Pub Date : 2003-01-01Epub Date: 2004-09-14DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09033-5
Human astroviruses are members of the Astroviridae family. They are non-enveloped viruses possessing a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity as their genome. The development of sensitive tests for the presence of astrovirus-for example, using group reactive monoclonal antibodies-has led to the conclusion that astroviruses are the cause of more cases of childhood diarrhea. Astroviruses have also been identified as the cause of major outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting. Different serotypes of human astrovirus have been defined based on immune electron microscopy, neutralization tests, and type-specific enzyme immune assays (EIAs). Eight different serotypes have been identified and it has been shown that differences in the sequences of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) products from a region within open reading frame 2 (ORF2) correlated precisely with antigenic types determined by type-specific EIA.
{"title":"Astroviruses.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09033-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09033-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human astroviruses are members of the Astroviridae family. They are non-enveloped viruses possessing a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity as their genome. The development of sensitive tests for the presence of astrovirus-for example, using group reactive monoclonal antibodies-has led to the conclusion that astroviruses are the cause of more cases of childhood diarrhea. Astroviruses have also been identified as the cause of major outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting. Different serotypes of human astrovirus have been defined based on immune electron microscopy, neutralization tests, and type-specific enzyme immune assays (EIAs). Eight different serotypes have been identified and it has been shown that differences in the sequences of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) products from a region within open reading frame 2 (ORF2) correlated precisely with antigenic types determined by type-specific EIA.</p>","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 ","pages":"567-571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7133912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37832806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09028-1
S. Sosnovtsev, K. Green
{"title":"IV, 2. Feline calicivirus as a model for the study of calicivirus replication","authors":"S. Sosnovtsev, K. Green","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09028-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09028-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"467-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09028-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01Epub Date: 2004-09-14DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09002-5
Umesh D Parashar, Roger I Glass
This chapter discusses the causative viral agents, pathophysiology, and immunology of gastroenteritis. Acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humans and is caused by a variety of agents, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and chemicals. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe dehydrating illness with a fatal outcome; the latter occurs primarily in young children and in the elderly. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis. For the prevention of epidemic viral gastroenteritis, efforts need to be focused on caliciviruses. No specific antiviral therapy is recommended for childhood viral gastroenteritis, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing it from the selected forms of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis that require treatment. Other than pertinent epidemiologic information, certain clinical features of illness may provide etiologic clues, but they are not highly discriminating. Standard therapy of viral enteric infections relies on maintenance of adequate hydration and electrolyte balance. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the main treatment.
{"title":"I, 1.Viral causes of gastroenteritis.","authors":"Umesh D Parashar, Roger I Glass","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09002-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09002-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter discusses the causative viral agents, pathophysiology, and immunology of gastroenteritis. Acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humans and is caused by a variety of agents, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and chemicals. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic or mild infection to severe dehydrating illness with a fatal outcome; the latter occurs primarily in young children and in the elderly. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis. For the prevention of epidemic viral gastroenteritis, efforts need to be focused on caliciviruses. No specific antiviral therapy is recommended for childhood viral gastroenteritis, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing it from the selected forms of bacterial and parasitic gastroenteritis that require treatment. Other than pertinent epidemiologic information, certain clinical features of illness may provide etiologic clues, but they are not highly discriminating. Standard therapy of viral enteric infections relies on maintenance of adequate hydration and electrolyte balance. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the main treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 ","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09002-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37832801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01Epub Date: 2004-09-14DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09032-3
David O Matson
RNA recombination apparently contributed to the evolution of CVs. Nucleic acid sequence homology or identity and similar RNA secondary structure of CVs and non-CVs may provide a locus for recombination within CVs or with non-CVs should co-infections of the same cell occur. Natural recombinants have been demonstrated among other enteric viruses, including Picornaviridae (Kirkegaard and Baltimore, 1986; Furione et al., 1993), Astroviridae (Walter et al., 2001), and possibly rotaviruses (e.g., Desselberger, 1996; Suzuki et al., 1998), augmenting the natural diversity of these pathogens and complicating viral gastroenteritis prevention strategies based upon traditional vaccines. Such is the case for CVs and Astroviridae, whose recombinant strains may be a common portion of naturally circulating strains. The taxonomic - and perhaps biologic - limits of recombination are defined by the suggested recombination of Nanovirus and CV, viruses from hosts of different biologic orders; the relationship of picornaviruses and CVs, viruses in different families, as recombination partners; and the intra-generic recombination between different clades of NLVs.
{"title":"IV, 6. Calicivirus RNA recombination.","authors":"David O Matson","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09032-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09032-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA recombination apparently contributed to the evolution of CVs. Nucleic acid sequence homology or identity and similar RNA secondary structure of CVs and non-CVs may provide a locus for recombination within CVs or with non-CVs should co-infections of the same cell occur. Natural recombinants have been demonstrated among other enteric viruses, including <i>Picornaviridae</i> (Kirkegaard and Baltimore, 1986; Furione et al., 1993), <i>Astroviridae</i> (Walter et al., 2001), and possibly rotaviruses (e.g., Desselberger, 1996; Suzuki et al., 1998), augmenting the natural diversity of these pathogens and complicating viral gastroenteritis prevention strategies based upon traditional vaccines. Such is the case for CVs and <i>Astroviridae</i>, whose recombinant strains may be a common portion of naturally circulating strains. The taxonomic - and perhaps biologic - limits of recombination are defined by the suggested recombination of <i>Nanovirus</i> and CV, viruses from hosts of different biologic orders; the relationship of picornaviruses and CVs, viruses in different families, as recombination partners; and the intra-generic recombination between different clades of NLVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 ","pages":"555-566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09032-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37874003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09016-5
D. Feigelstock, M. A. Cuadras, H. Greenberg
{"title":"II, 9.Microarrays and host-virus interactions: A transcriptional analysis of Caco-2 cells following rotavirus infection","authors":"D. Feigelstock, M. A. Cuadras, H. Greenberg","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09016-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09016-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"255-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09016-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09017-7
M. Ciarlet, M. Conner, M. Estes
{"title":"II, 10. The rat model of rotavirus infection","authors":"M. Ciarlet, M. Conner, M. Estes","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09017-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09017-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"291-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09017-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09013-X
M. Estes
{"title":"II, 6.The rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin: Current status and challenges","authors":"M. Estes","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09013-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09013-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"207-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09013-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09014-1
John A. Taylor, A. Bellamy
{"title":"II, 7. Interaction of the rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 with viral and cellular components","authors":"John A. Taylor, A. Bellamy","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09014-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09014-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"32 1","pages":"225-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09014-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09025-6
J. C. Jong
{"title":"III, 2. Epidemiology of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 and other adenoviruses in immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals","authors":"J. C. Jong","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09025-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09025-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"407-445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09025-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09027-X
Andrea Bertolotti-Ciarlet, Rong Chen, M. Estes, B. Prasad
{"title":"IV, 1. Structure of norwalk virus: the prototype human calicivirus","authors":"Andrea Bertolotti-Ciarlet, Rong Chen, M. Estes, B. Prasad","doi":"10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09027-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09027-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74423,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in medical virology","volume":"9 1","pages":"455-466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0168-7069(03)09027-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56389760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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