Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is caused by grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). GRBD diagnosis is often challenging because of the nature of symptoms in grapevines and complexity of testing methods. In 2020 and 2021, we compared the accuracy of four GRBV detection methods using samples collected from a commercial vineyard in southern Oregon.
Methods and key findings
Tissue samples were collected at fruit set, veraison, harvest, and dormancy from basal, middle, and apical shoot nodes of 20 GRBV-positive and negative vines. GRBD symptoms on grapevines were recorded at the time of collection, and leaf samples were tested for GRBV using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), endpoint PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The detectability of GRBV-positive vines by the assays differed significantly among node positions, depending on phenology. At fruit set and veraison, the sensitivity of qPCR and endpoint PCR assays was 98%, whereas the sensitivity of LAMP was 49% and 78%, respectively, from basal leaf samples. At harvest and dormancy, the sensitivity of all assays was 100% in basal and middle samples, and no significant differences were detectable between LAMP, endpoint PCR, and qPCR. None of the GRBV-positive grapevine samples expressed symptoms at fruit set, and 31% of the basal canopy samples expressed symptoms at veraison. At harvest, 90% of these vines expressed symptoms, which was not significantly different than other methods. Similarly, at fruit set, the specificity of LAMP was less than 75%, whereas at veraison and harvest, it increased to 100% for all DNA-based detection methods.
Conclusions and significance
The results of this study show that PCR-based assays are the most accurate option if early diagnosis is needed; less expensive methods such as LAMP and basal canopy symptoms are reliable at later phenological stages. These findings contribute to the better understanding of GRBV detection and benefit other researchers, winegrape, and nursery industries.
{"title":"Comparative Diagnosis of Grapevine Red Blotch Disease by Endpoint PCR, qPCR, LAMP, and Visual Symptoms","authors":"Joseph B. DeShields, Achala N. KC","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2023.22047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2023.22047","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background and goals</h3> Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is caused by grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV). GRBD diagnosis is often challenging because of the nature of symptoms in grapevines and complexity of testing methods. In 2020 and 2021, we compared the accuracy of four GRBV detection methods using samples collected from a commercial vineyard in southern Oregon. <h3>Methods and key findings</h3> Tissue samples were collected at fruit set, veraison, harvest, and dormancy from basal, middle, and apical shoot nodes of 20 GRBV-positive and negative vines. GRBD symptoms on grapevines were recorded at the time of collection, and leaf samples were tested for GRBV using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), endpoint PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The detectability of GRBV-positive vines by the assays differed significantly among node positions, depending on phenology. At fruit set and veraison, the sensitivity of qPCR and endpoint PCR assays was 98%, whereas the sensitivity of LAMP was 49% and 78%, respectively, from basal leaf samples. At harvest and dormancy, the sensitivity of all assays was 100% in basal and middle samples, and no significant differences were detectable between LAMP, endpoint PCR, and qPCR. None of the GRBV-positive grapevine samples expressed symptoms at fruit set, and 31% of the basal canopy samples expressed symptoms at veraison. At harvest, 90% of these vines expressed symptoms, which was not significantly different than other methods. Similarly, at fruit set, the specificity of LAMP was less than 75%, whereas at veraison and harvest, it increased to 100% for all DNA-based detection methods. <h3>Conclusions and significance</h3> The results of this study show that PCR-based assays are the most accurate option if early diagnosis is needed; less expensive methods such as LAMP and basal canopy symptoms are reliable at later phenological stages. These findings contribute to the better understanding of GRBV detection and benefit other researchers, winegrape, and nursery industries.","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135508122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change has led to increasingly difficult weather conditions and therefore, new challenges for grapegrowers. In Europe, increasing climatic variability is leading to a variety of problems, causing extremely dry summers in one year and extremely wet conditions accompanied by high pathogen pressure in the next. Especially in very wet years, viticulture requires the extensive use of pesticide products to prevent yield and quality loss. The European Union’s ambitious goal to reduce pesticide usage in agriculture by 50% by 2030 is putting further pressure on grapegrowers. However, after more than one-hundred years of grapevine breeding, there are many disease-resistant cultivars available for today’s grapegrowers.
