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Evaluation of patients' assessment of day hospital care. 评价患者对医院日间护理的评价。
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.209
H Peach, M S Pathy

The method of linear analogue self-assessment (LASA) was used to quantify the views concerning day care which were held by patients attending a geriatric day hospital. The results suggest that day hospitals are an acceptable form of care for the elderly.

采用线性模拟自我评估(LASA)的方法来量化在老年日间医院就诊的患者对日间护理的看法。结果表明,日间医院是一种可接受的老年人护理形式。
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引用次数: 7
Marital status and hospital use. 婚姻状况和住院情况。
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.192
J R Butler, M Morgan

Published data from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (1973) are used to examine the relationship between hospital use and marital state. Non-married men and women are shown to have higher discharge rates and longer mean durations of stay than married patients in the corresponding age groups, and to account, on average, for about 24 000 additional beds each day in non-psychiatric hospitals. Hospital Activity Analysis data from one region suggest that the higher rates of bed use by non-married patients as a whole are maintained for both single and widowed patients separately, and the differences are also observed in all types of non-psychiatric hospitals. Two possible modes of explanation are discussed: that the incidence and possibly the severity of conditions that are normally treated in hospital may be differentially distributed among marital status groups; and that non-clinical factors in decisions about admission and discharge may be associated more commonly with non-married than married patients. The results carry no normative implications for the uses to which hospital resources should be put.

从医院住院病人调查(1973)公布的数据被用来检验医院使用和婚姻状况之间的关系。与相应年龄组的已婚病人相比,未婚男女的出院率更高,平均住院时间更长,非精神病医院平均每天增加约24 000张床位。来自一个地区的医院活动分析数据表明,单身和丧偶患者的非已婚患者总体上保持较高的床位使用率,并且在所有类型的非精神病医院中也观察到这种差异。讨论了两种可能的解释模式:通常在医院治疗的疾病的发病率和可能的严重程度在婚姻状况组之间可能存在差异;在决定入院和出院时,非临床因素与未婚患者的关系可能比已婚患者更普遍。研究结果对医院资源的使用没有规范意义。
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引用次数: 14
Motor neurone disease and multiple sclerosis among immigrants to Britain. 英国移民的运动神经元疾病和多发性硬化症
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.141
G Dean, R Brady, H McLoughlin

Hospital discharge rates for various immigrant groups resident in Greater London and the West Midlands were studied to compare the incidence of two diseases of the nervous system-motor neurone disease (MND) and multiple sclerosis (MS). For both these conditions immigrants from Europe, Ireland, America and from the old commonwealth countries of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand had discharge rates that were similar to those for people born in the United Kingdom. In contrast, immigrants from the new commonwealth countries of Asia, Africa, America (including the West Indies), and Europe (Gibraltar, Malta, and Gozo) had a greatly reduced risk of MS but a very similar risk of MND compared with those born in the United Kingdom. MS but not MND was rare among immigrants of Asian or African ethnic origin and uncommon among immigrants from the West Indies. Deaths attributed to MS and MND have also been studied. During a three-year period there were no deaths reported for MS among immigrants of Asian and African ethnic origin and 14 were expected. There were two deaths from MND among these immigrants and five were expected. Among the immigrants from the West Indies two deaths were attributed to MS and 13 were expected, and there were three deaths attributed to MND and four were expected. The contrast between MND and MS in hospital morbidity and mortality confirms that MS among immigrants to Britain is rare in those of Asian and African ethnic origin.

