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Epidemiology of COVID‐19 mortality in Nepal: An analysis of the National Health Emergency Operation Center data 尼泊尔COVID - 19死亡率的流行病学:国家卫生应急行动中心数据分析
Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.127
Samir Kumar Adhikari, Kamal Ranabhat, Suraj Bhattarai, Bhuvan Saud, Kiran Paudel, Rabindra Bhandari, Pratik Khanal, Claire Marriott Keene, Vishnu Khanal
Abstract Introduction COVID‐19 had caused nearly 12,000 deaths in Nepal by March 2023. In this study, we compare COVID‐19‐associated mortality in the first (September 15 to November 30, 2020) and second (April 15 to June 30, 2021) waves of the pandemic in Nepal and investigate the associated epidemiological factors. Methods We disaggregated the COVID‐19‐related deaths between the first and second waves of the pandemic using the national COVID‐19 database and evaluated the association of independent variables with the deaths in the first versus second waves. Results Out of 8133 deaths, 25% died in the first wave and 75% in the second. Overall, 33.5% of the deceased were female, and 52% of the deaths were in those 60 years or older. A vast majority (92%) of deaths occurred in hospitals. Geographically, the middle “Hill” region (58.3%) witnessed the most significant number of deaths. About two thirds (64%) had at least one comorbid condition. Multivariable logistic regression showed a difference in the reported deaths by province (state) and geography (ecological region) between the first and second waves. Those in the age groups “19–39 years” and “40–59 years” were more likely to die in the second wave than in the first wave compared to the younger age group. Conclusions Overall, deaths were concentrated among older age groups, males, in the Hill regions, in the western provinces, and those with comorbidities. Therefore, the country must focus on these areas to ensure an efficient and effective pandemic response in the future.
截至2023年3月,COVID - 19已在尼泊尔造成近12,000人死亡。在本研究中,我们比较了尼泊尔大流行第一波(2020年9月15日至11月30日)和第二波(2021年4月15日至6月30日)中与COVID - 19相关的死亡率,并调查了相关的流行病学因素。方法使用国家COVID - 19数据库对第一波和第二波大流行期间与COVID - 19相关的死亡进行分类,并评估自变量与第一波和第二波死亡的相关性。结果8133例死亡病例中,第一波死亡25%,第二波死亡75%。总体而言,33.5%的死者为女性,52%的死者年龄在60岁或以上。绝大多数(92%)的死亡发生在医院。从地理上看,中部“丘陵”地区(58.3%)的死亡人数最多。约三分之二(64%)至少有一种合并症。多变量logistic回归显示,在第一波和第二波中,按省(州)和地理(生态区)报告的死亡人数存在差异。与较年轻的年龄组相比,“19-39岁”和“40-59岁”年龄组的人在第二次浪潮中比在第一次浪潮中更容易死亡。总的来说,死亡主要集中在老年人群、男性、山区、西部省份以及有合并症的人群中。因此,该国必须把重点放在这些领域,以确保今后有效应对大流行病。
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引用次数: 0
Global health trends of human papillomavirus‐associated oral cancer: A review 人乳头瘤病毒相关口腔癌的全球健康趋势综述
Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.126
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Jimoh Amzat, Jacob Njideka Nwafor, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi
Abstract Oral cancer is a malignant neoplastic disease, it constitutes the most common cancer in the head‐and‐neck region, and it is the 16th most common and 15th deadliest cancer type affecting humans. Despite the global efforts channelled towards global cancer control, the burden of oral cancer is still increasing. Every year, several thousands of people across 195 countries/territories die of oral cancer, and only about 40%–50% of the victims of oral cancer barely survive for 5 years after diagnosis. Within the past few decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the epidemiological trend of oral cancer risk factors. Oral sex – a major route of transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) – was found to be increasing at an alarming rate, whereas tobacco and alcohol use had been on the decline. This narrative review critically discussed the contemporary challenges facing the global eradication of HPV‐associated oral cancer, with reasonable recommendations. The challenges discussed in this review are major, ranging from clinical to public health policy issues, which include the lack of validated and inexpensive oral HPV screening and diagnostic tools, high global public illiteracy on oral HPV infection, diverse sociocultural factors, weak global research capacity on oral HPV infection and HPV‐associated oral cancer and the absence of policies across different countries on national preventive programmes on HPV‐associated oral cancer. This review also identified the need for more attention towards the prevention and control oral HPV infection and HPV‐associated oral cancers globally.