Methods and key findings
This Insight provides an overview on the development of these new disease-resistant cultivars in Europe, their advantages, and the problems that grapegrowers face when using them to adapt to the conditions affected by climate change. Prejudice and uncertainty about these new cultivars has led to a low adoption rate within the grapegrowing sector. Ongoing research that aims to mitigate these doubts will be presented herein.
Conclusions and significance
Disease-resistant grapevine cultivars allow grapegrowers to reduce fungicide usage by up to 80%, depending on cultivar and environmental conditions. These cultivars are an important part of the effort to reduce pesticide usage in viticulture and therefore, to fulfill the demands for pesticide reduction set by the European Union.
{"title":"Adoption of New Winegrape Cultivars to Reduce Pesticide Use in Europe","authors":"Oliver Trapp, Reinhard Töpfer","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2023.23041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2023.23041","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background and goals</h3> Climate change has led to increasingly difficult weather conditions and therefore, new challenges for grapegrowers. In Europe, increasing climatic variability is leading to a variety of problems, causing extremely dry summers in one year and extremely wet conditions accompanied by high pathogen pressure in the next. Especially in very wet years, viticulture requires the extensive use of pesticide products to prevent yield and quality loss. The European Union’s ambitious goal to reduce pesticide usage in agriculture by 50% by 2030 is putting further pressure on grapegrowers. However, after more than one-hundred years of grapevine breeding, there are many disease-resistant cultivars available for today’s grapegrowers. <h3>Methods and key findings</h3> This Insight provides an overview on the development of these new disease-resistant cultivars in Europe, their advantages, and the problems that grapegrowers face when using them to adapt to the conditions affected by climate change. Prejudice and uncertainty about these new cultivars has led to a low adoption rate within the grapegrowing sector. Ongoing research that aims to mitigate these doubts will be presented herein. <h3>Conclusions and significance</h3> Disease-resistant grapevine cultivars allow grapegrowers to reduce fungicide usage by up to 80%, depending on cultivar and environmental conditions. These cultivars are an important part of the effort to reduce pesticide usage in viticulture and therefore, to fulfill the demands for pesticide reduction set by the European Union.","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135158545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is challenging grape production everywhere, but especially in regions with warm and dry climates. Rising temperatures are increasing the plant water demand while decreasing the irrigation water supply. This overview explores how temperature and water availability impact grapevines to inform practices in warm-climate viticulture.
Methods and key findings
Integrating an historical perspective with recent physiological and phenological research shows that Vitis vinifera is a rather heat- and drought-tolerant species whose cultivars differ in their adaptability to diverse climates. Water-stressed grapevines reduce canopy gas exchange and growth, leading to more sun-exposed, and hence warmer, clusters with smaller berries, which alters grape composition. Both excessive heat and drought stress limit crop yield, and drought stress may threaten plant survival. Rising temperatures accelerate vine growth and development, and may advance or delay fruit ripening, but temperature responses and thresholds remain to be quantified. Exploiting the existing genetic diversity and using mechanization to manipulate crop yields may be effective strategies to counter the trend to earlier harvests and higher wine alcohol contents and to improve vineyard water-use efficiency.
Conclusions and significance
Though climate change poses challenges to the global grape and wine industries, the work reviewed here shows that grapevines are resilient and vary in their adaptability. This article encourages further research into utilizing the inherent genetic diversity of grapevines to choose or develop adapted cultivars and other mitigation strategies related to vineyard management.