研究了居住在大伦敦和西米德兰兹的不同移民群体的出院率,以比较神经系统-运动神经元疾病(MND)和多发性硬化症(MS)两种疾病的发病率。在这两种情况下,来自欧洲、爱尔兰、美国以及来自加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰等旧英联邦国家的移民的出院率与出生在英国的人相似。相比之下,来自亚洲、非洲、美洲(包括西印度群岛)和欧洲(直布罗陀、马耳他和戈佐岛)的新英联邦国家的移民患多发性硬化症的风险大大降低,但与出生在英国的移民相比,患MND的风险非常相似。多发性硬化症在亚洲或非洲裔移民中很少见,在西印度群岛移民中也不常见。MS和MND导致的死亡也被研究过。在三年期间,亚洲和非洲族裔移民中没有MS死亡报告,预计有14例。这些移民中有两人死于MND,预计会有五人死亡。在来自西印度群岛的移民中,有两人死于多发性硬化症,预计有13人死于多发性硬化症,有三人死于多发性硬化症,预计有4人死于多发性硬化症。MND和MS在医院发病率和死亡率的对比证实了MS在亚洲和非洲裔移民中是罕见的。
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引用次数: 50
Suicide mortality in Greater London: changes during the past 25 years. 大伦敦地区自杀死亡率:过去25年的变化。
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.171
R D Farmer, T D Preston, S E O'Brien

Suicide mortality in the area now administered by the Greater London Council was assessed for three five-year periods 1949-1953, 1959-63, and 1969-73. For each of the periods the standard mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide in various boroughs was calculated for men and women separately. The boroughs with high SMRs for men were constant. There was a pronounced change in the geographical distribution of high mortality among women. These findings support the hypothesis that the determinants of suicide differ between the sexes.

在现在由大伦敦委员会管理的地区,自杀死亡率在1949-1953、1959-63和1969-73三个五年期间进行了评估。在每个时期,分别计算了各区男性和女性自杀的标准死亡率。男性smr高的行政区是恒定的。妇女高死亡率的地理分布发生了显著变化。这些发现支持了自杀的决定因素因性别而异的假设。
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引用次数: 19
Housing conditions, respiratory illness, and lung function in children in South Wales. 南威尔士儿童的住房条件、呼吸疾病和肺功能。
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.183
J W Yarnell, A S St Leger

The hypothesis was tested that respiratory illness in children occurs more commonly in old housing than in housing built to modern standards. Three areas of housing were chosen in a South Wales valley: a recently constructed council estate with district central heating; a modern council estate heated with open coal fires; and an area of much older, traditional valley housing. Mothers reported the greatest proportion of children free of colds and sore throats during the previous 12 months in the area of traditional valley housing; mothers of children in the centrally heated estate reported the least proportion of children free of colds. Children's lung function was best in the area of traditional valley housing and worst in the centrally heated council estate. Data on demographic indices and respiratory morbidity suggest that the inhabitants of the two council estates have comparable characteristics. Another hypothesis which may explain the findings is proposed.

这一假设得到了验证,即儿童呼吸道疾病在旧住房中比在按现代标准建造的住房中更常见。在南威尔士的一个山谷中选择了三个住房区域:一个最近建成的带有区域集中供暖的委员会住宅区;用露天煤火取暖的现代市政住宅;还有更古老的传统山谷住宅。母亲报告说,在过去12个月里,在传统山谷住房地区,没有感冒和喉咙痛的孩子所占比例最大;孩子住在中央供暖的房子里的母亲报告说,孩子不感冒的比例最低。传统谷地小区儿童肺功能最好,中央供暖小区儿童肺功能最差。人口指数和呼吸道疾病发病率的数据表明,两个理事会屋邨的居民具有可比性。提出了另一个可以解释这些发现的假设。
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引用次数: 16
Social area analysis in community medicine. 社区医学的社会区域分析。
Pub Date : 1977-09-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.199
A Scott-Samuel

There is an acknowledged need for better information to guide resource allocation and service planning in the health services. Despite the recognition of the important role of socioeconomic factors, difficulties with the appropriate presentation of daya have so far proved insuperable. Social area analysis (SAA), which is a generic name for a number of methods employing census and other data to classify small areas into similar socioeconomic groups, is an approach which quantifies data in a useful fashion and has important applications in medical, epidemiological and health services research. Most previous British exercises in SAA have been in the field of town planning. The potentialities of the approach for community medicine are evaluated, by the use of information from two existing studies. This is shown to discriminate more effectively than does existing health information between hypotheses concerning geographical variations in mortality, and it provides adequate explanations for urban area differentials in infant mortality, the uptake of vaccination, and the incidence of infectious disease. Specific applications of SAA in health planning and research are discussed.

