Crassocephalum crepidioides is an edible plant which is also used in the ethnomedical treatment of stomach ulcer, indigestion, wounds, boils and burns in Africa and some other parts of the world. This study aims at identifying and characterizing the bioactive compounds present in C. crepidioides hexane fraction which may be responsible for the ethnomedicinal uses and reported activities of the plant. The crude extract from the powdered leaves of C. crepidioides was obtained with 70% methanol, followed by solvent partitioning with hexane to give the hexane fraction which was subjected to phytochemical profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Spectrum interpretation was obtained from the library search of the database of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), while biological activities of compounds identified were predicted based on Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. The results revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds with various biological activities including Hexadecanoic methyl ester and α-Linolenic acid with reported hypocholesterolemic properties; Benzofuranone and Benzofuran with anticancer and antiviral activities; phenolic compounds and flavonoids with reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities among others. The study showed that C. crepidioides contains compounds with important biological activities which provide scientific support for some medicinal uses of the plant. Key words: Phytochemicals, Crassocephalum crepidioides, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ethnomedicinal.
{"title":"Phytochemical Profiling of the Hexane fraction of Crassocephalum crepidioides Benth S. Moore leaves \u0000by GC-MS","authors":"O. O. Ayodele, F. Onajobi, O. Osoniyi","doi":"10.5897/ajpac2019.0815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpac2019.0815","url":null,"abstract":"Crassocephalum crepidioides is an edible plant which is also used in the ethnomedical treatment of stomach ulcer, indigestion, wounds, boils and burns in Africa and some other parts of the world. This study aims at identifying and characterizing the bioactive compounds present in C. crepidioides hexane fraction which may be responsible for the ethnomedicinal uses and reported activities of the plant. The crude extract from the powdered leaves of C. crepidioides was obtained with 70% methanol, followed by solvent partitioning with hexane to give the hexane fraction which was subjected to phytochemical profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Spectrum interpretation was obtained from the library search of the database of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), while biological activities of compounds identified were predicted based on Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. The results revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds with various biological activities including Hexadecanoic methyl ester and α-Linolenic acid with reported hypocholesterolemic properties; Benzofuranone and Benzofuran with anticancer and antiviral activities; phenolic compounds and flavonoids with reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities among others. The study showed that C. crepidioides contains compounds with important biological activities which provide scientific support for some medicinal uses of the plant. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Phytochemicals, Crassocephalum crepidioides, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ethnomedicinal.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"103 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78775298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toxic metal ions have lethal effects on all forms of life and these metal ions could enter the food chain when untreated waste effluents are discharged into the environment. In recent years, the use of low-cost adsorbent materials has been widely investigated in search of replacement for the costly methods that are currently used for removing these toxic metal ions from waste streams. In this study, the remediation of chromium ions from electroplating effluent was studied under static conditions using a copolymer material that was derived by grafting polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide onto the cellulosic backbone of brewers spent grain (BSG). Batch experiments were carried-out using effluents with different concentrations of chromium ions, specifically 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/L. The results revealed that the optimum sorption of chromium occurs at pH 3.0 and absorbent-adsorbate contact time of 1.5 h gave maximum adsorption regardless of the metal ion concentration in the effluent. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order reaction model, suggesting that chemosorption was the rate limiting step for the sorption of chromium ions onto BSG-g-poly (acrylic acid –co- acryl amide). The isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model gave the best fit to the experimental data, with qmax value of 15.58 mg/g after 5 h of effluent contact with the absorbent material. The results obtained in this study have shown that BSG-g- poly (acrylic acid –co- acryl amide) has a lot of potentials for application as an alternative adsorbent material for the remediation of chromium ions from electroplating waste streams. Key words: Adsorption, chromium, electroplating, effluent, brewers spent grain, studies.
