniquely capable of characterizing the chemical profile of living organisms during biochemical processes or in response to an applied stressor. In vivo NMR spectroscopy — the study of living organisms by NMR — is discussed here, including the most common and state-of-the-art experimental approaches spanning both solution-state and magic-angle spinning NMR. Key information that can be obtained and important applications — primarily monitoring biochemical processes such as growth and stress responses — are also examined. To date, in vivo NMR has been used in metabolomics studies of microorganisms, plants and invertebrates but it also has potential for medical and pharmaceutical research. Current limitations, best practices for reproducibility and optimizations are also described, including experiments and technologies capable of improving in vivo analysis. This Primer is designed to form a solid foundation for those looking to better understand or incorporate in vivo NMR studies into their own research as well as to shed light on the future of in vivo NMR. In vivo NMR spectroscopy of whole, living multicellular organisms involves maintaining live organisms within an NMR spectrometer and analysing their metabolic profiles in real time. In this Primer, Lysak and colleagues describe experimental approaches for in vivo NMR, including solution-state and magic-angle spinning NMR.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138554403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00283-2
This PrimeView highlights the NMR analysis of living organisms, from microbes and plants to freshwater fleas and freshwater shrimp.
本 PrimeView 重点介绍生物体的核磁共振分析，从微生物和植物到淡水跳蚤和淡水虾。
{"title":"In vivo NMR spectroscopy","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00283-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00283-2","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the NMR analysis of living organisms, from microbes and plants to freshwater fleas and freshwater shrimp.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138554578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00273-4
Yoshiharu Asaki, Belén Alcalde Pampliega, Philip G. Edwards, Satoru Iguchi, Eric J. Murphy
Radio interferometry and its application to arrays of element antennas enable sensitive studies of celestial objects with angular resolutions comparable with, or surpassing, optical imaging at wavelengths thousands of times shorter. The aperture synthesis technique offers the advantage of improving the angular resolution by effectively creating a telescope as large as the greatest separation between array elements. This Primer introduces radio interferometry systems that receive cosmic electromagnetic signals at submillimetre to metre wavelengths. First, the concept of aperture synthesis, the basic instrumental components and the calibration of data are described with an overview of currently operational astronomical arrays. The process of image synthesis and the factors that need to be considered in producing a radio astronomy image are described and common data formats and software applications for processing observation data are introduced. Various factors that limit the capabilities and/or optimization of arrays are outlined. Future plans for radio interferometry are presented to close the Primer. Arrays of element antennas in radio interferometry enable the study of celestial objects with angular resolutions comparable with, or surpassing, optical imaging at wavelengths thousands of times shorter. In this Primer, Asaki et al. describe aperture synthesis, the basic instrumental components and data calibration.
{"title":"Astronomical radio interferometry","authors":"Yoshiharu Asaki, Belén Alcalde Pampliega, Philip G. Edwards, Satoru Iguchi, Eric J. Murphy","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00273-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00273-4","url":null,"abstract":"Radio interferometry and its application to arrays of element antennas enable sensitive studies of celestial objects with angular resolutions comparable with, or surpassing, optical imaging at wavelengths thousands of times shorter. The aperture synthesis technique offers the advantage of improving the angular resolution by effectively creating a telescope as large as the greatest separation between array elements. This Primer introduces radio interferometry systems that receive cosmic electromagnetic signals at submillimetre to metre wavelengths. First, the concept of aperture synthesis, the basic instrumental components and the calibration of data are described with an overview of currently operational astronomical arrays. The process of image synthesis and the factors that need to be considered in producing a radio astronomy image are described and common data formats and software applications for processing observation data are introduced. Various factors that limit the capabilities and/or optimization of arrays are outlined. Future plans for radio interferometry are presented to close the Primer. Arrays of element antennas in radio interferometry enable the study of celestial objects with angular resolutions comparable with, or surpassing, optical imaging at wavelengths thousands of times shorter. In this Primer, Asaki et al. describe aperture synthesis, the basic instrumental components and data calibration.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00282-3
This PrimeView highlights the application of astronomical radio interferometry for the sensitive study of celestial objects.