人们公认需要更好的信息来指导保健服务部门的资源分配和服务规划。尽管认识到社会经济因素的重要作用,但到目前为止,在适当表述daya方面的困难证明是无法克服的。社会区域分析(SAA)是利用人口普查和其他数据将小地区划分为类似社会经济群体的一些方法的通称,是一种以有用的方式量化数据的方法,在医学、流行病学和卫生服务研究中具有重要应用。以前英国在SAA的大多数演习都是在城市规划领域。通过使用来自两项现有研究的信息,评估了该方法在社区医学方面的潜力。事实证明,这比现有的保健资料更能有效地区分关于死亡率地理差异的各种假设,并充分解释了城市地区在婴儿死亡率、接种疫苗和传染病发病率方面的差异。讨论了SAA在卫生规划和研究中的具体应用。
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引用次数: 22
The power of a test for seasonality. 季节性测试的威力。
Pub Date : 1977-06-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.2.137
S D Walter

The power of a test of Edwards to detect seasonality or cyclic variation in the rate of an epidemiological event is derived and tabulated. A simple harmonic or sinusoidal form of variation is assumed, but the power results should also apply approximately to other situations with similar types of rate oscillation. The results may be used by investigators to determine the sample size required in order to detect seasonal variation of a given magnitude, or conversely to calculate the probability of detecting seasonality of various amplitudes with a sample of fixed size.

推导并列出了爱德华兹检验在流行病学事件发生率中发现季节性或周期性变化的能力。假设一个简单的谐波或正弦形式的变化,但功率结果也应该近似适用于具有类似类型的速率振荡的其他情况。研究人员可以使用这些结果来确定检测给定幅度的季节变化所需的样本量,或者反过来计算用固定大小的样本检测不同幅度的季节性的概率。
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引用次数: 33
Hospital or home care for the severely disabled: a cost comparison. 对严重残疾人的医院或家庭护理:成本比较。
Pub Date : 1977-06-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.2.116
A L Creese, R Fielden

A case study of severely disabled patients needing regular mechanical help with breathing following poliomyelitis was set up in 1970 to establish what medical, technical, and social support would be required for home rather than hospital care. In this paper these two care alternatives are considered from an economic point of view and a detailed cost comparison is made between entirely hospital based care and predominantly home care.

1970年对脊髓灰质炎后需要定期机械帮助呼吸的严重残疾患者进行了个案研究,以确定家庭护理而不是医院护理需要哪些医疗、技术和社会支持。在本文中,从经济的角度考虑了这两种护理方案,并在完全基于医院的护理和主要的家庭护理之间进行了详细的成本比较。
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引用次数: 13
Scaling indices of disablement. 缩放禁用指数。
Pub Date : 1977-06-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.2.122
A C Bebbington

Williams et al. (1976) have suggested the use of Guttman scaling for scoring an index of disability. Two examples confirm the applicability of this method in the context of survey research. One of these examples is of a disablement scale widely employed in local authority social services research. For the purpose of survey assessment of disabled populations, the precise choice of scaling method for scoring disability is often of little consequence.

Williams等人(1976)建议使用Guttman量表对残疾指数进行评分。两个实例证实了该方法在调查研究中的适用性。其中一个例子是在地方当局社会服务研究中广泛采用的残疾量表。在残障人群的调查评估中,残障评分方法的精确选择往往影响不大。
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引用次数: 52
Frequency distribution of hospital-referred parasuicidal episodes in Edinburgh. 爱丁堡医院转诊的准自杀事件的频率分布。
Pub Date : 1977-06-01 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.2.109
J C Duffy

This paper presents frequency distributions of parasuicidal episodes (suicide attempts) in Edinburgh for four subgroups of people for each of the years 1970, 1973, and 1974. Probability distributions are fitted to these data and it is shown that the log-series distribution best fits the data for two subgroups. The stability of the parameters of these distributions is examined and is demonstrated for two of the subgroups.

本文介绍了1970年、1973年和1974年爱丁堡四个亚组的准自杀事件(自杀企图)的频率分布。概率分布拟合这些数据,并表明对数序列分布最适合两个子组的数据。对这些分布参数的稳定性进行了检验,并对其中两个子群进行了论证。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
British journal of preventive & social medicine
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