口腔癌是一种恶性肿瘤疾病,它是头颈部最常见的癌症,是人类第16常见和第15致命的癌症类型。尽管全球为控制癌症作出了努力,口腔癌的负担仍在增加。每年,195个国家/地区有数千人死于口腔癌,只有约40%-50%的口腔癌患者在诊断后勉强存活5年。在过去的几十年里,口腔癌危险因素的流行病学趋势发生了范式转变。口交——人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的主要传播途径——被发现正以惊人的速度增长,而烟草和酒精的使用却在下降。这篇叙述性综述批判性地讨论了全球根除HPV相关口腔癌面临的当代挑战,并提出了合理的建议。本综述讨论的挑战是重大的,从临床到公共卫生政策问题,包括缺乏有效和廉价的口腔HPV筛查和诊断工具,全球公众对口腔HPV感染的高文盲,多种社会文化因素,全球口腔HPV感染和HPV相关口腔癌研究能力薄弱,以及不同国家缺乏HPV相关口腔癌国家预防规划的政策。这篇综述还指出,需要在全球范围内更多地关注预防和控制口腔HPV感染和HPV相关口腔癌。
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引用次数: 0
Physical activity and stress among college students at a large US university during the COVID‐19 pandemic COVID - 19大流行期间美国一所大型大学大学生的身体活动和压力
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.124
Wendy DeYoung, Becca Schulte, Kaigang Li
Abstract Background As the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown in March 2020, reports indicate reduced physical activity (PA), increased sitting time (ST), and higher stress in various groups. It remains uncertain if these patterns persist in college students. This study aimed to discover trends in vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), light PA (LPA), ST, and stress among college students from 2020 to early 2022, spanning 2 years. Methods Using a repeated cross‐sectional design, this study involved three online surveys in Summer and Fall 2020, and Winter 2021, respectively. Participants recalled pre‐COVID‐19 information in the first two periods and reported current information during COVID in all three periods, outlining four time points: Before‐COVID and During‐COVID times 1, 2, and 3. Results This study included 2163 students from a large Western university. All types of PA decreased from the start of the pandemic to late 2021; however, increases toward pre‐pandemic levels in MPA and LPA were found in early 2022. Also, activity shifted from VPA to MPA and LPA. Although ST and perceived stress (PS) surged in the pandemic's first year, they began decreasing toward pre‐COVID levels in early 2022. Conclusion The study indicates a decline in PA during the peak of the pandemic, followed by a recent return to almost pre‐COVID levels. Additionally, elevated ST and PS in early pandemic have reduced by the third year. As society begins to live with a new COVID‐normal, there must be adaptations to maintain PA and promote mental well‐being.
背景随着2020年3月COVID - 19大流行的爆发和随后的封锁,报告显示各种人群的身体活动(PA)减少,静坐时间(ST)增加,压力增加。目前还不确定这些模式是否在大学生中持续存在。本研究旨在探讨2020年至2022年初大学生的剧烈PA (VPA)、中度PA (MPA)、轻度PA (LPA)、ST和压力的变化趋势。方法采用重复横断面设计,本研究包括分别于2020年夏秋和2021年冬季进行的三次在线调查。参与者回顾了前两个时期的前COVID - 19信息,并在所有三个时期报告了COVID期间的当前信息,概述了四个时间点:COVID之前和COVID期间的1,2,3次。结果本研究纳入了来自西部某大型大学的2163名学生。从大流行开始到2021年底,所有类型的PA都有所下降;然而,在2022年初发现MPA和LPA向大流行前水平增加。此外,活性从VPA转移到MPA和LPA。尽管ST和感知压力(PS)在大流行的第一年激增,但它们在2022年初开始下降到COVID前的水平。该研究表明,PA在大流行高峰期有所下降,随后在最近几乎恢复到COVID前的水平。此外,在大流行早期升高的ST和PS到第三年已经减少。随着社会开始适应新冠肺炎常态,必须采取适应措施来维持PA并促进心理健康。
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引用次数: 0
An examination of an adapted Project ECHO model series during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Idaho 在爱达荷州COVID - 19大流行期间对适应性项目ECHO模型系列的检查
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.128
Jonathan D. Moore, Julio de Leon Gonzalez, Madeline P. Casanova, Kathleen Rodgers, Russell T. Baker
Abstract Introduction Idaho is a medically underserved and rural state comprised mostly health professional shortage areas for primary and specialty care. Given the state shortages and barriers to access care, the testing and treatment of COVID‐19 may be improved through the implementation of telementoring education programs such as Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO). The purpose of this article was to assess session attendance and self‐reported healthcare clinician perceptions of the ECHO Idaho COVID‐19 series (2020 and 2021), a modified Project ECHO model provided during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Idaho. Methods ECHO Idaho developed a COVID‐19 ECHO series for healthcare providers to attend in 2020 and 2021. The sessions included COVID‐19 updates specific to Idaho, didactic presentations on prevention, screening, diagnosis, and evidence‐based treatments for COVID‐19, and case‐based presentations. Results A total of 664 individuals attended the 2020 series and 260 individuals attended the 2021 series, with 1752.5 continuing medical education hours being claimed. Participants reported series participation increased overall knowledge of COVID‐19, knowledge of best practices for treatment, and awareness of resources available in Idaho. Further, series participation was perceived to reduce feelings of isolation, enhance access to information, and support healthcare professionals (e.g., provided resources) during the pandemic. Conclusion Results of this evaluation indicate that the ECHO Idaho COVID‐19 series was a useful and valuable program to implement during a pandemic in a rural and frontier state to improve physician knowledge and specialty training.
