Pub Date : 2024-06-27DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00320-8
Isabel Abánades Lázaro, Xu Chen, Mengli Ding, Arvin Eskandari, David Fairen-Jimenez, Mónica Giménez-Marqués, Ruxandra Gref, Wenbin Lin, Taokun Luo, Ross S. Forgan
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as exciting potential new candidates for application across nanomedicine, with the first example now in a phase II human clinical trial. MOFs have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for various applications, including drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities, often in concert. In this Primer, we present an overview of the application of MOFs in biomedicine, focusing on drug delivery and imaging, but highlighting the chemical and structural versatility that is enabling their implementation in emerging treatment modalities and new biological applications. We discuss best practices in synthesis, characterization and application, including ongoing issues with reproducibility and limitations of applications, ending with an outlook of the field. Metal–organic frameworks have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for application in drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities. In this Primer, Lázaro et al. discuss the best practices in synthesis and characterization of metal–organic frameworks for biomedicine.
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks for biological applications","authors":"Isabel Abánades Lázaro, Xu Chen, Mengli Ding, Arvin Eskandari, David Fairen-Jimenez, Mónica Giménez-Marqués, Ruxandra Gref, Wenbin Lin, Taokun Luo, Ross S. Forgan","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00320-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00320-8","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as exciting potential new candidates for application across nanomedicine, with the first example now in a phase II human clinical trial. MOFs have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for various applications, including drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities, often in concert. In this Primer, we present an overview of the application of MOFs in biomedicine, focusing on drug delivery and imaging, but highlighting the chemical and structural versatility that is enabling their implementation in emerging treatment modalities and new biological applications. We discuss best practices in synthesis, characterization and application, including ongoing issues with reproducibility and limitations of applications, ending with an outlook of the field. Metal–organic frameworks have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for application in drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities. In this Primer, Lázaro et al. discuss the best practices in synthesis and characterization of metal–organic frameworks for biomedicine.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00328-0
This PrimeView highlights the various real-world applications of origami engineering, ranging from robotics to medical devices, architecture and space technology.
{"title":"Origami engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00328-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00328-0","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the various real-world applications of origami engineering, ranging from robotics to medical devices, architecture and space technology.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00313-7
Diego Misseroni, Phanisri P. Pratapa, Ke Liu, Biruta Kresling, Yan Chen, Chiara Daraio, Glaucio H. Paulino
Origami traces its origins to an ancient art form transforming flat thin surfaces into various complex, fabulous 3D objects. Nowadays, such transformation transcends art by offering a conceptual framework for non-destructive and scale-independent abstractions for engineering applications across diverse fields with potential impact in education, science and technology. For instance, a growing number of architected materials and structures are based on origami principles, leading to unique properties that are distinct from those previously found in either natural or engineered systems. To disseminate those concepts, this Primer provides a comprehensive overview of the major principles and elements in origami engineering, including theoretical fundamentals, simulation tools, manufacturing techniques and testing protocols that require non-standard set-ups. We highlight applications involving deployable structures, metamaterials, robotics, medical devices and programmable matter to achieve functions such as vibration control, mechanical computing and shape morphing. We identify challenges for the field, including finite rigidity, panel thickness accommodation, incompatibility with regular mechanical testing devices, manufacturing of non-developable patterns, sensitivity to imperfections and identifying the relevant physics at the scale of interest. We further envision the future of origami engineering aimed at next-generation multifunctional material and structural systems. Origami engineering offers a conceptual framework for non-destructive and scale-independent abstractions for engineering applications. In this Primer, Misseroni et al. provide a comprehensive overview of the major principles and elements in origami engineering, including theoretical fundamentals, simulation tools, manufacturing techniques and testing protocols.
