Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50016-5
H J Frank, W M Pardridge
{"title":"Insulin binding to brain microvessels.","authors":"H J Frank, W M Pardridge","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50016-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50016-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"291-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17424326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50019-0
T Shimazu
{"title":"Reciprocal innervation of the liver: its significance in metabolic control.","authors":"T Shimazu","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50019-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50019-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"355-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17425775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50007-4
J A Ricardo
The present review of the fiber connections of the hypothalamus has been concerned basically with recent data obtained by the aid of the autoradiographic and HRP tracer techniques. Evidence presented has shown that, besides confirming many of the older data, recent studies have resulted in the introduction of several conceptual modifications into the classic picture of hypothalamic hodological relationships. Among these conceptual modifications, the following can be mentioned: (1) the medially placed nuclei of the hypothalamus have a great number of long efferent and afferent connections with many extrahypothalamic structures; (2) many hypothalamic nuclei send direct projections to cell territories in the brainstem and spinal cord that contain preganglionic autonomic motor neurons; (3) several neural districts that lie caudal to the mesencephalon send direct projections to the hypothalamus; (4) in addition to the olfactory channel, other sensory pathways (including interoceptive and gustatory conduction lines) have a relatively direct access to hypothalamic mechanisms; (5) the hypothalamus sends fibers to several brainstem territories that give rise to widespread monoaminergic projections; and (6) there are anatomical pathways that establish reciprocal connections between the hypothalamus and the basal ganglia. Some of the possible physiological correlates of these anatomical findings in the context of metabolic regulatory functions have been briefly indicated.
{"title":"Hypothalamic pathways involved in metabolic regulatory functions, as identified by track-tracing methods.","authors":"J A Ricardo","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50007-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50007-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present review of the fiber connections of the hypothalamus has been concerned basically with recent data obtained by the aid of the autoradiographic and HRP tracer techniques. Evidence presented has shown that, besides confirming many of the older data, recent studies have resulted in the introduction of several conceptual modifications into the classic picture of hypothalamic hodological relationships. Among these conceptual modifications, the following can be mentioned: (1) the medially placed nuclei of the hypothalamus have a great number of long efferent and afferent connections with many extrahypothalamic structures; (2) many hypothalamic nuclei send direct projections to cell territories in the brainstem and spinal cord that contain preganglionic autonomic motor neurons; (3) several neural districts that lie caudal to the mesencephalon send direct projections to the hypothalamus; (4) in addition to the olfactory channel, other sensory pathways (including interoceptive and gustatory conduction lines) have a relatively direct access to hypothalamic mechanisms; (5) the hypothalamus sends fibers to several brainstem territories that give rise to widespread monoaminergic projections; and (6) there are anatomical pathways that establish reciprocal connections between the hypothalamus and the basal ganglia. Some of the possible physiological correlates of these anatomical findings in the context of metabolic regulatory functions have been briefly indicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17263589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50026-8
S C Woods
{"title":"Conditioned hypoglycemia and conditioned insulin secretion.","authors":"S C Woods","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50026-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50026-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"485-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17425779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50009-8
J H Greenberg, M Reivich
{"title":"Autoradiographic determination of local cerebral glucose metabolism: physiological and pathological studies.","authors":"J H Greenberg, M Reivich","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50009-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50009-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"67-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17425780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CNS regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.","authors":"A. J. Szabo","doi":"10.1016/c2013-0-07074-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-07074-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54147498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CNS regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"1-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17424321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50011-6
M M Hertz, O B Paulson
{"title":"Glucose transfer across the blood--brain barrier.","authors":"M M Hertz, O B Paulson","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50011-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50011-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"177-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17424323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50018-9
R S Yalow, J Eng
In summary, before hypothesizing synthesis of insulin in nonpancreatic tissues, one must determine with some accuracy the insulin concentrations in tissues such as the brain of various species or in IM-9 lymphocytes, or of non-guinea pig insulin in guinea pig tissues. If the concentrations are no more than a few percentage points of the levels initially reported by the NIH laboratory (Havrankova et al., 1978, 1979; Rosenzweig et al., 1980a,b), then some explanation should be given for the erroneously high concentrations that they earlier reported. If the very much lower concentrations that we have reported (Eng and Yalow, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982; Bauman et al., 1982) are the true levels, then attempts to demonstrate synthesis in extrapancreatic tissues either by amino acid incorporation or by the methodology that has been described by Giddings et al. (1982) are doomed to failure. Our observations that transfer from the periphery can result in insulin levels in the brains of small-brained but not of large-brained animals comparable to or even, on occasion, higher than plasma levels when plasma levels are falling can account for our earlier observations (Eng and Yalow, 1979, 1980) that in rat but not in dog or rabbit brain insulin concentrations may be comparable to plasma levels. Furthermore, the absence of mechanisms in nonendocrine cells for the complex processing of insulin precursors to the 6000-dalton peptide and the absence of proinsulin in the extracts of the variety of tissues reported from the NIH laboratory suggest that the insulin found in these extracts was ultimately derived from pancreatic insulin.