{"title":"Adsorption of chromium by brewers spent grain -g- poly (acrylic acid-co-acryl amide) from \u0000electroplating effluent","authors":"A. Samuel, I. Nwankwo, F. Ezebor, A. Ojuolape","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2017.0734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2017.0734","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic metal ions have lethal effects on all forms of life and these metal ions could enter the food chain when untreated waste effluents are discharged into the environment. In recent years, the use of low-cost adsorbent materials has been widely investigated in search of replacement for the costly methods that are currently used for removing these toxic metal ions from waste streams. In this study, the remediation of chromium ions from electroplating effluent was studied under static conditions using a copolymer material that was derived by grafting polyacrylic acid and polyacrylamide onto the cellulosic backbone of brewers spent grain (BSG). Batch experiments were carried-out using effluents with different concentrations of chromium ions, specifically 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/L. The results revealed that the optimum sorption of chromium occurs at pH 3.0 and absorbent-adsorbate contact time of 1.5 h gave maximum adsorption regardless of the metal ion concentration in the effluent. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order reaction model, suggesting that chemosorption was the rate limiting step for the sorption of chromium ions onto BSG-g-poly (acrylic acid –co- acryl amide). The isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model gave the best fit to the experimental data, with qmax value of 15.58 mg/g after 5 h of effluent contact with the absorbent material. The results obtained in this study have shown that BSG-g- poly (acrylic acid –co- acryl amide) has a lot of potentials for application as an alternative adsorbent material for the remediation of chromium ions from electroplating waste streams. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Adsorption, chromium, electroplating, effluent, brewers spent grain, studies.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79288533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the compounds found in coffee beans and other parts of coffee plant. However, its relative content in different coffee plant parts is least researched. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the contents of CGA in coffee leaves and beans. Green coffee beans and leaves were collected from South part of Ethiopia to study the content of CGA using UV/Vis spectrometer with liquid-liquid extraction method in dichloromethane. Results indicated that mean percentage of CGA in green coffee beans and leaves are in the range of 5.96±0.01 to 6.40±0.02 % and 1.94±0.01 to 2.31±0.01%, respectively. On top of that, the percentage difference of CGA between green coffee beans and leaves was at least about 63%, with beans taking the upper hands. These results showed that there is statistically significant content of CGA in green coffee beans than green coffee leaves. Keywords: CGA, Coffea arabica, coffee leaves, concentration, green coffee beans.
{"title":"Determination of chlorogenic acid content in beans and leaves of coffea arabica using UV/Vis spectrometer","authors":"Adane Tadesse Dado, Yoseph Alresawum Asresahegn, Kusse Gudishe Goroya","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0780","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the compounds found in coffee beans and other parts of coffee plant. However, its relative content in different coffee plant parts is least researched. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the contents of CGA in coffee leaves and beans. Green coffee beans and leaves were collected from South part of Ethiopia to study the content of CGA using UV/Vis spectrometer with liquid-liquid extraction method in dichloromethane. Results indicated that mean percentage of CGA in green coffee beans and leaves are in the range of 5.96±0.01 to 6.40±0.02 % and 1.94±0.01 to 2.31±0.01%, respectively. On top of that, the percentage difference of CGA between green coffee beans and leaves was at least about 63%, with beans taking the upper hands. These results showed that there is statistically significant content of CGA in green coffee beans than green coffee leaves. \u0000 \u0000 Keywords: CGA, Coffea arabica, coffee leaves, concentration, green coffee beans.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86495304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ezea Vincent Ndika, Umerie, Sunday Chidozie, Ubaoji Kingsley Ikechukwu
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an important ingredient in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. In this research work, microcrystalline cellulose was synthesized from the alpha cellulose content of pretreated palm kernel de-oiled cake. The microcrystalline cellulose from palm kernel cake was obtained through acidified sodium chlorite, sodium hydroxide delignification followed by hydrogen peroxides bleaching and finally acid hydrolysis. The prepared microcrystalline cellulose was characterized by determining some physicochemical properties such as pH, bulk density, tap density, moisture content, ash content, Carrs compressibility index, Hausners ratio, powder porosity, angle of repose and compared with commercial-grade microcrystalline cellulose that is used in pharmaceutical industry as excipient. FT-IR was employed to expose the functional groups and the wavelength inherent by both the produced and commercial microcrystalline cellulose. The swelling property of MCC product was determined based on hydration capacity, swelling capacity and moisture sorption capacity. The results of the physicochemical parameters were given as pH(7.75 ± 0.40%), bulk density (0.49 ± 0.67g cm-3), tapped density (0.54 ± 0.03 g cm-3), moisture content (1.00 ± 0.5%), ash content (4.30 ± 0.35 %), Carrs compressibility index (12.96 ± 0.27), Hausners ratio (1.15 ± 0.01), powder porosity (18.8 ± 0.55), angle of repose (27.4 ± 0.26) respectively. The swelling properties were also determined and compared favorably with the commercial grade of microcrystalline cellulose (p>0.05). The findings suggest that palm kernel cake can not only be used as feeds for animals but also a better source of cellulose for the production of microcrystalline cellulose for the industry owing to its availability and cost managements. Key words: Microcrystalline cellulose, palm kernel de-oiled cake, commercial grade, carr’s compressibility index, pharmaceutical excipient.