{"title":"Origami engineering","authors":"Diego Misseroni, Phanisri P. Pratapa, Ke Liu, Biruta Kresling, Yan Chen, Chiara Daraio, Glaucio H. Paulino","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00313-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00313-7","url":null,"abstract":"Origami traces its origins to an ancient art form transforming flat thin surfaces into various complex, fabulous 3D objects. Nowadays, such transformation transcends art by offering a conceptual framework for non-destructive and scale-independent abstractions for engineering applications across diverse fields with potential impact in education, science and technology. For instance, a growing number of architected materials and structures are based on origami principles, leading to unique properties that are distinct from those previously found in either natural or engineered systems. To disseminate those concepts, this Primer provides a comprehensive overview of the major principles and elements in origami engineering, including theoretical fundamentals, simulation tools, manufacturing techniques and testing protocols that require non-standard set-ups. We highlight applications involving deployable structures, metamaterials, robotics, medical devices and programmable matter to achieve functions such as vibration control, mechanical computing and shape morphing. We identify challenges for the field, including finite rigidity, panel thickness accommodation, incompatibility with regular mechanical testing devices, manufacturing of non-developable patterns, sensitivity to imperfections and identifying the relevant physics at the scale of interest. We further envision the future of origami engineering aimed at next-generation multifunctional material and structural systems. Origami engineering offers a conceptual framework for non-destructive and scale-independent abstractions for engineering applications. In this Primer, Misseroni et al. provide a comprehensive overview of the major principles and elements in origami engineering, including theoretical fundamentals, simulation tools, manufacturing techniques and testing protocols.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141513002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00318-2
David S. Roberts, Joseph A. Loo, Yury O. Tsybin, Xiaowen Liu, Si Wu, Julia Chamot-Rooke, Jeffrey N. Agar, Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, Lloyd M. Smith, Ying Ge
Proteoforms, which arise from post-translational modifications, genetic polymorphisms and RNA splice variants, play a pivotal role as drivers in biology. Understanding proteoforms is essential to unravel the intricacies of biological systems and bridge the gap between genotypes and phenotypes. By analysing whole proteins without digestion, top-down proteomics (TDP) provides a holistic view of the proteome and can decipher protein function, uncover disease mechanisms and advance precision medicine. This Primer explores TDP, including the underlying principles, recent advances and an outlook on the future. The experimental section discusses instrumentation, sample preparation, intact protein separation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques and data collection. The results section looks at how to decipher raw data, visualize intact protein spectra and unravel data analysis. Additionally, proteoform identification, characterization and quantification are summarized, alongside approaches for statistical analysis. Various applications are described, including the human proteoform project and biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical sciences. These are complemented by discussions on measurement reproducibility, limitations and a forward-looking perspective that outlines areas where the field can advance, including potential future applications. Proteoforms can be investigated using top-down proteomics, a technique that analyses whole proteins without previous digestion. This Primer introduces top-down proteomics, exploring mass spectrometry experimental methods, sample preparation, data analysis and applications in understanding human disease.
{"title":"Top-down proteomics","authors":"David S. Roberts, Joseph A. Loo, Yury O. Tsybin, Xiaowen Liu, Si Wu, Julia Chamot-Rooke, Jeffrey N. Agar, Ljiljana Paša-Tolić, Lloyd M. Smith, Ying Ge","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00318-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00318-2","url":null,"abstract":"Proteoforms, which arise from post-translational modifications, genetic polymorphisms and RNA splice variants, play a pivotal role as drivers in biology. Understanding proteoforms is essential to unravel the intricacies of biological systems and bridge the gap between genotypes and phenotypes. By analysing whole proteins without digestion, top-down proteomics (TDP) provides a holistic view of the proteome and can decipher protein function, uncover disease mechanisms and advance precision medicine. This Primer explores TDP, including the underlying principles, recent advances and an outlook on the future. The experimental section discusses instrumentation, sample preparation, intact protein separation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques and data collection. The results section looks at how to decipher raw data, visualize intact protein spectra and unravel data analysis. Additionally, proteoform identification, characterization and quantification are summarized, alongside approaches for statistical analysis. Various applications are described, including the human proteoform project and biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical sciences. These are complemented by discussions on measurement reproducibility, limitations and a forward-looking perspective that outlines areas where the field can advance, including potential future applications. Proteoforms can be investigated using top-down proteomics, a technique that analyses whole proteins without previous digestion. This Primer introduces top-down proteomics, exploring mass spectrometry experimental methods, sample preparation, data analysis and applications in understanding human disease.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00324-4
This PrimeView highlights the different methods for the surface engineering of nanozymes.
本 PrimeView 重点介绍了纳米酶表面工程的不同方法。
{"title":"Nanozymes for nanohealthcare","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00324-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00324-4","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the different methods for the surface engineering of nanozymes.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00324-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00315-5
Yihong Zhang, Gen Wei, Wanling Liu, Tong Li, Yuting Wang, Min Zhou, Yufeng Liu, Xiaoyu Wang, Hui Wei
Nanozymes, nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes, exhibit potential for emulating the catalytic functions inherent in enzymes. Nanozymes have advantages such as low cost, facile synthesis, high stability and adjustable activities. As a promising approach for healthcare, nanozymes have sparked considerable interest, and have been chosen as one of the 2022 Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This Primer provides theranostic insights from the nanozyme toolbox, encompassing the design of nanoparticles, evaluation of activities and applications. We focus on rational strategies to enhance nanozyme activities, emphasizing standardized evaluations across different activities, and outline specific details for their practical applications. The selection of candidates for diagnosis, as well as those for in vivo theranostic applications, is carefully considered based on appropriateness. We also acknowledge current challenges and limitations, presenting future perspectives and positioning nanozymes as an alternative and effective choice in theranostics. This Primer aims to contribute to the understanding and advancement of nanozyme applications in healthcare, offering a comprehensive guide for researchers in this dynamic field. Nanozymes are nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes that can emulate the catalytic functions inherent in enzymes. In this Primer, Zhang et al. discuss the nanozyme toolbox, including their design and modification, characterization, activity evaluation and applications in healthcare.