爱达荷州是一个医疗服务不足的农村州,主要由初级和专科护理卫生专业人员短缺地区组成。鉴于该州医疗短缺和获得医疗服务的障碍,可以通过实施远程监控教育计划,如社区医疗保健成果项目扩展(ECHO),改善COVID - 19的检测和治疗。本文的目的是评估会议出席率和自我报告的医疗保健临床医生对ECHO爱达荷州COVID - 19系列(2020年和2021年)的看法,这是爱达荷州COVID - 19大流行期间提供的修改后的ECHO项目模型。方法ECHO爱达荷制定了2020年和2021年医疗保健提供者参加的COVID - 19 ECHO系列。会议包括针对爱达荷州的COVID - 19最新情况,关于COVID - 19的预防、筛查、诊断和循证治疗的教学报告,以及基于病例的报告。结果共有664人参加了2020年系列,260人参加了2021年系列,共接受了1752.5学时的继续医学教育。参与者报告说,系列参与增加了对COVID - 19的总体了解、对最佳治疗实践的了解以及对爱达荷州可用资源的认识。此外,在大流行期间,系列参与被认为可以减少孤立感,增加获得信息的机会,并支持保健专业人员(例如提供资源)。结论本次评估结果表明,ECHO爱达荷州COVID - 19系列是在农村和边境州实施的一项有用且有价值的计划,可以提高医生的知识和专业培训。
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引用次数: 0
Spinal tuberculosis in Afghanistan: A 2019‐2020 study of patients in Kabul hospitals 阿富汗脊柱结核:对喀布尔医院患者的2019 - 2020年研究
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.120
Farah Qaderi, Idriss Mashid, Latif Gachkar, Mosè Martellucci, Shohra Qaderi, Akihiko Ozaki, Alireza Haghbin Toutounchi, Afshin Taheriazam, Takanori Asakura, Hojat Gholipoor Talemi, Noria Mohammady, Minoosh Shabani
Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in many low‐income countries, which can affect the spine in 1%–5% of those with an active infection. This study reports the clinical characteristics of patients admitted for spinal TB in Kabul, Afghanistan, a country with very limited resources. Methods This was a descriptive study among 26 patients treated for spinal TB in three major referral hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan, between March 2019 and April 2020. The sociodemographic and clinical details, gender, age, site of infection, presenting complaints, signs, and symptoms of the patients were retrieved from their medical records. Summary statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Results Data were available for 26 patients with spinal TB admitted consecutively. The mean age of the sample was 38.2 years (SD 17.5), and there were 16 males and 10 females. Median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 60 days. The most common diagnostic imaging technique used was magnetic resonance imaging (92.3%), followed by computed tomography (7.7%). The majority of the lesions involved the lumbar spine (61.4%), followed by the thoracolumbar spine (30.8%). Back pain was the most common manifestation in 21 patients (80.8%), and varying degrees of neurological impairment were found in 16 (61.5%) patients. There were no deaths among the patients up to the discharge date. Conclusions This study describes the clinical characteristics of spinal TB among patients in Kabul, Afghanistan. It is essential to strengthen preventive strategies and to improve health awareness about clinical features of spinal TB in patients with chronic back pain even in the absence of signs of TB.
背景结核病(TB)在许多低收入国家流行,其可影响1%-5%的活动性感染患者的脊柱。本研究报告了阿富汗喀布尔(一个资源非常有限的国家)收治的脊柱结核患者的临床特征。方法对2019年3月至2020年4月期间在阿富汗喀布尔三家主要转诊医院接受脊柱结核治疗的26例患者进行描述性研究。从患者的医疗记录中检索患者的社会人口学和临床细节、性别、年龄、感染部位、主诉、体征和症状。汇总统计数据采用SPSS version 20进行分析。获得了伊朗德黑兰Shahid Beheshti医学科学大学伦理委员会的伦理批准。结果连续收治26例脊柱结核患者。样本平均年龄38.2岁(SD 17.5),男性16例,女性10例。从症状出现到住院的中位时间为60天。最常用的诊断成像技术是磁共振成像(92.3%),其次是计算机断层扫描(7.7%)。大多数病变累及腰椎(61.4%),其次是胸腰椎(30.8%)。21例(80.8%)患者以背痛为最常见的症状,16例(61.5%)患者出现不同程度的神经功能障碍。截至出院日,患者无死亡病例。结论:本研究描述了阿富汗喀布尔脊柱结核患者的临床特征。必须加强预防策略,并提高对慢性背痛患者脊柱结核临床特征的健康认识,即使在没有结核病迹象的情况下。
{"title":"Spinal tuberculosis in Afghanistan: A 2019‐2020 study of patients in Kabul hospitals","authors":"Farah Qaderi, Idriss Mashid, Latif Gachkar, Mosè Martellucci, Shohra Qaderi, Akihiko Ozaki, Alireza Haghbin Toutounchi, Afshin Taheriazam, Takanori Asakura, Hojat Gholipoor Talemi, Noria Mohammady, Minoosh Shabani","doi":"10.1002/puh2.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in many low‐income countries, which can affect the spine in 1%–5% of those with an active infection. This study reports the clinical characteristics of patients admitted for spinal TB in Kabul, Afghanistan, a country with very limited resources. Methods This was a descriptive study among 26 patients treated for spinal TB in three major referral hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan, between March 2019 and April 2020. The sociodemographic and clinical details, gender, age, site of infection, presenting complaints, signs, and symptoms of the patients were retrieved from their medical records. Summary statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Results Data were available for 