微晶纤维素(MCC)是医药、食品、化妆品等行业的重要原料。本研究以经预处理的棕榈仁去油饼α纤维素为原料，合成微晶纤维素。以棕榈仁饼为原料，经酸化亚氯酸钠、氢氧化钠脱木质素、过氧化氢漂白、酸水解得到微晶纤维素。通过测定制备的微晶纤维素的pH值、容重、密度、含水量、灰分含量、卡尔斯压缩指数、豪斯纳斯比、粉末孔隙率、休止角等理化性能，对制备的微晶纤维素进行了表征，并与制药工业辅料级微晶纤维素进行了比较。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)揭示了所制微晶纤维素和商业微晶纤维素的官能团和固有波长。通过水化能力、溶胀能力和吸湿能力来确定MCC产品的溶胀性能。理化参数分别为pH(7.75±0.40%)、容重(0.49±0.67g cm-3)、攻丝密度(0.54±0.03 g cm-3)、含水量(1.00±0.5%)、灰分含量(4.30±0.35%)、Carrs压缩指数(12.96±0.27)、Hausners比(1.15±0.01)、粉体孔隙率(18.8±0.55)、休止角(27.4±0.26)。膨胀性能也与市售级微晶纤维素进行了比较(p>0.05)。研究结果表明，棕榈仁饼不仅可以用作动物饲料，而且由于其可获得性和成本管理，它也是生产微晶纤维素的较好纤维素来源。关键词:微晶纤维素，棕榈仁去油饼，商品级，卡尔压缩指数，药用辅料。
{"title":"Chemical modification of cellulose from palm kernel de-oiled cake to microcrystalline cellulose and its evaluation as a pharmaceutical excipient","authors":"Ezea Vincent Ndika, Umerie, Sunday Chidozie, Ubaoji Kingsley Ikechukwu","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2019.0787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2019.0787","url":null,"abstract":"Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an important ingredient in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and other industries. In this research work, microcrystalline cellulose was synthesized from the alpha cellulose content of pretreated palm kernel de-oiled cake. The microcrystalline cellulose from palm kernel cake was obtained through acidified sodium chlorite, sodium hydroxide delignification followed by hydrogen peroxides bleaching and finally acid hydrolysis. The prepared microcrystalline cellulose was characterized by determining some physicochemical properties such as pH, bulk density, tap density, moisture content, ash content, Carrs compressibility index, Hausners ratio, powder porosity, angle of repose and compared with commercial-grade microcrystalline cellulose that is used in pharmaceutical industry as excipient. FT-IR was employed to expose the functional groups and the wavelength inherent by both the produced and commercial microcrystalline cellulose. The swelling property of MCC product was determined based on hydration capacity, swelling capacity and moisture sorption capacity. The results of the physicochemical parameters were given as pH(7.75 ± 0.40%), bulk density (0.49 ± 0.67g cm-3), tapped density (0.54 ± 0.03 g cm-3), moisture content (1.00 ± 0.5%), ash content (4.30 ± 0.35 %), Carrs compressibility index (12.96 ± 0.27), Hausners ratio (1.15 ± 0.01), powder porosity (18.8 ± 0.55), angle of repose (27.4 ± 0.26) respectively. The swelling properties were also determined and compared favorably with the commercial grade of microcrystalline cellulose (p>0.05). The findings suggest that palm kernel cake can not only be used as feeds for animals but also a better source of cellulose for the production of microcrystalline cellulose for the industry owing to its availability and cost managements. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Microcrystalline cellulose, palm kernel de-oiled cake, commercial grade, carr’s compressibility index, pharmaceutical excipient.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83737172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kithokoi Kilonzo Jackson, Lawrence Ochoo, J. Maingi, S. Swaleh, W. Njue
The emergence of drug resistance and multiple drug resistance has necessitated the discovery of novel strategies for development of new generation of antimicrobial agents from natural substances for control of microbial infections. Metal nanoparticles have proven to have antimicrobial properties, but the chemical methods used in their production use hazardous chemicals and nanoparticles produced are unstable. In this study, an alternative feasible environmentally friendly method was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bridelia micrantha, a Kenyan medicinal plant as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The reaction was done over ultrasonic bath. Formation of the nanoparticles was monitored by visual observation and also by use of UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The synthesized silver nanoparticles had an absorption peak at λmax 431 nm due to plasmon resonance. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the synthesized nanoparticles were pure silver. High resolution transmition electron microscope (HRTEM) analysis showed the nanoparticles had non uniform surface and were spherical with an average size of 16.07±3.192 nm. Scanning area electron diffraction (SAED) showed distinct shiny spots, confirming the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of biomolecules capping the nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles inhibited growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The data from this study will significantly contribute in designing novel methods geared towards development of drugs to combat pathogens by use of silver nanoparticles synthesized in an environmentally and ecofriendly way. Key words: Antibacterial activity, Bridelia micrantha, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning area electron diffraction (SAED), high resolution transmition electron microscope (HRTEM), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
{"title":"Green sonochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bridelia micrantha extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity","authors":"Kithokoi Kilonzo Jackson, Lawrence Ochoo, J. Maingi, S. Swaleh, W. Njue","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0776","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of drug resistance and multiple drug resistance has necessitated the discovery of novel strategies for development of new generation of antimicrobial agents from natural substances for control of microbial infections. Metal nanoparticles have proven to have antimicrobial properties, but the chemical methods used in their production use hazardous chemicals and nanoparticles produced are unstable. In this study, an alternative feasible environmentally friendly method was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Bridelia micrantha, a Kenyan medicinal plant as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The reaction was done over ultrasonic bath. Formation of the nanoparticles was monitored by visual observation and also by use of UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The synthesized silver nanoparticles had an absorption peak at λmax 431 nm due to plasmon resonance. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the synthesized nanoparticles were pure silver. High resolution transmition electron microscope (HRTEM) analysis showed the nanoparticles had non uniform surface and were spherical with an average size of 16.07±3.192 nm. Scanning area electron diffraction (SAED) showed distinct shiny spots, confirming the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of biomolecules capping the nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles inhibited growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The data from this study will significantly contribute in designing novel methods geared towards development of drugs to combat pathogens by use of silver nanoparticles synthesized in an environmentally and ecofriendly way. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antibacterial activity, Bridelia micrantha, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning area electron diffraction (SAED), high resolution transmition electron microscope (HRTEM), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75873418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examined the effect of feeding albino rats with 25, 50, and 75% Palmyrah Palm (Borassus aethiopum) shoots with respect to their body weight, liver and kidney function indices. Standard methods of biochemical analyses were employed using albino rats as the experimental animals. No mortality was observed in the LD50 test throughout the period of 48 h. Rats fed with 25 and 50% B. aethiopum shoots showed a gradual increase in the body weight throughout the period of treatment, but those fed with 75% of the shoots experienced a significant (p>0.05) decrease in body weight at the 3rd and 4th week of treatment compared to the control group. The results also showed changes in the serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and bilirubin but were not significantly different (p>0.05) compared to the control group. The serum enzymes activities that is aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p>0.05) elevated compared to the control group which suggested toxicity induced by some of the phytocompounds present in the feed. Serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes (Na+, K+) of rats fed with 75% B. aethiopum shoots showed significant (p>0.05) changes compared to the control group. The results showed that B. aethiopum shoots have a relatively low or no toxicity. Key words: Borassus aethiopum, shoots, albino rats, liver function, kidney function.