总之，在假设胰岛素在非胰腺组织中合成之前，必须准确地确定组织中的胰岛素浓度，如不同物种的大脑或IM-9淋巴细胞，或豚鼠组织中的非豚鼠胰岛素。如果浓度不超过美国国立卫生研究院实验室最初报告的水平的几个百分点(Havrankova et al.， 1978, 1979;Rosenzweig et al.， 1980a,b)，那么应该对他们早先报告的错误的高浓度给出一些解释。如果我们报道过的非常低的浓度(Eng和Yalow, 1979,1980,1981, 1982;Bauman et al.， 1982)是真实的水平，那么试图通过氨基酸掺入或Giddings et al.(1982)描述的方法来证明胰腺外组织中的合成是注定要失败的。我们观察到，从外周神经转移可导致小脑动物而不是大脑动物大脑中的胰岛素水平与血浆水平相当，甚至有时在血浆水平下降时高于血浆水平，这可以解释我们早期的观察(Eng和Yalow, 1979,1980)，即大鼠而不是狗或兔的大脑胰岛素浓度可能与血浆水平相当。此外，在非内分泌细胞中缺乏将胰岛素前体转化为6000道尔顿肽的复杂处理机制，以及在NIH实验室报告的各种组织提取物中缺乏胰岛素原，这表明在这些提取物中发现的胰岛素最终来源于胰腺胰岛素。
{"title":"Insulin in the central nervous system.","authors":"R S Yalow, J Eng","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50018-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50018-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In summary, before hypothesizing synthesis of insulin in nonpancreatic tissues, one must determine with some accuracy the insulin concentrations in tissues such as the brain of various species or in IM-9 lymphocytes, or of non-guinea pig insulin in guinea pig tissues. If the concentrations are no more than a few percentage points of the levels initially reported by the NIH laboratory (Havrankova et al., 1978, 1979; Rosenzweig et al., 1980a,b), then some explanation should be given for the erroneously high concentrations that they earlier reported. If the very much lower concentrations that we have reported (Eng and Yalow, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982; Bauman et al., 1982) are the true levels, then attempts to demonstrate synthesis in extrapancreatic tissues either by amino acid incorporation or by the methodology that has been described by Giddings et al. (1982) are doomed to failure. Our observations that transfer from the periphery can result in insulin levels in the brains of small-brained but not of large-brained animals comparable to or even, on occasion, higher than plasma levels when plasma levels are falling can account for our earlier observations (Eng and Yalow, 1979, 1980) that in rat but not in dog or rabbit brain insulin concentrations may be comparable to plasma levels. Furthermore, the absence of mechanisms in nonendocrine cells for the complex processing of insulin precursors to the 6000-dalton peptide and the absence of proinsulin in the extracts of the variety of tissues reported from the NIH laboratory suggest that the insulin found in these extracts was ultimately derived from pancreatic insulin.</p>","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"341-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17424328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50024-4
S C Woods, D Porte
{"title":"The role of insulin as a satiety factor in the central nervous system.","authors":"S C Woods, D Porte","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50024-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-027310-2.50024-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75445,"journal":{"name":"Advances in metabolic disorders","volume":"10 ","pages":"457-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17425777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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