26 patients with spinal TB admitted consecutively. The mean age of the sample was 38.2 years (SD 17.5), and there were 16 males and 10 females. Median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 60 days. The most common diagnostic imaging technique used was magnetic resonance imaging (92.3%), followed by computed tomography (7.7%). The majority of the lesions involved the lumbar spine (61.4%), followed by the thoracolumbar spine (30.8%). Back pain was the most common manifestation in 21 patients (80.8%), and varying degrees of neurological impairment were found in 16 (61.5%) patients. There were no deaths among the patients up to the discharge date. Conclusions This study describes the clinical characteristics of spinal TB among patients in Kabul, Afghanistan. It is essential to strengthen preventive strategies and to improve health awareness about clinical features of spinal TB in patients with chronic back pain even in the absence of signs of TB.","PeriodicalId":74613,"journal":{"name":"Public health challenges","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136280378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A concern for ophthalmic antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh 对孟加拉国眼科抗生素耐药性的关注
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.121
Md Nasir Ahmed, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Rownak Jahan, Chowdhury Alfi Afroze
In 2022, Bangladesh witnessed a sudden surge in conjunctivitis infections with some hospitals reporting three times the usual patient load with conjunctivitis [1]. According to media reports, conjunctivitis, characterized by red eyes, eye pain, and irritation, may have spiked in Bangladesh since July 2022 and reached its peak by September [2]. The outbreak of conjunctivitis has been reported mainly in Chattogram, Dhaka, Sylhet, Narayanganj and Faridpur regions [3]. Conjunctivitis in most cases is caused by viral infections. In the current outbreak, nearly half of these patients are infected with human adenovirus [1]. Bangladesh has noted an outbreak of conjunctivitis during the COVID-19 pandemic with eye-related manifestations such as red eye, itching, watering, vision loss, acute infection and inflammation [4, 6]. Earlier outbreaks of acute viral haemorrhagic conjunctivitis had also happened in 1981 caused by enterovirus 70 (EV 70) [7]. Viral infections and viral conjunctivitis do not need antibiotics unless there is an added bacterial infection. However, in the current outbreak, topical antibiotics such as Moxifloxacin, and Chloramphenicol are freely dispensed by pharmacy retailers without the prescription of health professionals [2]. In addition, there is also rampant use of Ciprofloxacin, Dexamethasone, and Natamycin for a viral eye infection [8]. These activities are a cause of concern in terms of antimicrobial stewardship and rising antimicrobial resistance of ocular pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., coagulase-negative staphylococci, methicillin-resistant, and Haemophilus spp.) in recent decades has been a concern [9]. In 2017, a study of antibiotic susceptibility on bacteria collected from infected eyes in Bangladesh, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas species were resistant to Gatifloxacin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Cloxacillin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Cefixime, and Cephalexin [10]. An increase in ophthalmic antibiotic resistance may be a major problem when indicated in cataract surgery, corneal ulcers or bacterial eye infections. Raising public awareness regarding the judicious use of ophthalmic antibiotics is essential to avoid unprecedented ophthalmic epidemics and antimicrobial resistance burden. Regulations for self-medication, distribution, and selling antibiotics should include ophthalmic antibiotics. Bangladesh should initiate nationwide surveillance on antibiotic resistance in ocular microorganisms. Visualization; resources; writing – original draft; project administration: Md Nasir Ahmed. Conceptualization; writing – review and editing; supervision: Mohammed Rahmatullah. Validation; writing – review and editing: Rownak Jahan. Investigation: Chowdhury Alfi Afroze. We would like to thank the reviewers for their time and effort in reviewing the manuscript. The authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.