{"title":"Nanozymes for nanohealthcare","authors":"Yihong Zhang, Gen Wei, Wanling Liu, Tong Li, Yuting Wang, Min Zhou, Yufeng Liu, Xiaoyu Wang, Hui Wei","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00315-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00315-5","url":null,"abstract":"Nanozymes, nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes, exhibit potential for emulating the catalytic functions inherent in enzymes. Nanozymes have advantages such as low cost, facile synthesis, high stability and adjustable activities. As a promising approach for healthcare, nanozymes have sparked considerable interest, and have been chosen as one of the 2022 Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). This Primer provides theranostic insights from the nanozyme toolbox, encompassing the design of nanoparticles, evaluation of activities and applications. We focus on rational strategies to enhance nanozyme activities, emphasizing standardized evaluations across different activities, and outline specific details for their practical applications. The selection of candidates for diagnosis, as well as those for in vivo theranostic applications, is carefully considered based on appropriateness. We also acknowledge current challenges and limitations, presenting future perspectives and positioning nanozymes as an alternative and effective choice in theranostics. This Primer aims to contribute to the understanding and advancement of nanozyme applications in healthcare, offering a comprehensive guide for researchers in this dynamic field. Nanozymes are nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes that can emulate the catalytic functions inherent in enzymes. In this Primer, Zhang et al. discuss the nanozyme toolbox, including their design and modification, characterization, activity evaluation and applications in healthcare.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141182308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00321-7
This PrimeView highlights the analysis of the FSRS response, produced using three laser pulses that, in combination, can detail insights into rapid molecular processes at a femtosecond time resolution.
{"title":"Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00321-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00321-7","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the analysis of the FSRS response, produced using three laser pulses that, in combination, can detail insights into rapid molecular processes at a femtosecond time resolution.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00321-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00314-6
Giovanni Batignani, Carino Ferrante, Giuseppe Fumero, Miles Martinati, Tullio Scopigno
First demonstrated in 1994, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) has gained popularity since the early 2000s as an ultrafast pump–probe vibrational spectroscopy technique with the potential to circumvent the time and energy limitations imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This Primer explores whether, why, when and how the temporal precision and frequency resolution of traditional time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy can be surpassed by its coherent counterpart (FSRS), while still adhering to the uncertainty principle. We delve into the fundamental concepts behind FSRS and its most common experimental implementations, focusing on instrumentation details, measurement techniques, data analysis and modelling. This includes discussions on synthesizing the Raman pump beam, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted baseline removal methods and analytical expressions for reproducing experimental data and extracting key parameters such as relaxation times and out-of-equilibrium temperature profiles. Recent applications of FSRS from physics, chemistry and biology are showcased, demonstrating how this approach has facilitated cross-disciplinary studies. We also address the technical and conceptual limitations of FSRS to aid in designing optimal experiments based on specific goals. Finally, we explore future directions, including multidimensional extensions to address vibrational couplings and the use of quantum light to untangle temporal and spectral resolution. Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) is an ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy method for investigating the vibrational dynamics of molecules. In this Primer, Batignani et al. introduce the fundamental concepts behind FSRS, its current utility and future integrations of artificial intelligence and quantum light.
{"title":"Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Giovanni Batignani, Carino Ferrante, Giuseppe Fumero, Miles Martinati, Tullio Scopigno","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00314-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00314-6","url":null,"abstract":"First demonstrated in 1994, femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) has gained popularity since the early 2000s as an ultrafast pump–probe vibrational spectroscopy technique with the potential to circumvent the time and energy limitations imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This Primer explores whether, why, when and how the temporal precision and frequency resolution of traditional time-resolved spontaneous Raman spectroscopy can be surpassed by its coherent counterpart (FSRS), while still adhering to the uncertainty principle. We delve into the fundamental concepts behind FSRS and its most common experimental implementations, focusing on instrumentation details, measurement techniques, data analysis and modelling. This includes discussions on synthesizing the Raman pump beam, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted baseline removal methods and analytical expressions for reproducing experimental data and extracting key parameters such as relaxation times and out-of-equilibrium temperature profiles. Recent applications of FSRS from physics, chemistry and biology are showcased, demonstrating how this approach has facilitated cross-disciplinary studies. We also address the technical and conceptual limitations of FSRS to aid in designing optimal experiments based on specific goals. Finally, we explore future directions, including multidimensional extensions to address vibrational couplings and the use of quantum light to untangle temporal and spectral resolution. Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) is an ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy method for investigating the vibrational dynamics of molecules. In this Primer, Batignani et al. introduce the fundamental concepts behind FSRS, its current utility and future integrations of artificial intelligence and quantum light.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141091698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s43586-024-00319-1
This PrimeView highlights how different primary ion beams can be used to sample different surface species.
该 PrimeView 着重介绍了如何使用不同的主离子束对不同的表面物种进行取样。
{"title":"Secondary ion mass spectrometry","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00319-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00319-1","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights how different primary ion beams can be used to sample different surface species.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00319-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140895297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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