{"title":"Toxicity studies of African Palmyrah palm (Borassus Aethiopum) shoots","authors":"M. Sirajo, Kabiru Jega Umar, S. Hassan","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0761","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the effect of feeding albino rats with 25, 50, and 75% Palmyrah Palm (Borassus aethiopum) shoots with respect to their body weight, liver and kidney function indices. Standard methods of biochemical analyses were employed using albino rats as the experimental animals. No mortality was observed in the LD50 test throughout the period of 48 h. Rats fed with 25 and 50% B. aethiopum shoots showed a gradual increase in the body weight throughout the period of treatment, but those fed with 75% of the shoots experienced a significant (p>0.05) decrease in body weight at the 3rd and 4th week of treatment compared to the control group. The results also showed changes in the serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose and bilirubin but were not significantly different (p>0.05) compared to the control group. The serum enzymes activities that is aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (p>0.05) elevated compared to the control group which suggested toxicity induced by some of the phytocompounds present in the feed. Serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolytes (Na+, K+) of rats fed with 75% B. aethiopum shoots showed significant (p>0.05) changes compared to the control group. The results showed that B. aethiopum shoots have a relatively low or no toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Borassus aethiopum, shoots, albino rats, liver function, kidney function.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83640792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olaosebikan Abidoye Olafadehan, K. Abhulimen, A. Adeleke, C. Njoku, K. Amoo
Composite biosorbents were produced from animal bone by carbonization, activation of animal bone char with phosphoric acid and zinc (II) chloride independently, and the obtained activated carbons were separately impregnated on chitosan. The chitosan was produced from chitin, which was extracted from shrimp shell through deminerization, deproteinization and deacetylation processes. Comprehensive characterization studies were carried out on the chitin, chitosan, and the resulting five biosorbents via proximate and ultimate analyses, and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The absorption bands of the standard chitosan from Sigma-Aldrich and the experimentally prepared chitosan were in excellent agreement. The results of this study showed that activated carbons impregnated on chitosan have the potential to be applied as alternative efficient low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbents for batch and continuous adsorption column experimentation. Key words: Biosorbents, chemical activation, chitin, chitosan, impregnation, characterization.
{"title":"Production and characterization of derived composite biosorbents from animal bone","authors":"Olaosebikan Abidoye Olafadehan, K. Abhulimen, A. Adeleke, C. Njoku, K. Amoo","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0765","url":null,"abstract":"Composite biosorbents were produced from animal bone by carbonization, activation of animal bone char with phosphoric acid and zinc (II) chloride independently, and the obtained activated carbons were separately impregnated on chitosan. The chitosan was produced from chitin, which was extracted from shrimp shell through deminerization, deproteinization and deacetylation processes. Comprehensive characterization studies were carried out on the chitin, chitosan, and the resulting five biosorbents via proximate and ultimate analyses, and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The absorption bands of the standard chitosan from Sigma-Aldrich and the experimentally prepared chitosan were in excellent agreement. The results of this study showed that activated carbons impregnated on chitosan have the potential to be applied as alternative efficient low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbents for batch and continuous adsorption column experimentation. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biosorbents, chemical activation, chitin, chitosan, impregnation, characterization.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78859989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Starch isolated from Chrysophyllum albidnum (African star apple) was subjected to modification by acetylation, carboxymethylation and succinylation process. Chemical modifications effect on functional properties as well as physiochemical parameters of starch was analysed. The percentage yield of native starch was 73.22±0.93%; however the value increased after modifications. The proximate determination of the non-starch components of the native starch on a dry weight basis was 19.32±2.40 moisture, 0.0045±0.00020 ash, 0.085±0.030 fat and 0.25±0.12% crude protein, respectively. Chemical modification reduced the values for all the non-starch components. The swelling power and solubility increased as the temperature increased between the ranges of 50–90°C. Native and modified starches absorbed more oil than water and it is pH dependent. Pasting characteristics decreased after acetylation but increased after carboxymethylation and succinylation. The results of bulk densities showed that native and modified starches are very light (<0.8 g/ml). All these characteristics showed that C. albidnum starch can be utilized in both food and non-food applications. Key words: Functional and physical properties, African star apple kernel, chemical modifications, native, starch.