2022年,孟加拉国的结膜炎感染突然激增,一些医院报告的结膜炎患者数量是平时的三倍[1]。据媒体报道,自2022年7月以来,结膜炎(以眼睛发红、眼睛疼痛和刺激为特征)可能在孟加拉国急剧增加,并于9月达到高峰[2]。结膜炎的暴发报告主要发生在Chattogram、达卡、Sylhet、narayangj和Faridpur地区[3]。结膜炎在大多数情况下是由病毒感染引起的。在目前的疫情中,近一半的患者感染了人腺病毒[1]。孟加拉国在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间爆发了结膜炎,表现为红眼、瘙痒、流泪、视力下降、急性感染和炎症[4,6]。早期由肠病毒70 (ev70)引起的急性病毒性出血性结膜炎在1981年也发生过暴发[7]。病毒性感染和病毒性结膜炎不需要抗生素,除非有额外的细菌感染。然而,在目前的疫情中,莫西沙星、氯霉素等外用抗生素在没有卫生专业人员处方的情况下,由药店零售商随意配发[2]。此外,对于病毒性眼部感染,环丙沙星、地塞米松和纳他霉素也被广泛使用[8]。近几十年来,这些活动引起了人们对抗菌药物管理和眼部病原体(如葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林和嗜血杆菌)日益增加的抗菌药物耐药性的关注[9]。2017年孟加拉国感染眼采集的细菌药敏研究发现,葡萄球菌、链球菌和假单胞菌对加替沙星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、氯西林、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、头孢克肟和头孢氨苄耐药[10]。当白内障手术、角膜溃疡或细菌性眼部感染时,眼部抗生素耐药性的增加可能是一个主要问题。提高公众对明智使用眼科抗生素的认识对于避免前所未有的眼科流行病和抗菌素耐药性负担至关重要。自行用药、分发和销售抗生素的规定应包括眼科抗生素。孟加拉国应在全国范围内对眼部微生物的抗生素耐药性进行监测。可视化;资源;写作——原稿;项目管理:Md Nasir Ahmed。概念化;写作——审阅和编辑;监督:Mohammed Rahmatullah。验证;写作-评论和编辑:Rownak Jahan。调查:Chowdhury Alfi afreeze。我们要感谢审稿人花时间和精力审稿。作者已声明没有利益冲突。数据共享不适用于本文,因为本研究没有创建或分析新的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Drug‐facilitated sexual assault in Africa: A scoping review of empirical evidence 非洲毒品促成的性侵犯:经验证据的范围审查
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.119
Jimoh Amzat, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Kafayat Aminu, Eyinade Adeduntan Egbedina
Abstract Background Sexual assault has been a major social problem worldwide. Drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a form of sexual assault facilitated by psychoactive substances. DFSA is highly prevalent worldwide, though it is usually underreported. To understand the situation of DFSA in Africa, there is a need to map the available empirical evidence on DFSA in Africa. Hence, this scoping review was conducted to summarize the existing empirical knowledge and gaps in the literature and inform future research on DFSA in Africa. Methods This study adopted the design by the Arksey and O'Malley's guideline for scoping reviews. Without year limiters, literatures were retrieved through a systematic search of the 11 electronic databases using appropriate search terms and Boolean operators. The retrieved literatures were deduplicated and screened, using Rayyan, to identify eligible literature for inclusion into the review. Only those articles that met the eligibility criteria were included for data charting, collation, and summarization. Four articles were included in this review. Results Four articles were included in this review. The studies reported the characteristics of offenders and the context in which DFSA occurred. In the reviewed studies, rape of men was only reported among South Africans. Sedatives and alcohol are the most reported substances used in such rape. Perceptions of date rape, as documented by sexual assault survivors, suggest the pervasiveness of victim blaming. Typical DFSA cases appear opportunistic in nature, and an acquaintance is often the culprit. However, disaggregating DFSA as a specific sexual assault requires some logistics, including forensic and toxicological investigations. Conclusion DFSA is a significant dimension of gender‐based sexual violence. Infrastructure development should be improved to support systematic toxicological analyses and services to investigate and understand DFSA.