这个PrimeView突出了天文射电干涉测量在天体敏感研究中的应用。
{"title":"Astronomical radio interferometry","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00282-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00282-3","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the application of astronomical radio interferometry for the sensitive study of celestial objects.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00270-7
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka, Cristiano Bozza, Alan Bross, Elena Cantoni, Osvaldo Catalano, Giancarlo Cerretto, Andrea Giammanco, Jon Gluyas, Ivan Gnesi, Marko Holma, Tadahiro Kin, Ignacio Lázaro Roche, Giovanni Leone, Zhiyi Liu, Domenico Lo Presti, Jacques Marteau, Jun Matsushima, László Oláh, Natalia Polukhina, Surireddi S. V. S. Ramakrishna, Marco Sellone, Armando Hideki Shinohara, Sara Steigerwald, Kenji Sumiya, Lee Thompson, Valeri Tioukov, Yusuke Yokota, Dezső Varga
Muography takes advantage of the specific properties of cosmic-ray muons, relativistic leptons that are much heavier than electrons. Cosmic-ray muons have strong penetrating power and a relativistic nature, which means they can be used in a range of technologies, including imagery; positioning, navigation, timing (PNT); and secured communication in environments where conventional techniques are unavailable. As cosmic-ray muons are universally present on Earth, muographic measurements can be conducted in the same manner across the globe. Similar results have been produced independent of where measurements were taken. This has enabled the muographic field to grow and develop into a powerful tool for investigating natural phenomena, cultural heritage and PNT. This Primer is intended as an introductory article that introduces new and established muographic techniques. Case studies are provided, with examples from recent interdisciplinary advances. Data reproducibility and limitations are discussed, before finishing with an outlook of future developments. Muography takes advantage of the high penetrating power and relativistic nature of cosmic-ray muons for imagery; positioning, navigation, timing; and secured communications. This Primer provides an overview of muography techniques, describing how they are used in Earth and planetary sciences, computer science and social science.
{"title":"Muography","authors":"Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka, Cristiano Bozza, Alan Bross, Elena Cantoni, Osvaldo Catalano, Giancarlo Cerretto, Andrea Giammanco, Jon Gluyas, Ivan Gnesi, Marko Holma, Tadahiro Kin, Ignacio Lázaro Roche, Giovanni Leone, Zhiyi Liu, Domenico Lo Presti, Jacques Marteau, Jun Matsushima, László Oláh, Natalia Polukhina, Surireddi S. V. S. Ramakrishna, Marco Sellone, Armando Hideki Shinohara, Sara Steigerwald, Kenji Sumiya, Lee Thompson, Valeri Tioukov, Yusuke Yokota, Dezső Varga","doi":"10.1038/s43586-023-00270-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-023-00270-7","url":null,"abstract":"Muography takes advantage of the specific properties of cosmic-ray muons, relativistic leptons that are much heavier than electrons. Cosmic-ray muons have strong penetrating power and a relativistic nature, which means they can be used in a range of technologies, including imagery; positioning, navigation, timing (PNT); and secured communication in environments where conventional techniques are unavailable. As cosmic-ray muons are universally present on Earth, muographic measurements can be conducted in the same manner across the globe. Similar results have been produced independent of where measurements were taken. This has enabled the muographic field to grow and develop into a powerful tool for investigating natural phenomena, cultural heritage and PNT. This Primer is intended as an introductory article that introduces new and established muographic techniques. Case studies are provided, with examples from recent interdisciplinary advances. Data reproducibility and limitations are discussed, before finishing with an outlook of future developments. Muography takes advantage of the high penetrating power and relativistic nature of cosmic-ray muons for imagery; positioning, navigation, timing; and secured communications. This Primer provides an overview of muography techniques, describing how they are used in Earth and planetary sciences, computer science and social science.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138527134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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