{"title":"Climate Change Impacts on Vineyards in Warm and Dry Areas: Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Markus Keller","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2023.23024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2023.23024","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background and goals</h3> Climate change is challenging grape production everywhere, but especially in regions with warm and dry climates. Rising temperatures are increasing the plant water demand while decreasing the irrigation water supply. This overview explores how temperature and water availability impact grapevines to inform practices in warm-climate viticulture. <h3>Methods and key findings</h3> Integrating an historical perspective with recent physiological and phenological research shows that <i>Vitis vinifera</i> is a rather heat- and drought-tolerant species whose cultivars differ in their adaptability to diverse climates. Water-stressed grapevines reduce canopy gas exchange and growth, leading to more sun-exposed, and hence warmer, clusters with smaller berries, which alters grape composition. Both excessive heat and drought stress limit crop yield, and drought stress may threaten plant survival. Rising temperatures accelerate vine growth and development, and may advance or delay fruit ripening, but temperature responses and thresholds remain to be quantified. Exploiting the existing genetic diversity and using mechanization to manipulate crop yields may be effective strategies to counter the trend to earlier harvests and higher wine alcohol contents and to improve vineyard water-use efficiency. <h3>Conclusions and significance</h3> Though climate change poses challenges to the global grape and wine industries, the work reviewed here shows that grapevines are resilient and vary in their adaptability. This article encourages further research into utilizing the inherent genetic diversity of grapevines to choose or develop adapted cultivars and other mitigation strategies related to vineyard management.","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135159900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiwen Yang, Yanping L. Qian, Ye Feng, Ling Huang, Armando Alcazar Magana, Michael C. Qian
{"title":"Volatile Phenols in Smoke-Exposed Pinot noir Wines - Biomarkers and Model Prediction","authors":"Ruiwen Yang, Yanping L. Qian, Ye Feng, Ling Huang, Armando Alcazar Magana, Michael C. Qian","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2023.22073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2023.22073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135496137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lianna M. Wodzicki, L. Madden, E. Y. Long, Heping Zhu, M. L. Lewis Ivey
Background and goals New pesticide spray technologies are needed to replace inefficient conventional air-assisted practices for protecting grapes from diseases and insect pests. Methods and key findings A laser-guided intelligent sprayer was evaluated in an experimental vineyard for three consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included the intelligent sprayer with low (0.065 L/m 3 ) and high (0.13 L/ m 3 ) base spray deposition rates, and the conventional constant-rate application using the same sprayer but with the intelligent functions deactivated (935.4 L/ha). Evaluations included comparisons of spray coverage and deposition uniformity within vines, spray volume consumption, chemical cost savings, control of fungal diseases and Japanese beetles, and yields among the three treatments and nontreated plots as control. The conventional treatment consistently produced excessively higher spray coverage within vines than the low-and high-rate intelligent sprayer treatments, while spray deposition uniformity on grapevines did not differ significantly among treatments. Even though foliar disease severity was significantly higher in the intelligent low-rate treatment, marketable yields were not significantly different from either the intelligent high-rate or conventional constant-rate treatments; however, marketable yields in the intelligent low-rate treatment were 1.7 times higher than in nontreated plots. Japanese beetle incidence and herbivory varied significantly among treatments depending on sampling date, however, intelligent low-and high-rate treatments had significantly fewer beetles in the grapevine canopy than nontreated control plots for the majority of sampling periods each year. Furthermore, intelligent high-rate treatments suppressed Japanese beetles just as well as conventional air-assisted treatments. The intelligent spray treatments reduced spray volume by 29 to 83% compared to the conventional spray treatment, resulting in annual chemical savings of US$469 (high rate) and US$712 (low rate) per hectare. Conclusions and significance Intelligent sprayer technology could offer economically sustainable management of fungal and oomycete diseases and Japanese beetles for grape production.