性侵犯已成为世界性的重大社会问题。药物促进性侵犯(DFSA)是一种由精神活性物质促进的性侵犯形式。DFSA在世界范围内非常普遍,尽管它通常被低估。为了了解非洲粮食和农业服务的情况,有必要对非洲粮食和农业服务的现有经验证据进行绘制。因此,本文进行了范围审查,以总结现有的经验知识和文献中的空白,并为非洲DFSA的未来研究提供信息。方法本研究采用Arksey和O'Malley指南设计的范围评价。在没有年份限制的情况下,通过使用适当的检索词和布尔运算符对11个电子数据库进行系统检索检索文献。使用Rayyan对检索到的文献进行去重复和筛选,以确定符合条件的文献纳入综述。只有那些符合资格标准的文章被纳入数据图表、整理和总结。本综述纳入了四篇文章。结果共纳入4篇文献。这些研究报告了罪犯的特征和DFSA发生的背景。在审查的研究中,只有南非人报告了强奸男子的情况。据报道,在这种强奸中使用最多的是镇静剂和酒精。根据性侵幸存者的记录,对约会强奸的看法表明,普遍存在着对受害者的指责。典型的DFSA案例在本质上表现为机会主义,而熟人往往是罪魁祸首。然而,将DFSA分解为特定的性侵犯需要一些后勤保障,包括法医和毒理学调查。结论DFSA是基于性别的性暴力的一个重要维度。应改善基础设施建设,以支持系统的毒理学分析和服务,以调查和了解DFSA。
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引用次数: 0
Addressing the rights and well‐being of domestic workers in Africa: Status in Malawi 解决非洲家庭佣工的权利和福祉:马拉维的现状
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.123
Symon Fidelis Nayupe, Alieu Touray, Dalitso Tembo, Mama Tamanda Msiska, Juliana Mputeni, Allan Hans Muhome
Abstract Domestic work continues to contribute to employment in most developing countries significantly. Over 75.6 million people are domestic workers worldwide, three‐quarters of whom are women. In Africa, many people still rely on domestic work for employment, making up 2.2% of the total workforce on the continent. With a predominant presence in the sub‐Saharan region, Africa's domestic workforce is estimated at around 9.6 million. Mirroring the global trend, most workers are women, with an estimated 15.8% of Africa's paid female employees being domestic workers. This considerable presence of domestic work contributes to domestic and intra‐continental migration in Africa, where about 80% of the domestic workers are from within. The Southern African region is a major intra‐continent destination for most workers. In Malawi, domestic labour is also common and is one of the country's primary sources of jobs, especially for poor populations who often domestically migrate from rural to urban areas. However, country estimates for the total number of domestic workers are yet to be published. Although there have been improved work conditions for domestic workers in some countries worldwide, the situation is different in many African nations, including Malawi. Domestic workers still face underpayment, long working hours, physical and psychological ill‐treatment from employers, challenging, harsh working environments and lack of access to healthcare. We discuss the status of the well‐being of domestic workers in Malawi, a country in southeastern Africa. We note that the working conditions for domestic workers continue to be unfavourable, with physical and psychological abuse and other human rights violations. To improve the well‐being and working conditions of domestic workers, government and non‐governmental organisations should, among other things, facilitate programmes to root out poverty, strengthen the legal framework that addresses domestic worker abuse and ensure social protection, including healthcare protection.
在大多数发展中国家,家务劳动继续对就业作出重大贡献。全世界有超过7560万人是家庭佣工,其中四分之三是妇女。在非洲,许多人仍然依靠家务劳动就业,占非洲大陆总劳动力的2.2%。非洲的国内劳动力主要分布在撒哈拉以南地区,估计约为960万。与全球趋势相呼应的是,大多数工人是女性,据估计,非洲15.8%的有偿女性雇员是家政工人。大量的家务劳动促进了非洲的国内和大陆内移民,其中约80%的家政工人来自非洲内部。南部非洲地区是大多数工人的主要大陆内目的地。在马拉维,家务劳动也很普遍,是该国就业的主要来源之一,特别是对于经常在国内从农村迁移到城市地区的贫困人口。但是,各国对家庭佣工总数的估计数字尚未公布。虽然世界上一些国家的家庭佣工的工作条件有所改善,但包括马拉维在内的许多非洲国家的情况不同。家庭佣工仍然面临着工资过低、工作时间过长、雇主身心虐待、恶劣的工作环境和缺乏医疗保健的问题。我们讨论了马拉维家庭工人的福利状况,马拉维是非洲东南部的一个国家。我们注意到,家政工人的工作条件仍然不利,存在着身体和心理虐待以及其他侵犯人权的行为。为了改善家庭佣工的福利和工作条件,政府和非政府组织除其他外,应促进根除贫困的方案,加强解决家庭佣工受虐待问题的法律框架,并确保社会保护,包括保健保护。
{"title":"Addressing the rights and well‐being of domestic workers in Africa: Status in Malawi","authors":"Symon Fidelis Nayupe, Alieu Touray, Dalitso Tembo, Mama Tamanda Msiska, Juliana Mputeni, Allan Hans Muhome","doi":"10.1002/puh2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Domestic work continues to contribute to employment in most developing countries significantly. Over 75.6 million people are domestic workers worldwide, three‐quarters of whom are women. In Africa, many people still rely on domestic work for employment, making up 2.2% of the total workforce on the continent. With a predominant presence in the sub‐Saharan region, Africa's domestic workforce is estimated at around 9.6 million. Mirroring the global trend, most workers are women, with an estimated 15.8% of Africa's paid female employees being domestic workers. This considerable presence of domestic work contributes to domestic and intra‐continental migration in Africa, where about 80% of the domestic workers are from within. The Southern African region is a major intra‐continent destination for most workers. In Malawi, domestic labour is also common and is one of the country's primary sources of jobs, especially for poor populations who often domestically migrate from rural to urban areas. However, country estimates for the total number of domestic workers are yet to be published. Although there have been improved work conditions for domestic workers in some countries worldwide, the situation is different in many African nations, including Malawi. Domestic workers still face underpayment, long working hours, physical and psychological ill‐treatment from employers, challenging, harsh working environments and lack of access to healthcare. We discuss the status of the well‐being of domestic workers in Malawi, a country in southeastern Africa. We note that the working conditions for domestic workers continue to be unfavourable, with physical and psychological abuse and other human rights violations. To improve the well‐being and working conditions of domestic workers, government and non‐governmental organisations should, among other things, facilitate programmes to root out poverty, strengthen the legal framework that addresses domestic worker abuse and ensure social protection, including healthcare protection.","PeriodicalId":74613,"journal":{"name":"Public health challenges","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135348567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a resource limited setting: Factors associated with difficult surgeries at the National Referral Hospital, Bhutan 资源有限的腹腔镜胆囊切除术:不丹国家转诊医院手术困难的相关因素
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.122
Sangay Wangmo, Sonam Dargay, Sonam ChhodenR
