The graphic symbols produced by patients in analysis are essentially determined by the therapist's interpretations in the early stages of graphic communication. The patient learns the 'symbol language' of the therapist. The more intense the transference, the more evident is the adaptation of the graphic symbolism in the patient's art product to the symbol language of the therapist's analytical school. Sample cases, with predominantly Freudian or Jungian symbols in the patient's sequential graphic expressions, document that conflict resolution can be achieved equally well through different methods of graphic symbol interpretation. In any of the analytic methods, the impact of therapy can be enhanced by the use of graphic language between the analyst and patient.
The contention of this review is to stress that from its inception psychiatry, as medicine in general, was concerned with social aspects of problems it was called upon primarily to deal with. Social psychiatry can consequently be only a variation of psychiatry in danger of laicization, to the point of becoming a 'false creed' rather than a field of consistent research. The pull, the vague 'social sciences' exert on psychiatry at this instance, could be hazardous.
A historical sketch of the problems of exile has been presented. A few case histories of immigrants have been reviewed. Hypotheses have been offered how to understand difficulties of exiles starting with nostalgia and extracting 'objective' problems; new language environment, social decline with a complicated path of habilitation in the new place, and the importance of time, both in terms of settling and achieving, as well as the time as an irretrievable loss, and finally xenophobia. However, the more severe the psychiatric disorder, the less important is the fact of the exodus in the etiology of it. The obstacles to psychiatric treatment have been mentioned.
The spontaneous drawings and paintings of a young male drug addict represent his psychedelic experiences in a symbolic and abstract way. Intrapersonal complexes and later the patient's critical confrontation with the injuries done by drugs find expression in his symbolic, abstract and surrealistic pictorial works. This artistic creativity is considered as catharsis with 'auto-therapeutic effect'.
As we were able to show that endogenous psychoses may also be understood and attended in psychotherapeutic treatment, the research results in the field of psychopathology are also relevant for the discussion of pedagogic problems. The developments of the psychoanalytic research work on psychoses are shown by the work of Paul Matussek. The following points are important for pedagogic discussion: (1) The importance of enrivonmental factors, especially those of parents, for the manifestation of the disease is proved. (2) Psychotherapy is an efficient process of learning. (3) Psychotherapy has a central aim of learning: the strenthening of the self as an assumption of working off unconscious conflicts. (4) The concept of creativity, which Matussek has gained from psychotherapeutical experience, might become especially important for pedagogic terms.
Psychocinema is a technique that offers severa options for the rehabilitation of psychotic patients. It allows the patient to dramatize a situation that he cannot express verbally. It helps him to approach reality, to mend his greatly damaged way of communication by guiding him towards creation. These changes are achieved by the group while acting as an 'agent of change' that really 'changes'. Psychocinema intends to introduce new ways of communication in the rehabilitation of the 'mentally ill'. Art, science and work are combined to understand the human being and to help him preserve his own identity and equilibrium within the pressures of discordant communications in the social environment.
Looking back on Ernst L., Kirchner's life and work, the close interdependence of both becomes apparent. The artist and his art form a community of fate. In the light of psychoanalytical narcissistic research this interdependence presents itself as a symbiotic relationship of 'real' and 'ideal ego' (= art), the purpose of which it is to regulate the self-esteem of the narcissistically disturbed. Kirchner's example demonstrates well the creative and therapeutic forces set freeby this kind of regulation. It also shows, however, the instability of this state and the risk of the 'narcissistic catastrophe' to which an unfavourable course may lead.
According to prevailing theory, crisis cults, with all members of a group entering an altered state of consciousness (ASC) simultaneously, will arise only as a result of significant social unrest. An observation from Yucatán lends support to a contrary view. In this brief cult, 20 men, women, and children did not eat, drink, or sleep, speaking and singing in glossolalia instead. The episode was terminated with outside help from men who had experienced a similar outbreak 3 years before. Apparently there exists an ASC readiness in any given population which can be triggered by minimal stimulation, unrelated to deprivation, acculturation, or other social stress.
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