{"title":"Evaluation of a Laser-Guided Intelligent Sprayer for Disease and Insect Management on Grapes","authors":"Lianna M. Wodzicki, L. Madden, E. Y. Long, Heping Zhu, M. L. Lewis Ivey","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2023.23013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2023.23013","url":null,"abstract":"Background and goals New pesticide spray technologies are needed to replace inefficient conventional air-assisted practices for protecting grapes from diseases and insect pests. Methods and key findings A laser-guided intelligent sprayer was evaluated in an experimental vineyard for three consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included the intelligent sprayer with low (0.065 L/m 3 ) and high (0.13 L/ m 3 ) base spray deposition rates, and the conventional constant-rate application using the same sprayer but with the intelligent functions deactivated (935.4 L/ha). Evaluations included comparisons of spray coverage and deposition uniformity within vines, spray volume consumption, chemical cost savings, control of fungal diseases and Japanese beetles, and yields among the three treatments and nontreated plots as control. The conventional treatment consistently produced excessively higher spray coverage within vines than the low-and high-rate intelligent sprayer treatments, while spray deposition uniformity on grapevines did not differ significantly among treatments. Even though foliar disease severity was significantly higher in the intelligent low-rate treatment, marketable yields were not significantly different from either the intelligent high-rate or conventional constant-rate treatments; however, marketable yields in the intelligent low-rate treatment were 1.7 times higher than in nontreated plots. Japanese beetle incidence and herbivory varied significantly among treatments depending on sampling date, however, intelligent low-and high-rate treatments had significantly fewer beetles in the grapevine canopy than nontreated control plots for the majority of sampling periods each year. Furthermore, intelligent high-rate treatments suppressed Japanese beetles just as well as conventional air-assisted treatments. The intelligent spray treatments reduced spray volume by 29 to 83% compared to the conventional spray treatment, resulting in annual chemical savings of US$469 (high rate) and US$712 (low rate) per hectare. Conclusions and significance Intelligent sprayer technology could offer economically sustainable management of fungal and oomycete diseases and Japanese beetles for grape production.","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71029660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2022.22001c
Andreea Botezatu, Aaron Essary, Martha R. Bajec
{"title":"Glucose Oxidase in Conjunction with Catalase – An Effective System of Wine pH Management in Red Wine","authors":"Andreea Botezatu, Aaron Essary, Martha R. Bajec","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2022.22001c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2022.22001c","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42986037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Baumgartner, R. Travadon, P. Fujiyoshi, Maria S. Mireles, M. Moyer
{"title":"Preventing Trunk Diseases with Fungicide Applications to Pruning Wounds in Washington Wine Grapes","authors":"K. Baumgartner, R. Travadon, P. Fujiyoshi, Maria S. Mireles, M. Moyer","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2022.22019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2022.22019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42818577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Garde-Cerdán, M. González-Lázaro, I. Sáenz de Urturi, S. Marín-San Román, E. Baroja, P. Rubio-Bretón, E. Pérez-Álvarez
{"title":"Application of Methyl Jasmonate and Methyl Jasmonate + Urea in Tempranillo Vines: Influence on Grape Phenolic Compounds","authors":"T. Garde-Cerdán, M. González-Lázaro, I. Sáenz de Urturi, S. Marín-San Román, E. Baroja, P. Rubio-Bretón, E. Pérez-Álvarez","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2022.22026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2022.22026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44880906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and goals Economic considerations and water shortages associated with climate change are driving the conversion of many hand-pruned and furrow-or sprinkler-irrigated juice grape vineyards in arid eastern Washington to mechanical pruning and drip irrigation. However, juice grape producers have traditionally avoided plant water deficits, fearing a decline in vineyard productivity.
{"title":"Optimizing Irrigation for Mechanized Concord Juice Grape Production","authors":"M. Keller, L. Mills, Alan K. Kawakami","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2022.21050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2022.21050","url":null,"abstract":"Background and goals Economic considerations and water shortages associated with climate change are driving the conversion of many hand-pruned and furrow-or sprinkler-irrigated juice grape vineyards in arid eastern Washington to mechanical pruning and drip irrigation. However, juice grape producers have traditionally avoided plant water deficits, fearing a decline in vineyard productivity.","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46510340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott C Frost, Danielle J. Fox, M. Keller, Thomas S. Collins, J. Harbertson
{"title":"Frozen Leaf Material Causes “Frost Taint” in Cabernet Sauvignon","authors":"Scott C Frost, Danielle J. Fox, M. Keller, Thomas S. Collins, J. Harbertson","doi":"10.5344/ajev.2022.22012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2022.22012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7461,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45215046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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