Abstract Background Prediction of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy may help in making necessary arrangements for optimal intraoperative requirements and postoperative care. This study was conducted to examine the factors associated with and outcomes of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed at the Bhutan's largest hospital in 2020. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study with a convenience sampling method. Data on clinical features, ultrasonography and intraoperative factors of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were extracted from their medical records, investigation reports and intraoperative surgery note. Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy was defined on the basis of the duration of the surgery, injury to bile duct or artery, or conversion to open cholecystectomy. Data were double entered and validated in EpiData 3.1 and analysed in STATA 13.0. Results Data from 134 patients were extracted. The mean age of the sample was 43 (±SD 13) years. “Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy” was reported in 83 patients (62%) and easy laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 51 patients (38%). Those patients having simple adhesions up to the body of the gall bladder were 1.6 times more likely to encounter difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy (adjusted PR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.48, p = 0.034). The majority did not have any post‐operative complications (130 cases, 97%). The indications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were symptomatic gall stone disease (129, 96%), acalculous cholecystitis (2, 1%) and gall bladder polyp (3, 2%). Conclusions The proportion of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy is high, but the rates of post‐operative complications were minimal with no mortality or injury to bile duct or arteries.
背景对困难的腹腔镜胆囊切除术进行预测,有助于优化术中需求和术后护理。本研究旨在研究2020年在不丹最大的医院进行的困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的相关因素和结果。方法采用方便抽样方法进行横断面研究。从患者的病历、调查报告和术中手术记录中提取腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床特征、超声检查和术中因素。根据手术时间、胆管或动脉损伤或转为开腹胆囊切除术来定义困难的腹腔镜胆囊切除术。数据在EpiData 3.1中进行双重输入和验证,在STATA 13.0中进行分析。结果共提取134例患者资料。样本平均年龄为43岁(±SD 13)岁。“腹腔镜胆囊切除术难”83例(62%),“腹腔镜胆囊切除术易”51例(38%)。单纯粘连至胆囊体的患者遇到困难的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可能性高出1.6倍(调整后的PR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.48, p = 0.034)。大多数无任何术后并发症(130例,97%)。腹腔镜胆囊切除术的指征为症状性胆结石(129.96%)、无结石性胆囊炎(21.1%)和胆囊息肉(3.2%)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术难度大,术后并发症发生率低,无死亡和胆管动脉损伤。
{"title":"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a resource limited setting: Factors associated with difficult surgeries at the National Referral Hospital, Bhutan","authors":"Sangay Wangmo, Sonam Dargay, Sonam ChhodenR","doi":"10.1002/puh2.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Prediction of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy may help in making necessary arrangements for optimal intraoperative requirements and postoperative care. This study was conducted to examine the factors associated with and outcomes of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed at the Bhutan's largest hospital in 2020. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study with a convenience sampling method. Data on clinical features, ultrasonography and intraoperative factors of patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were extracted from their medical records, investigation reports and intraoperative surgery note. Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy was defined on the basis of the duration of the surgery, injury to bile duct or artery, or conversion to open cholecystectomy. Data were double entered and validated in EpiData 3.1 and analysed in STATA 13.0. Results Data from 134 patients were extracted. The mean age of the sample was 43 (±SD 13) years. “Difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy” was reported in 83 patients (62%) and easy laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 51 patients (38%). Those patients having simple adhesions up to the body of the gall bladder were 1.6 times more likely to encounter difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy (adjusted PR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.04–2.48, p = 0.034). The majority did not have any post‐operative complications (130 cases, 97%). The indications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were symptomatic gall stone disease (129, 96%), acalculous cholecystitis (2, 1%) and gall bladder polyp (3, 2%). Conclusions The proportion of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy is high, but the rates of post‐operative complications were minimal with no mortality or injury to bile duct or arteries.","PeriodicalId":74613,"journal":{"name":"Public health challenges","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135348748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
COVID‐19 booster dose vaccination of healthcare workers in Qatar: A web‐based cross‐sectional survey 卡塔尔卫生保健工作者的COVID - 19加强剂量疫苗接种:基于网络的横断面调查
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.94
Amudha Pattabi, Ananth Nazarene, Sejo Varghese, A. Nashwan, Reena Philip, Ramya Munuswamy, Kalpana Singh
Vaccines are an important public health measure and effective strategy to protect the population from COVID‐19. Front‐line healthcare personnel should receive priority in vaccination programs. However, the reported hesitancy among healthcare workers (HCWs) toward the COVID‐19 vaccines cannot be ignored. It widely influences the level of vaccine hesitancy in the general population. Hesitancy, fear, and anxiety were documented in first and second rounds of COVID‐19 vaccination. This study assessed the acceptance of COVID‐19 booster doses among the HCWs in Qatar.A web‐based cross‐sectional online survey was conducted using the 7C Vaccine Readiness Scale to evaluate the preparedness of the HCWs to receive COVID‐19 vaccines. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to identify factors associated with preparedness for vaccination.A total of 382 participants completed the survey. Allied health professionals scored the least on the readiness score (−7.0 ± 9.9) compared to the physicians (3.1 ± 7.2) and nurses (3.0 ± 7.8). Physicians scored higher on confidence (58.8%), calculation (64.7%), and complacency (60.8%). Nurses scored higher on constraints (51.6%), collective responsibility (62.7%), and compliance (39.1%), and allied health professionals scored higher on (67.9%) conspiracy. There was a significant association between readiness score and not being infected with COVID‐19, post‐vaccine symptom experience, and hesitancy for the initial two doses.This study reports higher complacency and constraints with the perception of lower risks and the lack of interest in taking collective responsibility among the HCWs. Addressing vaccine hesitancy among them is critical to ensure successful vaccination campaigns and promote community safety during future pandemics.