{"title":"Effects of chemical modification on functional and physical properties of African star apple kernel (Chrysophyllum albidnum) starch","authors":"Ibikunle Adeola Ahmed, Sanyaolu Nurudeen Olanrewaju, Yussuf Sodiq Tolulope, Ogunneye Adeyemi Lawrence, Badejo Olayemi Aderanti, Olaniyi Oluwafunmilayo Mary","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0764","url":null,"abstract":"Starch isolated from Chrysophyllum albidnum (African star apple) was subjected to modification by acetylation, carboxymethylation and succinylation process. Chemical modifications effect on functional properties as well as physiochemical parameters of starch was analysed. The percentage yield of native starch was 73.22±0.93%; however the value increased after modifications. The proximate determination of the non-starch components of the native starch on a dry weight basis was 19.32±2.40 moisture, 0.0045±0.00020 ash, 0.085±0.030 fat and 0.25±0.12% crude protein, respectively. Chemical modification reduced the values for all the non-starch components. The swelling power and solubility increased as the temperature increased between the ranges of 50–90°C. Native and modified starches absorbed more oil than water and it is pH dependent. Pasting characteristics decreased after acetylation but increased after carboxymethylation and succinylation. The results of bulk densities showed that native and modified starches are very light (<0.8 g/ml). All these characteristics showed that C. albidnum starch can be utilized in both food and non-food applications. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Functional and physical properties, African star apple kernel, chemical modifications, native, starch.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74348810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Hassane, Ayouba Mahamane Abdoulkadri, R. Adamou
Cyanide is a very toxic substance, which occurs in various forms in environmental matrices and its determination requires a good extraction method. From the reference method of cyanide distillation by reflux heating under acidic conditions and entrainment of HCN gas collected as CN- ions with detection by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, an improved and complete procedure for total cyanide extraction in aqueous and solid matrices has been developed. The best conditions after optimization of complete recovery (≃ 100%) of total cyanide and elimination of interferences in natural waters and soils fortified are: heating at 181.75°C, saving of reflux time to 30 min, sulfuric acid concentration of 0.6 M, 2 to 4 times less acid, without catalyst and other special treatments of interferences relatively to existing techniques. Application to water samples (drinking, surface, underground) and effluents collected at the Samira gold mine (Niger) and its environs shows the impact of distillation extraction on total cyanide recovery. Waters, exempt of cyanide at the starting of mining activity, currently contain total cyanide contents of 1 to 5 μg L-1 and in effluents up to 37 times the discharge standard (1 mg L-1). Key words: Cyanide decomposition, distillation extraction, environmental matrices, Samira gold mine (Niger).
{"title":"New method for complete recovery of total cyanide in water and soil and its application at the Samira gold mine (Niger)","authors":"A. Hassane, Ayouba Mahamane Abdoulkadri, R. Adamou","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2018.0770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2018.0770","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanide is a very toxic substance, which occurs in various forms in environmental matrices and its determination requires a good extraction method. From the reference method of cyanide distillation by reflux heating under acidic conditions and entrainment of HCN gas collected as CN- ions with detection by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, an improved and complete procedure for total cyanide extraction in aqueous and solid matrices has been developed. The best conditions after optimization of complete recovery (≃ 100%) of total cyanide and elimination of interferences in natural waters and soils fortified are: heating at 181.75°C, saving of reflux time to 30 min, sulfuric acid concentration of 0.6 M, 2 to 4 times less acid, without catalyst and other special treatments of interferences relatively to existing techniques. Application to water samples (drinking, surface, underground) and effluents collected at the Samira gold mine (Niger) and its environs shows the impact of distillation extraction on total cyanide recovery. Waters, exempt of cyanide at the starting of mining activity, currently contain total cyanide contents of 1 to 5 μg L-1 and in effluents up to 37 times the discharge standard (1 mg L-1). \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cyanide decomposition, distillation extraction, environmental matrices, Samira gold mine (Niger).","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81738033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amarachukwu Ezeokonkwo Mercy, N. O. Sunday, Evelyn
A preliminary study on the chemical structure of dyes from Rothmannia hispidia, Pterocarpus osun and Terminalia superba was made using chemical tests, UV-visible and infrared spectroscopies. R. hispidia dye was found to contain an alkyl amino group (-NHR) and carbon-carbon double bond conjugated with a carbonyl (C = O) group, and also showed maximum absorption at 595 nm in the visible region. P. osun dye contains conjugated systems, hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (NHR) groups and showed maximum absorption at 506 nm in the visible region whereas T. superba dye is made up of conjugated system, nitro (NO2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups. It showed maximum absorption at 478 nm in the visible region. Key words: Rothmannia hispidia, Pterocarpus osun, Terminalia superba, dyes, characterization.
{"title":"Preliminary characterization of some natural dyes","authors":"Amarachukwu Ezeokonkwo Mercy, N. O. Sunday, Evelyn","doi":"10.5897/ajpac2018.0767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpac2018.0767","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary study on the chemical structure of dyes from Rothmannia hispidia, Pterocarpus osun and Terminalia superba was made using chemical tests, UV-visible and infrared spectroscopies. R. hispidia dye was found to contain an alkyl amino group (-NHR) and carbon-carbon double bond conjugated with a carbonyl (C = O) group, and also showed maximum absorption at 595 nm in the visible region. P. osun dye contains conjugated systems, hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (NHR) groups and showed maximum absorption at 506 nm in the visible region whereas T. superba dye is made up of conjugated system, nitro (NO2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups. It showed maximum absorption at 478 nm in the visible region. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Rothmannia hispidia, Pterocarpus osun, Terminalia superba, dyes, characterization.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73822168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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