疫苗是保护人群免受COVID - 19感染的重要公共卫生措施和有效策略。一线卫生保健人员应优先接种疫苗。然而,据报道,卫生保健工作者(HCWs)对COVID - 19疫苗的犹豫不容忽视。它广泛影响一般人群对疫苗的犹豫程度。在第一轮和第二轮COVID - 19疫苗接种中记录了犹豫、恐惧和焦虑。本研究评估了卡塔尔卫生保健工作者对COVID - 19加强剂的接受程度。使用7C疫苗准备程度量表进行了一项基于网络的横断面在线调查,以评估卫生保健工作者接种COVID - 19疫苗的准备情况。使用描述性和推断性统计来确定与疫苗接种准备相关的因素。共有382名参与者完成了调查。专职卫生专业人员的准备度得分为- 7.0±9.9分,低于内科医生(3.1±7.2分)和护士(3.0±7.8分)。医生在信心(58.8%)、计算(64.7%)和自满(60.8%)方面得分较高。护士在约束(51.6%)、集体责任(62.7%)和依从性(39.1%)方面得分较高,联合医疗专业人员在阴谋(67.9%)方面得分较高。准备程度评分与未感染COVID - 19、疫苗后症状经历和最初两次剂量的犹豫之间存在显著关联。本研究报告指出,卫生保健工作人员对较低风险的认知和对承担集体责任缺乏兴趣的自满情绪和约束情绪较高。解决他们之间的疫苗犹豫问题对于确保疫苗接种运动取得成功和在未来大流行期间促进社区安全至关重要。
{"title":"COVID‐19 booster dose vaccination of healthcare workers in Qatar: A web‐based cross‐sectional survey","authors":"Amudha Pattabi, Ananth Nazarene, Sejo Varghese, A. Nashwan, Reena Philip, Ramya Munuswamy, Kalpana Singh","doi":"10.1002/puh2.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.94","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines are an important public health measure and effective strategy to protect the population from COVID‐19. Front‐line healthcare personnel should receive priority in vaccination programs. However, the reported hesitancy among healthcare workers (HCWs) toward the COVID‐19 vaccines cannot be ignored. It widely influences the level of vaccine hesitancy in the general population. Hesitancy, fear, and anxiety were documented in first and second rounds of COVID‐19 vaccination. This study assessed the acceptance of COVID‐19 booster doses among the HCWs in Qatar.A web‐based cross‐sectional online survey was conducted using the 7C Vaccine Readiness Scale to evaluate the preparedness of the HCWs to receive COVID‐19 vaccines. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to identify factors associated with preparedness for vaccination.A total of 382 participants completed the survey. Allied health professionals scored the least on the readiness score (−7.0 ± 9.9) compared to the physicians (3.1 ± 7.2) and nurses (3.0 ± 7.8). Physicians scored higher on confidence (58.8%), calculation (64.7%), and complacency (60.8%). Nurses scored higher on constraints (51.6%), collective responsibility (62.7%), and compliance (39.1%), and allied health professionals scored higher on (67.9%) conspiracy. There was a significant association between readiness score and not being infected with COVID‐19, post‐vaccine symptom experience, and hesitancy for the initial two doses.This study reports higher complacency and constraints with the perception of lower risks and the lack of interest in taking collective responsibility among the HCWs. Addressing vaccine hesitancy among them is critical to ensure successful vaccination campaigns and promote community safety during future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":74613,"journal":{"name":"Public health challenges","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42036080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Public health challenges
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